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The Covid-19 Pandemic shed light onto the structural weaknesses in the healthcare systems worldwide. In India these issues were found to be rooted in regional disparity, behavioural patterns and structural inefficiencies. While existing schemes such as Ayushman Bharat were introduced to make healthcare accessible, there is still a lot of room for improvement. There is a dire need for structural reforms as the system is plagued by issues like basic necessities like healthcare difficult to access and the system calls for solutions that strike at the root of these. 
 
What are the Issues Faced by the Healthcare System? 
During the Covid-19 Pandemic, India invested heavily in healthcare-- <a href="https://www.nic.gov.in/blog/direct-benefit-transfer-a-blessing-during-the-time-of-pandemic/">direct benefit transfers</a> and its famous <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8437681/">vaccine drive</a> all the while recognising the structural weaknesses in the healthcare ecosystem. However, it is now essential to recognise and address these weaknesses to strengthen the system for not just future crises but enhancement of day to day healthcare delivery, which is why it is essential to navigate the basic issues existing in the system. 
 
The majority of the Indian population struggles to access healthcare due to urban-rural disparities. A study revealed that<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10446776/"> 80% of experts live in metropolitan regions</a>. Rural residents struggle not just to access expertise but even the primary healthcare centers(PMCs). This is in spite of the fact that a major chunk of the population continues to reside in rural areas and thus struggles to access healthcare services as compared to their urban counterparts. 
 
Those who do have access to healthcare facilities have to face the brunt of inefficiencies. A research undertaken to understand the quality of primary healthcare found that <a href="https://journalajrnh.com/index.php/AJRNH/article/view/158">only 37% of PMCs were efficient.</a> This suggests that often those who are able to access government hospitals face issues with accessibility, waiting time and general patient dissatisfaction. 
 
Poor healthcare has consequences greater than itself. It can keep individuals stuck in a poverty trap. The book, &lsquo;<a href="https://www.academia.edu/42271337/Poor_Economics_A_Radical_Rethinking_of_the_Way_to_Fight_Global_Poverty_2011_">Poor Economics&rsquo;</a> highlights that health affects income generation negatively. Sick mothers give birth to sick babies, these sick babies grow up to do poorly at school and thus continue to live in poverty. This shows that individuals who do not get sufficient care in their early years are bound by the limitations of their environment, making them unable to achieve their full potential.

Another addition to these state of affairs is the fact that often preventive measures are not taken seriously by individuals living in poverty. This is another issue observed rampantly that people are not taking <a href="https://ballardbrief.byu.edu/issue-briefs/healthcare-access-in-rural-communities-in-india#:~:text=India%20suffers%20from%20a%20severe,%2C%20and%2082%25%20for%20pediatricians.">simple preventive measures</a> that could save lives. This is not a structural issue at first glance, it comes off as a behavioral pattern, however behaviour is not just determined by inherent genes, but also the environment inclusive of the socio-economic factors. Lack of awareness, strong beliefs, social norms, distrust towards the healthcare system lie at the core of these behaviours. 
 
Government&rsquo;s Efforts for Healthcare 
The government quite naturally is also aware of these issues and therefore has introduced schemes like the <a href="https://nha.gov.in/PM-JAY">Ayushman Bharat Scheme.</a> The scheme has undertaken the obligation of running vaccination drives through its Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs). The government has even expanded the budget for healthcare estimating to a <a href="https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/union-budget-2025-a-pulse-check-on-healthcare">9.46 percent increase</a> from the 2025&rsquo;s budget estimates. This increase is expected to improve infrastructure, strengthen existing programs and focus on maternal and child healthcare. But this is just one part of the solution. The healthcare industry of India needs systematic changes in order to better its accessibility. 
However, the aforementioned increase which boils down to the amount of <a href="http://chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/alldg.pdf">INR 95,957.87 crore</a> still accounts for only 1.94 percent of the total budget, which reflects a declining proportion when compared to the previous years and has been a cause of <a href="https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/health-in-the-union-budget-2024-interim-budget-redux-with-tweaks">concern</a>. 
 
Striking at the Roots- Policy Recommendations

To address the core structural weaknesses of the healthcare system in India, a holistic approach needs to be adopted, one that involves all stakeholders and all facets of the system including doctors, nurses, PMCs, patients etc. Following are some measures that can be implemented-

Train individuals from rural areas to become doctors- Increasing the number of medical schools and providing incentives to doctors to move their practice to rural areas are essential to bridge the regional disparity. Skilling of locals and incentivising professionals to volunteer or base themselves in rural areas can enhance the access to quality of healthcare provided.

Make Primary Healthcare Centers accountable- Conduct regular checks on the functioning and outcomes of the PMCs. Mobile health teams should regularly engage with PMCs. More autonomy on administrative and financial powers of PMCs must be given to local committees.

Training government hospital staff for better caregiving- Personnel in government hospitals can be trained to ensure these principles are being followed to improve the patient satisfaction level. Deloitte mentions <a href="https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/health-care/life-sciences-and-health-care-industry-outlooks/2025-us-health-care-executive-outlook.html">five key elements</a> in patient satisfaction- personalised, simple, efficient, consistent and proactive engagement. Each of these can be worked upon. 
 
Involving community in healthcare drives- Community engagement programs can be run to generate awareness, understand the needs of the people and localise solutions catering to those very needs. By decentralising the administrative and financial power and giving more power to the local communities to make their own decisions can greatly improve primary healthcare delivery. 
 
Effective monitoring and evaluation of schemes and sharing of data on public platforms for transparency- Effectively monitoring and regular evaluation of the performance of schemes with quick implementations of adaptations needed can yield better results for the schemes. Data regarding the schemes can be published publicly to ensure greater transparency, while keeping personal details of citizens availing the schemes hidden to ensure privacy. 
 
Promoting preventive measures: By taking means to make preventive actions seem worthwhile to people, more lives can be saved, suffering can be lessened and healthcare outcomes can be improved.

Conclusion 
Covid-19 pandemic served as an eye opener to the inherent weaknesses in the existing healthcare systems across the world. Post pandemic it is necessary to address these to strengthen the system and enhance the quality of healthcare and the first step is ensuring accessibility. The government needs more manpower and dedicated efforts to strike the roots of the issue. By improving the efficiency of the existing schemes, infrastructure, educating more healthcare workers can yield better results from it and further contribute to the cause. By keeping patients in the center of the approach to improving healthcare by working on increasing patient satisfaction can make government hospitals more accessible. These measures, if implemented, can improve the quality and accessibility of healthcare for a huge section of the population. Action drives change, and change is the need of the hour!

Striking at the Roots- Structural Reforms for Improving Accessibility

The spate of races for technological advancement has been transforming humanity&#39;s history. From the Space Race and the Nuclear Arms Race to the Industrial Revolution, these races have shaped the trajectory of human growth. With such progress, the race to modernisation has also witnessed a transition, and today, these races are being observed in sectors like green energy, genetic modifications, and the artificial intelligence domain.&nbsp;

In this blog, I have focused on the latter domain. The newest talk of the town, Deepseek, is the latest entry amongst the already very famous names of OpenAI, DeepMind, Llama, Gork and Anthropic. This development is significant as it marks China&#39;s entry into fierce competition. It reminds us that this race is transcontinental and global, with the potential to fundamentally change contemporary notions of technology, geopolitics, and society.

The AI Paradox:&nbsp;

In a quest to learn more about the Generative AI race, I stumbled upon the book Supremacy: AI, ChatGPT &amp; the race that will change the world, written by Parmy Olson. The book is a notable addition to contemporary literature on AI and has been awarded the <a href="https://publishingperspectives.com/2024/12/uk-parmy-olsons-supremacy-wins-the-ft-and-schroders-award/">Financial Times and Schroders Business Book of 2024.</a> However, the growth in the context of AI has been so fast-paced that, as I write, less than a year after the publication, the author should think of writing a part two of the book, with a nuanced subheading.&nbsp;

Moving on, the book&#39;s central theme highlights the journey of two different individuals in the quest for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence">Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)</a>. We see how they begin with love and compassion for the betterment of human life, seeking AGI. But, over time, this journey has manifested into the necessity of mercy and inevitably bowing down to large corporations for the realisation of the &ldquo;Dream&rdquo;: viz., losing control step by step of the ethos, original vision of the company. The story is the culmination of the &ldquo;<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Faustian-bargain">Faustian bargain</a>&rdquo; of the founders of the big tech corporations and how their battle is now enmeshed with the desire for corporate supremacy!

ChatGPT&rsquo;s widespread and quick adoption by the public was a tipping point and a significant breakthrough, sending shock waves throughout Silicon Valley. The book resembles a thriller and feels like an investigative journalism story.&nbsp; It explores the themes of technological ambition, ethical dilemmas, and the human stories behind <a href="https://openai.com/">OpenAI</a> (owned mainly by Microsoft) and Google&rsquo;s <a href="https://deepmind.google/">DeepMind</a>. The focus is on parallel biographical accounts of the founders of these platforms vis-&agrave;-vis their companies and their evolution.&nbsp;

<a href="https://uk.linkedin.com/in/demishassabis">Demis Hassabis</a>, co-founder of DeepMind, grew up in the UK, born to migrant parents, had an orthodox religious upbringing, was obsessed with games and simulations, academically proficient with a doctorate, and is now a Nobel Prize Laureate. On the other hand, OpenAI was founded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Altman">Sam Altman</a>: born in the USA, openly gay man in a Jewish family, loves poker and is a college dropout! Two very contrasting personalities begin with a humanitarian and altruistic vision of making AGI, yet end up accepting the terms of Silicon Valley giants like Meta. The book presents the story of the AI gold rush, which gave the world DeepMind/OpenAI while raising questions of ethics, regulations, and power plays.&nbsp;

Personalities such as Sam Altman, Elon Musk, Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Peter Thiel have been key players whose vision and decisions have shaped this journey. Olson also acknowledges the interventions by individuals such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell_(scientist)">Margaret Mitchell</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timnit_Gebru">Timnit Gebru</a> regarding bias and ethics in AI. That said, the book continues to focus on the two main heroes, and other actors are mostly named in passing.

Olson above all makes a compelling argument in favour of focusing on the ethics board and the alignment issues alongside AI&rsquo;s evolution. The tug-of-war between regulations and innovation should not be at the price of instances of privacy breach and the loss of control to rogue actors. The author argues that the scope of such regulations should be dynamic, in conformity with the constant updates to the arena.&nbsp;

Conclusion:

The book encapsulates an important journey forged in humanity&#39;s history through the lens of the race for &ldquo;Supremacy.&rdquo; It is indeed a detailed account of the reasons within the current tech ecosystem of why they have eventually bowed down to the tech giants. The book serves as essential reading and a great introductory read for anyone interested in the recent evolution of generative AI and its future.&nbsp;

The AI race may seem fast to the non-experts, whereas the experts may point out quite to the contrary. There are also a few who argue that AI is <a href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691249131/ai-snake-oil?srsltid=AfmBOoppHX_iHFRAiawKzeeuOH8IBrEF_hR5gYpIIhvFBSQ_9grTXSWN">&lsquo;snake oil&rsquo; </a>and overhyped, even though such assessment requires subjectivity. However, eventually time will tell if it takes<a href="https://youtu.be/4poqjZlM8Lo?si=I5UpTxkBjla5KI9b"> 5</a> <a href="https://youtu.be/4poqjZlM8Lo?si=I5UpTxkBjla5KI9b">years or 10 years</a> to achieve AGI or way longer. The rungs on the <a href="https://www.aisnakeoil.com/p/ai-scaling-myths">generality ladder of AI</a> are not yet well defined and as of now they are characterized by a function of cross-sectional advances in research in deep neural networks, machine learning, and access to capital.&nbsp;

THE MAKING OF AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM: NO ESCAPE FROM  BIG CAPITAL

Eleven years ago, India felt like a country on the cusp of something big. The early years of the Modi government saw the launch of multiple schemes, projects and promises. They spanned across sectors and promised to reshape the economy. It seemed like a new era of reforms was being ushered in after years of what was called the era of <a href="https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2014/05/a-devil-called-policy-paralysis?lang=en" target="_blank">policy paralysis</a>, high corruption and double-digit inflation. Come 2025, the announcements have become fewer with no major reforms in sight. What we see today is mostly the continuation of old schemes with newer versions with minor tweaks and upgrades. While policy continuity is important, downplaying the need for major reforms is an act of self-deception. This is why it is important to examine how the reform process after the initial burst has gradually slowed down and in many areas even stalled.

Early Reform Momentum (2014&ndash;2018)

In September 2014 the government launched the &ldquo;Make in India&rdquo; campaign to kickstart the manufacturing engine, considered to be one of the most important sectors to bring economic growth, competitiveness and lead job creation. It aimed at boosting manufacturing to <a href="https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/major_initiatives/make-in-india/" target="_blank">25% of GDP by 2022</a>. Earlier in August, the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) was launched which opened over 55 crore bank accounts paving the way for Direct Benefit Transfers (DBTs), fulfilling the <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/is-india-ready-to-jam/" target="_blank">JAM trinity</a> (Jan Dhan&ndash;Aadhaar&ndash;Mobile). The Digital India programme (2015) was launched to enhance digital infrastructure, boosting e-governance and connectivity, while UPI since 2016 has revolutionised how Indians make payments. Complementing these, the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana expanded credit access for micro and small enterprises, and Start-Up India (2016) promoted entrepreneurship and innovation.

Several reforms were initiated to build critical infrastructure of the country like the <a href="https://morth.nic.in/hi/bharatmalaphase" target="_blank">Bharatmala </a>project for roads with an initial investment of Rs. 5.35 lakh crore, <a href="https://sagarmala.gov.in/projects/projects-under-sagarmala" target="_blank">Sagarmala</a> for port modernization, port connectivity and port industrialization at an investment of around Rs. 5.97 lakh crore. The <a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2124459" target="_blank">UDAN scheme</a> (2017) was launched for regional air travel. Reforms in railways focused on modernization, safety upgrades, and private participation in freight and passenger services, laying the groundwork for long-term efficiency gains.The dedicated freight corridor projects reflected long-term investments in connectivity and logistics efficiency.

The reforms cycle continued with the enactment of the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act (RERA) in 2016, bringing accountability in the real estate sector. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Act in 2017, the biggest indirect tax reform since independence came soon after the bad harvest of demonetization. Despite some initial hiccups, GST gradually streamlined multiple indirect taxes creating a unified domestic market.

Crises and Disruptions: Reforms on Hold (2018-21):

It was around this time that the economy was hit by several speed bumps, including the twin balance sheet problem, the IL&amp;FS crisis, and the peak of non-performing assets (NPAs) in banks. All this exposed the vulnerability of the banking and shadow banking sectors. These pressures took the government&#39;s focus away from new reforms and toward bringing the financial system back to stability.

The RBI&#39;s 2015 <a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1578985" target="_blank">Asset Quality Review (AQR)</a> pressured banks to identify bad loans that had been rolled over or passed off as restructured assets. Businesses were overly leveraged due to the 2008&ndash;2014 corporate investment boom, and bank balance sheets were severely strained as projects stalled. With gross non-performing assets (NPAs) reaching over 11% by 2018, the AQR exposed the full scope of the crisis. <a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1578985" target="_blank">This twin balance sheet problem</a>: high corporate indebtedness and stressed banks became the central challenge of the period.

In response, the government enacted the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) in 2016, creating a time-bound mechanism to resolve bad loans, recover value, and discipline borrowers making it one of the most significant financial sector reforms of the decade signaling that big reforms are still a part of the agenda. To stabilise public sector banks, the government undertook a large recapitalisation programme, injecting more than ?2 lakh crore between 2017 and 2019, followed by mergers that consolidated the number of PSBs from 27 to 12 by 2020. These measures, taken together, marked a decisive attempt to restore financial stability, though the adjustment came at the cost of growth momentum.

Indeed, real GDP growth steadily declined, reaching 3.1% in Q4 of FY20, a decline for the eighth straight quarter and 4.2% for the full year, the lowest in 11 years, even before the onset of COVID-19. <a href="https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_release/PRESS%20NOTE%20PE%20and%20Q4%20estimates%20of%20GDP.pdf" target="_blank">(MOSPI)</a> The pandemic further shifted the government&rsquo;s focus to immediate crisis management, particularly healthcare and economic recovery, delaying previously announced goals and pushing targets into the future.

The numbers were pessimistic, but the government still pursued new reforms especially after securing an even bigger majority in 2019. The National Infrastructure Pipeline was launched with an initial investment of Rs. 111 lakh crore in infrastructure. Corporate taxes were slashed to 22%. During this time four new <a href="https://labour.gov.in/labour-codes" target="_blank">Labour Codes</a> were introduced in 2019-20 aimed at streamlining and consolidating the complex labour laws in India that are one of the biggest challenges that employers face. Yet, as of 2025, implementation of the labour reforms remains incomplete, reflecting the uneven pace of the reform cycle.

The Stalled Years (2022-25):

In 2024, manufacturing&rsquo;s share in GDP remained at 17.3% exactly where it was a decade earlier in 2014. Despite early expectations, the much-marketed &ldquo;Make in India&rdquo; initiative failed to deliver a significant manufacturing push. Optimism returned in 2020 with the launch of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, yet its gains have been uneven and far from transformative. In agriculture, reform attempts through the three farm laws collapsed after year-long protests, leaving one of India&rsquo;s largest sectors structurally unreformed. Since then, few bold measures have been undertaken, despite the government&rsquo;s declared ambition of achieving developed nation status by 2047.

In his 79th Independence Day address, Prime Minister Modi announced GST rate rationalisation into two slabs, a reform long demanded by economists and industry alike. But can the same bureaucracy that once debated tax rates for salted versus caramelised popcorn now deliver genuine simplification? As former Chief Economic Adviser K. Subramanian remarked, <a href="https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/complexity-is-a-bureaucrats-delight-ex-cea-k-subramanian-reacts-to-18-gst-on-caramelised-popcorn-458200-2024-12-22" target="_blank">&ldquo;Complexity is a bureaucrat&rsquo;s delight.&rdquo;</a>

The Road Ahead:

The first wave of reforms delivered gains but is no longer enough to sustain high growth. India needs the next generation of reforms to revive the reform momentum. Factor market reforms are required, especially land and labour. Land acquisition must be simplified through transparent frameworks, ensuring infrastructure and industrial projects are not delayed at birth. Labour codes must move from paper to practice if large-scale job creation is to be realised. Trade and industrial strategy requires a decisive shift from protectionism to competitiveness and deeper global trade linkages.

Other areas demand equal urgency. Agriculture needs functioning markets, investment in storage and logistics. Urbanisation requires financially empowered city governments, not just flagship missions like Smart Cities. To sustain high growth and create quality jobs India requires nothing short of a new wave of structural reforms as incremental changes cannot lead to exponential growth.

India’s Reform Story: From Momentum to Standstill

<h2>Beyond Ancestral Occupations: Is India Advancing in Occupational Mobility?</h2>

For a diverse state like India, occupation has been closely tied to birth, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18301943">caste,</a> and <a href="https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/120698/1/Why_geography_matters.pdf">geography</a>. For generations, citizens have found career trajectories shaped less by freedom of choice and more by inherited societal structures. Today however, as India modernizes and aspires to greater equity, a critical question arises: Are people truly moving beyond their ancestral occupation, or does <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/occupational-mobility">occupational mobility</a> remain an elusive dream for many?

Occupational mobility is a key indicator of a state&#39;s inclusiveness and opportunity structure. It reflects the extent to which individuals can improve their economic and social capabilities regardless of status or background. Within India, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18301943">caste-based inequalities</a> continue to present significant barriers to occupational mobility, despite decades of socio-economic and policy interventions.&nbsp;

Numerous Indian efforts aimed at reducing historical disadvantages including the abolition of the Zamindari system, implementation of reservation quotas, the initiation of the Green Revolution, and the 1991 neoliberal reforms have yielded mixed results. These state initiatives have driven structural transformations; however, the very impact these initiatives have had on reducing occupational immobility has been uneven.

Improving occupational and social mobility should not only be a moral imperative as it yields tangible economic benefits. The <a href="https://www3.weforum.org/docs/Global_Social_Mobility_Report.pdf">Global Social Mobility Report 2020</a> from the World Economic Forum observes a 10-point increase in a country&rsquo;s social mobility index score could potentially result in an additional 4.41% GDP growth alongside enhanced social cohesion. This clearly shows that promoting mobility contributes not only to justice and fairness but also to sustainable economic growth.

Contrasting Paradigms: Neoclassical vs Stratification Economics

India&#39;s economic performance over the past three decades has been impressive. However, economic growth has not translated into equitable opportunity. Comprehensive analysis by <a href="http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ChancelPiketty2019RIW.pdf">Chancel &amp; Piketty </a>&nbsp;and <a href="https://wid.world/www-site/uploads/2024/03/WorldInequalityLab_WP2024_09_Income-and-Wealth-Inequality-in-India-1922-2023_Final.pdf">Kapoor &amp; Duggal</a>&nbsp; have shown a sharp rise in income inequality from the 1990s. We can effectively address barriers to occupational mobility and thereby reduce income inequality only if the market operates without discrimination, relying on a self-adjusting mechanism. This long-held view, particularly advocated by neoclassical economists like Gary Becker, assumes that a free and competitive market would naturally eliminate inequality over time. However, this perspective has been increasingly challenged and to a large extent, invalidated. It fails to account for the persistence of inequality even in seemingly discrimination-free markets.&nbsp;

In response, the field of <a href="https://equitablegrowth.org/stratification-economics-what-it-is-and-how-it-advances-our-understanding-of-inequality/">stratification economics</a> emerged. Unlike neoclassical economics, stratification economics emphasizes the role of structural and institutional factors such as historical disadvantages, social hierarchies, and intergenerational wealth disparities in perpetuating inequality. This approach argues that inequality is not merely the result of individual choices or market imperfections, but rather the outcome of deeply embedded social and economic structures that continue to limit occupational mobility, regardless of market fairness. Therefore, any factor that limits access to equal opportunity hinders occupational mobility and, in turn, perpetuates inequality.

India and China: Different Economies, Same Mobility Struggles

<h3>Social mobility should not merely be about short-term gains or opportunities but also long term goals for families to escape poverty. The World Economic Forum (<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-india-is-a-laggard-in-social-mobility-6226538/">WEF) report</a> also highlights a striking pattern, i.e.,&nbsp; in developing states like India, individuals born into low-income households may take up to seven generations to reach the average income level of their society. Additionally, in some states, families experience downward mobility over generations, slipping further below the national average despite economic growth.</h3>

India is not alone in this generational struggle. China, despite being the second largest economy and being classified as an <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-and-politics/article/china-global-value-chains-and-the-middleincome-trap/2C29ECB3856B3D539E15F9FA3DFD4E61">upper-middle-income country </a>exhibits similar intergenerational mobility patterns. Like India, it takes a poor family in China seven generations to reach median income levels. This shows that economic classification alone doesn&rsquo;t guarantee mobility. Other factors like geographic inequality, <a href="https://www.price360.in/articles-details.php?url=how-to-close-indias-rich-dadpoor-dad-gap">social stratification,</a> and unequal access to quality education and healthcare play equally significant roles in an individual&#39;s mobility.

Despite their rapid economic growth, both India and China struggle with social mobility because deep-rooted inequalities continue to persist. In both countries, where an individual is born in rural or urban areas greatly affects their access to quality education, healthcare, and jobs.&nbsp;

In India, caste and class play a big role, while in China, systems like the <a href="https://orcasia.org/hukou-system-in-china">hukou</a> restrict rural migrants from accessing city services. Poor families often cannot afford quality schooling or healthcare, which limits their children&rsquo;s chances of upward mobility. Many people also work&nbsp; informal sector jobs without security or benefits, making it hard to build a stable future. These challenges mean that economic growth has coincided with growing economic class divide within the society.&nbsp;

Way Forward

While India has made considerable economic progress, true occupational mobility remains out of reach for most citizens, especially marginalized and backward communities. Caste and class-based inequalities persist, which limits access to education, formal employment, and professional networks, all of which are key pathways to mobility.

The challenge is no longer about sustaining economic growth but ensuring equitable access to the ladders of mobility. Strengthening public education, expanding skill development programs, enforcing anti-discrimination laws, and creating inclusive employment opportunities are vital steps forward. There should be diversification in the hiring process and entrepreneurial opportunities. The central or state legislature laws should&nbsp; reduce regional disparities and&nbsp; be fair in making intergenerational asset transfers including access to social capital, land, credit etc.

Key issues associated with occupational mobility in India are due to structural factors linked to caste, geography, social capital and wealth inheritance. To address these, incorporating a stratification economics framework into central and state level policymaking is essential.

Giving more importance to state-specific policies is more effective than central intervention. In this context, the Kerala model of development is significant, along with some other well-performing states such as Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, and Mizoram. These states have excelled in literacy, human development index, political representation, female empowerment, and other social indicators.

However, despite Kerala being at the top in many areas, it still faces challenges in critical areas such as industrial jobs. Similarly, Tamil Nadu continues to experience caste-based atrocities in rural regions. This highlights that issues vary across states, and while the state governments should lead the response, support and coordination from the central government remain important.

To unlock India&rsquo;s full potential, it is essential to build society structures where an individual&rsquo;s origin does not determine their occupational mobility. A shift toward inclusive and intergenerational equity is not only a moral imperative but also an economic necessity, one that promises a more just, cohesive, and prosperous future for all.

Beyond Ancestral Occupations: Is India Advancing in Occupational Mobility?

The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA) was enacted by Parliament to overhaul India&rsquo;s housing market and protect homebuyers. Government documents hailed RERA as a &ldquo;transformative legislation&rdquo; to ensure efficient, transparent and accountable development, by empowering homebuyers with rights to timely possession and<a href="https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/RERA_eng(1).pdf"> speedy dispute resolution</a>. For example, it requires developers to register projects and deposit 70% of all funds into an escrow account for that project. Industry groups note these safeguards have already bolstered buyer confidence &ndash; National Real Estate Development Council (NAREDCO) reported that the mandatory 70% escrow rule &ldquo;instilled confidence and trust in buyers&rdquo; and led to <a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/money/rera-ensuring-transparency-and-accountability-within-the-real-estate-sector-3088431/">fewer legacy disputes</a>. In short, RERA was designed to end the era when the real estate sector &ldquo;was plagued by project delays, diversion of funds, and <a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/money/rera-ensuring-transparency-and-accountability-within-the-real-estate-sector-3088431/">lack of transparency&rdquo;. </a>

The Act was passed by the BJP-led government in early 2016, and came into force in stages by <a href="https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/RERA_eng(1).pdf">May 2017.</a>&nbsp; Since land and housing are state subjects, RERA allowed each State/UT to form its own regulatory authority and enact detailed rules under the central Act. In practice this meant uneven roll-out. While most states (including Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Maharashtra, etc.) set up RERA authorities by 2017, West Bengal initially rejected the law and instead enacted a separate state housing law in 2017.&nbsp; The Supreme Court ultimately struck down West Bengal&rsquo;s Housing Act in 2021 as &ldquo;repugnant&rdquo; to RERA, bringing all states under the <a href="https://www.indiablooms.com/phoenix/public/news/supreme-court-annuls-wbs-housing-industry-regulation-act-calls-it-unconstitutional/details">central framework.</a> (This episode highlights how RERA&rsquo;s federal design both expanded protections and invited state-level loopholes.) At the time of enactment, RERA was viewed as part of broader reforms &ndash; alongside bankruptcy and banking reforms &ndash; to boost investment by giving homebuyers legal recourse. In reality, however, RERA&rsquo;s success has varied greatly across states depending on political will and institutional capacity.

<h2>Failures and Implementation Gaps</h2>

Despite RERA&rsquo;s promise, its record has been mixed. Regulators themselves describe RERA as a &ldquo;toothless tiger&rdquo; due to <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/rera-toothless-tiger-due-to-lack-of-enforcement-powers-101727892074915.html">weak enforcement</a>. By law RERA adjudicators can order refunds, impose penalties or even jail defaulters, but in practice they lack the tools to execute orders. As one adjudicating officer noted, he had issued <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/rera-toothless-tiger-due-to-lack-of-enforcement-powers-101727892074915.html">hundreds </a><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/rera-toothless-tiger-due-to-lack-of-enforcement-powers-101727892074915.html">of arrest warrants</a> on defaulting builders, but &ldquo;not a single person has been arrested&rdquo; by police. Indeed, the Supreme Court has repeatedly rebuked state governments for RERA&rsquo;s failures.&nbsp; In March 2025 a bench observed that RERA&rsquo;s <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/functioning-of-rera-disappointing-says-sc/articleshow/118714371.cms?from=mdr">functioning</a> was &ldquo;disappointing&rdquo; and heard advocates say the Act had &ldquo;failed in its implementation&rdquo;.&nbsp; Earlier, in September 2024 Justices Surya Kant and Bhuyan scolded authorities that RERA &ldquo;has become <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rera-rehab-retired-bureaucrats-sc-9591215/">a rehabilitation centre </a>for former bureaucrats who have frustrated the entire scheme of the Act&rdquo;. This criticism reflects another problem: almost all RERA chiefs are retired <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/most-reras-are-headed-by-ex-bureaucrats/articleshow/113760304.cms">IAS or other officers</a>, so regulators are often led by career administrators rather than housing experts or consumer advocates. In short, observers say RERA has been undermined by bureaucratic inertia and <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rera-rehab-retired-bureaucrats-sc-9591215/">lack of enforcement</a>. Even an all-India forum of RERA chiefs urged in 2022 that the Act&rsquo;s wording be clarified and that RERAs be given &ldquo;executive power&rdquo; to implement <a href="https://www.rprealtyplus.com/news-views/rera-forum-to-make-recommendations-to-housing-ministry-to-strengthen-rera-106499.html">decisions</a>.<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="height:15px; width:16px" />

Many specific issues have emerged in the Delhi&ndash;NCR region. For example, Haryana RERA initially excluded any project that had applied for an occupancy certificate (OC) before RERA&rsquo;s launch. This loophole meant the NBCC <a href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/how-real-estate-regulator-rera-failed-to-help-homebuyers-stuck-in-bad-housing-projects-8297621.html">Green View </a><a href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/how-real-estate-regulator-rera-failed-to-help-homebuyers-stuck-in-bad-housing-projects-8297621.html">housing project </a>in Gurugram (built by a government company) escaped RERA&rsquo;s scrutiny, because the builder had sought an OC just before RERA took effect. When buyers later suffered serious structural defects, Haryana RERA refused relief on procedural grounds, leaving homeowners in limbo. Even when regulators do pass favorable orders, compliance is slow: one analysis found buyers often &ldquo;wait for months or even years&rdquo; for RERA orders to be <a href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/how-real-estate-regulator-rera-failed-to-help-homebuyers-stuck-in-bad-housing-projects-8297621.html">executed.</a> In practice, many judgments remain unimplemented because there is no mechanism (like police or revenue authorities) to force builders to pay.

These failings show up starkly in Delhi-NCR statistics. A recent study noted that as of 2025 about 4.8 lakh housing units nationwide remain delayed by <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2025/Jun/15/why-sc-ruling-on-builder-liability-is-a-shocker-for-homebuyers">3+ years,</a> despite RERA. &nbsp;Many of those are in big cities: stalled projects by Unitech, Amrapali, Jaypee and Supertech in Noida and Gurgaon have left tens of thousands of buyers waiting. In fact, the Supreme Court has resorted to assigning NBCC to complete these projects&mdash; &ldquo;from Amrapali to <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2025/Jun/15/why-sc-ruling-on-builder-liability-is-a-shocker-for-homebuyers">Supertech, Unitech to Jaypee</a>&rdquo; &mdash;because neither RERA nor any other remedy had delivered the homes. The backlog of housing cases has spilled over into the courts: by mid-2024 more than 50,000 real-estate disputes were pending in consumer courts, with no clear end in sight. In other words, the &ldquo;legalistic&rdquo; RERA framework has often failed to give <a href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/how-real-estate-regulator-rera-failed-to-help-homebuyers-stuck-in-bad-housing-projects-8297621.html">buyers timely </a>possession or compensation.

<h2>Supreme Court Critiques</h2>

Post-2020 Supreme Court rulings have underscored RERA&rsquo;s shortcomings. As noted, in 2024 a bench condemned RERA as a &ldquo;rehabilitation centre&rdquo; for <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rera-rehab-retired-bureaucrats-sc-9591215/">ex-bureaucrats.</a> On another occasion (March 2025) the Court flatly said RERA&rsquo;s functioning was <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/functioning-of-rera-disappointing-says-sc/articleshow/118714371.cms?from=mdr">&ldquo;disappointing&rdquo;.</a> In that case the lawyer for homebuyers argued that because one project&rsquo;s collapse &ldquo;engulfs the entire sector,&rdquo; the regulatory regime must be strengthened. Justice Kant agreed but warned that states might resist new measures. In a different line of cases, the Court has strictly interpreted RERA remedies: for example, it recently ruled that developers cannot be forced to reimburse home-loan interest for delays beyond the refund of principal and agreed <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2025/Jun/15/why-sc-ruling-on-builder-liability-is-a-shocker-for-homebuyers">compensation </a>(holding the liability solely to the contractual clause). While that verdict reflects contract law, it also highlights how homebuyers continue to bear the brunt of unfinished homes despite all RERA&rsquo;s protections. In yet another development, the Court in 2021 invalidated West Bengal&rsquo;s parallel law as unconstitutional, reinforcing that only Parliament (via RERA) can set<a href="https://www.indiablooms.com/phoenix/public/news/supreme-court-annuls-wbs-housing-industry-regulation-act-calls-it-unconstitutional/details"> national standards</a> for homebuyer rights.

<h2>Recommendations for Reform</h2>

To make RERA effective, experts and officials recommend several key changes. In particular, RERA must be given real &ldquo;teeth&rdquo; in execution.

A first step is to explicitly empower regulators or district authorities to implement orders without state interference. For instance, RERA already allows recovery of unpaid compensation as an arrear of land revenue, but this provision needs stronger use. State RERA chiefs often urged that every authority be vested with executive power to enforce its rulings. Courts and analysts agree: RERA amendments could clarify that adjudicating officers have the same power to execute orders as, say, family courts (which can attach property). At minimum, states should direct police and revenue collectors to act swiftly on RERA directives.

Second, the law itself should be tightened. Some loopholes need closing: as one RERA forum noted, any project on a large plot (e.g. &gt;500 m&sup2;) should require registration, regardless of the number of flats.&nbsp; (Delhi and Rajasthan have already taken this approach to stop builders from skirting RERA by slicing sites into small phases.) Similarly, definitions of &ldquo;flat,&rdquo; &ldquo;carpet area,&rdquo; and project stages should be uniform nationwide. If builders can&rsquo;t game the entry criteria, more projects and buyers will truly fall under RERA&rsquo;s ambit.

Third, capacity-building is crucial. The government should ensure each RERA has enough trained staff, office space and technical support. Regulators need officials who are &ldquo;trained, agile, committed and enough in number&rdquo;. Filling vacancies for adjudicating officers and members must be a priority (several high courts have already been asked to expedite RERA appointments). In addition, RERAs would benefit from members with diverse expertise &ndash; e.g. technical experts, economists or urban planners alongside administrators. This could prevent the &ldquo;rehabilitation centre&rdquo; effect noted by the Supreme Court.

Fourth, coordination between agencies should improve. State governments must instruct development authorities (like DDA, GMADA, etc.) and financial regulators to sync with RERA orders. For example, project approvals should be linked to RERA compliance: no new phase should be approved without RERA registration and escrow. Courts could also mandate periodic status reports. One concrete idea is to set up a unified online platform (as already planned) where all state RERAs and courts upload decisions and compliance status. Having transparent, up-to-date data would help track enforcement and identify lagging projects.

More broadly, RERA reform must be part of a wider housing policy push. The Act&rsquo;s escrow rules and project-disclosure norms are sound, but must be backed by supply-side measures. For instance, fast- tracking approvals and improving public housing schemes (like PM Awas Yojana) would relieve pressure on the formal market. Incentives for completing delayed projects &ndash; such as allowing additional FSI in return for finishing 80% of units &ndash; could be explored. The government may also encourage models where homebuyers themselves (through associations) take over stalled projects under supervision; some RERAs are now piloting such &ldquo;assisted completion&rdquo; schemes.

In summary, RERA&rsquo;s promise has not yet been fully realized. Nine years on, many homebuyers remain stranded, as reflected by the backlog of over 4.8 lakh delayed flats and mounting <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2025/Jun/15/why-sc-ruling-on-builder-liability-is-a-shocker-for-homebuyers">court cases</a>. Fixing RERA will require political will and legislative reform, as <a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/rera-enforcement-failure-builder-non-compliance-supreme-court-on-rera-maharera-case-housing-project-hardeep-singh-puri-11746011552106.html">commentators warn.</a> If authorities empower regulators, close legal gaps, and truly enforce orders, RERA can become the robust protector of homebuyers that it was intended to be. Only then &ndash; with RERA functioning effectively alongside affordable housing initiatives &ndash; can India hope to restore trust in its real estate market and deliver housing justice to millions.

Why RERA Hasn't Delivered for India's Urban Homebuyers?

The relationship between good governance and <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/climate-change-governance" target="_blank">climate change policies</a> in India has evolved to be dynamic and pivotal. As the country grapples with the dual paradigm of economic competition with other nations, along with the requisite balance of environmental sustainability, there are a few essentials that the nation needs to take care of.

<a href="https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/good-governance.pdf" target="_blank">Good governance</a> is the efficient, transparent, and accountable management of public resources and policies to give the best experience to the citizens while protecting the environment they inhabit. <a href="https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-09/Volume%20III%20What%20is%20climate%20governance.pdf" target="_blank">Climate governance</a> specifically amalgamates the institutional frameworks, processes, and policies through which the essential decisions related to climate are made.

Quite naturally, India&rsquo;s response to the climate change phenomenon is highly dependent on its governance structure. It also highlights the necessity of cautiousness that the policy makers in India need to maintain while simultaneously balancing the nation&rsquo;s economic growth.

India&rsquo;s Climatic Commitments and its evolving policy making:

With a growing population of <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/" target="_blank">1.46 billion people</a> and trends like urbanization, industrialization India&rsquo;s energy demand has witnessed a rapid <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/india-energy-outlook-2021" target="_blank">spike</a>. At the same time, India has also committed to a range of targets along with the goal of <a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2144627#:~:text=Road%20Ahead-,India%27s%20achievement%20of%2050%25%20non%2Dfossil%20fuel%20installed%20capacity%20ahead,inclusive%2C%20and%20technology%2Ddriven." target="_blank">500 GW</a> of non-fossil capacity by 2030. These commitments have manifested in the form of initiatives like <a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1795071" target="_blank">Panchamrit</a> (five nectar) targets put forward at the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This also includes the goal of achieving <a href="https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/india-push-developed-nations-become-carbon-negative-before-2050-sources-2023-10-13/" target="_blank">net-zero</a> emissions by 2070, a deadline which is 20 years later than many developed nations, but highlights India&#39;s focus towards sustainable development strategies.

Now, these targets are not just deadlines but showcase India&#39;s arrival at the stage of the world&rsquo;s fight against climate change, happening all over the world. It places India alongside other emerging economies like Brazil, South Africa, and China in the difficult situation of balancing economic development and <a href="https://www.impriindia.com/insights/panchamrit-india-net-zero/" target="_blank">environmental sustainability.</a>&nbsp;However, coal continues to represent around 55% of India&rsquo;s <a href="https://coal.nic.in/en/major-statistics/coal-indian-energy-choice" target="_blank">energy mix</a>, which leads policymakers to take substantial decisions for achieving the energy transition in the coming decades.

But, at the same time India&rsquo;s policy framework for handling climate change is anchored in a series of futuristic and comprehensive strategies and policies. <a href="https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2021/dec/doc202112101.pdf" target="_blank">The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) </a>serves as the cornerstone of these developments, guiding sector- specific policies and targets that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and ecological sustainability. This is supplemented by <a href="https://cfo.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/esg/indias-per-capita-co2-emissions-among-lowest-in-world-as-green-energy-capacity-surges/118829415" target="_blank">low</a> per capita emissions with rising installations of solar and wind energy, along with policies like the National Green Hydrogen Mission. In fact, as of October 2024, India&rsquo;s renewable energy generation has surpassed <a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2073038" target="_blank">200 GW</a>, accounting for 46.3 percent of its total energy generation capacity, and is on track to achieve and potentially exceed its 2030 targets.

The Private Sector &amp; its contributions:

Now, one of the primary sectors which can carve out the way for India&rsquo;s governance trajectory for green transition is the private sector. Several major industrial names are leading this transformation, making huge investments in green energy based technologies.

Tata Power, a major electric power distribution company, has recently announced that it will be investing <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tata-power-to-invest-rs-1-2-lakh-crore-in-rajasthan/articleshow/116144509.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">Rs. 1.2 lakh crores</a> in Rajasthan&rsquo;s renewables, while it also plans to set up an electric vehicle manufacturing unit in its <a href="https://www.tatapower.com/news-and-media/media-releases/Tata-Power-inks-MoU-with-Rajasthan-Government-for-an-investment-plan-of-1-2-lakh-crores-in-Power-Distribution-Transmission-and-Renewables" target="_blank">Sanand plant</a>. Reliance, which operates one of the world&rsquo;s biggest refining complexes, has plans to invest <a href="https://www.livemint.com/companies/reliance-industries-to-invest-rs-75-000-crore-in-north-east-region-over-next-5-years-says-mukesh-ambani-11747979779690.html" target="_blank">Rs 75,000</a> crores in building a new energy ecosystem in India. Renewable landscape includes diverse players across segments, and <a href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/adani-group-becomes-indias-fastest-growing-brand-with-focus-on-green-energy-8795827" target="_blank">Adani Green Energy</a> remains a major renewable energy developer. Additionally, <a href="https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/mahindra-unveils-new-renewable-energy-subsidiary-to-drive-future-growth" target="_blank">Mahindra</a> and <a href="https://chemindigest.com/imfa-and-jsw-green-energy-to-drive-sustainable-initiatives/" target="_blank">JSW </a>remain major players in India&rsquo;s plan of expansion in renewable energy and are investing a lot. &nbsp;A few home-grown brands, such as <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/electric-bikes/hero-vidas-vx2-e-scooter-to-launch-with-battery-subscription-option-details/articleshow/121948566.cms" target="_blank">Vida</a> (Hero Moto Corp) has also entered the renewable energy sector with innovative concepts like battery subscription plans.

Meanwhile&hellip;.

The Reserve Bank of India had estimated in 2023 that India needed 2.5% of its GDP by 2030 to meet its green <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/finance/analysis/india-s-annual-extra-green-financing-need-pegged-at-2-5-of-gdp-rbi-report-123050301070_1.html" target="_blank">financing needs</a>. This accounts for hundreds of billions of dollars in investment needs, creating a huge financial burden. Along with this, India still relies on grid connectivity for its energy needs, which continues to pose a challenge in managing intermittent renewable energy sources while maintaining a stable power supply. Additionally, the distribution companies <a href="https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-Curious-Case-of-Indias-Discoms_August-2020.pdf" target="_blank">(DISCOMS)</a> suffer from huge transmission and distribution costs, which contribute to financial losses, creating a cycle of over-dependence on cheaper coal power that undermines the green transition efforts.

This is supplemented by the fact that climate action is rarely seen to be featured in any political campaign or<a href="https://earth.org/india-general-election-is-a-climate-agenda-on-the-cards/" target="_blank"> manifesto,</a> and is often neglected against any other socio-political issue. This is evident by the sheer state of affairs observed in the state or general elections where agendas are dominated by immediate issues like unemployment, inflation, or cash transfers. This disconnect between the urgency of the climatic issues and their political importance creates a broader challenge for India&rsquo;s response to climate change.

India faces multiple interconnected challenges that can be addressed by the <a href="https://iforest.global/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Just-Transition-Framework-For-India.pdf" target="_blank">just transition</a> approach of India&rsquo;s governance. This approach includes protecting <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/social-dimensions-of-climate-change" target="_blank">the marginalised strata</a> of society who continue to bear the disproportionate cost of climate changes while also protecting their cultural and community rights. The concept of just transition should be followed by the government, wherein they should ensure that alongside other commitments communities that depend on <a href="https://www.beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/1Ch1.pdf" target="_blank">traditional sources </a>like coal and biomass should have alternatives during this transition period.

Conclusion: The Way Forward:

The interconnectedness of governance and climate change is complex but essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goal 2030. A robust governance framework and its institutional measures are needed for India&rsquo;s green transition and to coordinate the multistakeholder efforts. Alignment of government policies with public aspirations and private capabilities is a must for ensuring the transition benefits all sections of society. This will require a streamlined set of efforts from the government, citizens, academia, private players, and foreign investors.

The mission for carbon neutrality till 2070 highlights not just an environmental imperative but also a governance obstacle that will test India&rsquo;s ability to balance growth in an emerging economy and sustainable development. On its path ahead, India needs to put itself as a global leader and also ensure that it makes its governance structure in a way that can deliver on ambitious promises without compromising the welfare of its people. The ultimate act of crafting governance frameworks that work in tandem with climate issues will eventually decide India&rsquo;s fate in achieving its climate goals.

Understanding Climate Governance in India

There are some symbols which are created, and there are some which emerge from our need to recognize patterns and assign meaning. Often, it&rsquo;s not the official designation that gives a symbol its power, but the way millions of people encounter and adopt it in everyday life. They guide us, often without us even realizing, towards a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079742108603722">common understanding.</a> These symbols show up in the most unexpected <a href="https://simpleshow.com/blog/the-power-of-symbols/">places</a>, like the gendered icons on bathroom doors or the recycling symbol we trust with both our trash and our values. In fact we can deduce a similar pattern in the form of the classic example of a landline phone silhouette: you know it&rsquo;s the app you use to dial numbers, yet the smartphones we use now look nothing like it.

Aadhaar: Identity Beyond Words

Drawing upon these symbols, let&rsquo;s look into the case of the Aadhaar system as an example. Introduced in <a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2067940">2009,</a> it quickly became an integral part of India&rsquo;s identity system. Aadhaar transformed public service delivery by making it more accessible to everyone, especially in rural and underserved areas where literacy might be low or formal documentation scarce. The <a href="https://uidai.gov.in/en/media-resources/brand-aadhaar/logo.html">logo, </a>featuring a fingerprint at the center of a sunrise, perfectly embodied this feature. It became more than just a mark of identification and has evolved into the <a href="https://sciencespo.hal.science/hal-03389153/document">representation</a> of the uniqueness of every individual and their right to access services.&nbsp;

The beauty of the fingerprint symbol lies in its <a href="https://odishatv.in/news/technology/aadhaar-decoding-hidden-meanings-behind-name-and-logo-of-the-unique-identity-number-199642">simplicity, </a>a reflection of India&rsquo;s essence. It&#39;s also a manifestation of the vital importance of fingerprints itself in India&rsquo;s identification system. <a href="https://odishatv.in/news/technology/aadhaar-decoding-hidden-meanings-behind-name-and-logo-of-the-unique-identity-number-199642">The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI</a>) also acknowledges that the fingerprint is not just a biometric tool but a symbol that connects the individual with their identity and rights. And it works across cultural and linguistic boundaries, making it one of the most prominent forms of <a href="https://juniperpublishers.com/jfsci/pdf/JFSCI.MS.ID.555996.pdf">identification</a> in India.&nbsp;

UPI and the QR Code: A New Financial Identity&nbsp;

Now, let&rsquo;s talk about Unified Payments Interface (UPI) manifesting in the form of a Quick Response (QR) code, another symbol that has <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/29/tech/india-digital-payments-upi-growth-hnk-intl">revolutionized</a> how India interacts with its economy. However, a few years ago, you&rsquo;d be hard-pressed to find a market where QR codes were common. This was not a top-down branding but an organic emergence: as more people&nbsp;

encountered QR codes at shops and stalls, the image itself silently evolved into a promise of accessibility, and <a href="https://thefintechtimes.com/financial-inclusion-qr-codes-payments-asia/">financial inclusion.</a> Originally designed to simplify payments, it is now perceived as a sign of ease in transactions. When you see a QR code, you know it means &ldquo;you can pay here.&rdquo; In the digital age, that simplicity has been key to its success.<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-upi-qr-codes-revolutionizing-small-business-payments-sourav-basak-h5fzc"> Experts</a> have noted that QR codes are not just low-cost but accessible to nearly everyone, from the bustling markets of urban centers to the smallest street vendors in rural towns. With just a smartphone and a QR code, businesses of any size can join the cashless economy, once ruled by expensive payment merchants like Visa and MasterCard. The QR code has created a bridge between digital and physical worlds, making digital payments accessible to people who might not be tech-savvy but can easily scan a code. It&rsquo;s a visual shorthand for a secure transaction, ensuring that the buyer and seller are both on the same page. The convenience and trust it offers have played a big part in shaping India&rsquo;s <a href="https://www.insights.onegiantleap.com/blogs/why-is-india-leading-the-way-with-qr-codes/#">cashless revolution.</a>

Trust Through Symbols: Aadhaar and UPI

What stands out about both Aadhaar and UPI is how these symbols effectively represent trust across India&rsquo;s diverse population. The fingerprint is a visual guarantee of identity, while the QR code represents trust in financial transactions through UPI. Both symbols are easy to recognize, intuitive, and foundational to the lives of Indians. They also represent a shift toward more inclusive governance and financial systems. Aadhaar has streamlined identity verification for millions, ensuring every citizen can access services, while the UPI QR code has enabled small business owners to <a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2079544">participate</a> in the digital economy, making it more inclusive.

These symbols translate complex policies into accessible, relatable cues, and connecting the intentions of policymakers with the people they serve. They don&rsquo;t just simplify processes; they create a cultural shift, recognizing that everyone deserves a seat at the table, and in a country as diverse as India, these visual tools are crucial in bridging that gap.&nbsp;

Conclusion: Symbols as Catalysts for Change

As no system is devoid of issues, there have been concerns about the efficacy of the Aadhar biometric system <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pac-calls-for-aadhaar-review-flags-high-failure-rate-of-biometric-verification/article69823640.ece#goog_rewarded">recently</a>, which thereby affects <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/aadhaar-as-a-hurdle-the-hindu-editorial-on-biometric-authentication-failures-and-welfare-delivery/article34102754.ece">welfare delivery</a>. Similarly the rise of <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/what-is-quishing-scam-all-you-need-to-know-about-new-qr-code-scanning-fraud-101705648853547.html">Quishing </a>scams in India have raised concerns about the security of QR codes and <a href="https://dragonflyintelligence.com/news/india-analysis-of-qr-code-phishing-scams/">UPI payments</a>. But, the recent Supreme Court directive in the case of Special Intensive Rolls (SIR) in Bihar asking the&nbsp;Election Commission of India to consider Aadhar cards as a <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-welcomes-supreme-court-order-on-proof-of-identity-in-bihar-sir/article69804805.ece">valid proof of identity </a>with others establishes its importance. Even in the case of QR codes, the quishing scams have failed to lead any consequential impact on its usage.&nbsp; 
Their significance emerged not only through policy but through repeated, everyday encounters&mdash;proving that the most powerful symbols are sometimes those that arise unexpectedly from life itself. It&rsquo;s a process by which certain markers, like the QR code, become cultural touchstones. They&rsquo;ve helped transform governance and commerce, to make systems more inclusive and accessible. As India continues its digital journey, these symbols will remain at the forefront of its progress. These symbols are&nbsp; not just markers, they are in fact catalysts for change, driving social transformation one symbol at a time.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

&nbsp;

From Aadhaar to QR: The Symbolism in Indian Policy-making

Five years ago, <a href="https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/women/empowering-shg-women-an-entrepreneurs-journey-towards-self-reliance-856269">Siggireddy</a> <a href="https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/women/empowering-shg-women-an-entrepreneurs-journey-towards-self-reliance-856269">Rajyalakshmi</a> from the Anakapalli district (Andhra Pradesh) struggled to meet her basic needs as a tailor. But, her life took a happy turn when she availed a loan through the <a href="https://pmfme.mofpi.gov.in/">Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises Scheme </a>for a catering business and today she runs an eatery named &lsquo;Sri Sai Balaji Chirudanyalu&rsquo;. She now sends her two daughters to a convent school thereby ensuring their good education. This transformation from a meagre income to owning an enterprise would have been impossible without accessibility to loan, an essential component of <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialinclusion/overview">financial inclusion</a>. Such instances of financial inclusion have transformed the lives of women like Rajyalakshmi, alongside several other initiatives such as <a href="https://practicalactionpublishing.com/article/2346/financial-inclusion-and-poverty-alleviation-an-alternative-state-led-microfinance-model-of-kudumbashree-in-kerala-india">Kudumbshree</a> which have scripted the economic empowerment of women and, in turn, the country. This is why it is essential for India to realize that financial inclusion of women is a huge untapped economic growth potential which is an essential element to eventually attain the goal of &lsquo;Viksit Bharat&rsquo; by 2047.

Financial Inclusion of Women and Economic Growth

<a href="https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/Upload/English/Content/PDFs/English_16042021.pdf">RBI (2020) </a>&nbsp;defines financial inclusion as &ldquo;the process of ensuring access to financial services, timely and adequate credit for vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low-income groups at an affordable cost&rdquo;.&nbsp; Access to credit instruments can play a key role in encouraging women&rsquo;s participation in the economy through entrepreneurship, especially when entering the formal economy is limited by inhibiting factors including patriarchal mindsets and lack of essential skillsets.&nbsp; Even the <a href="https://data.imf.org/-/media/iData/External-Storage/Documents/6283296788924FC692761C4DE4A71BA7/en/FAS-2024-Highlights-Report.pdf">Financial Access Survey</a> (FAS) by IMF (2024), has established that access to financial services helps women enter the labor market, either by fostering entrepreneurship or enabling the transition from unpaid domestic work to paid employment.&nbsp; Additionally, the economic empowerment of women is not only a need for social justice but an imperative for sustainable economic growth as well. According to a study by the<a href="https://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/phlntrpy/notes/clinton.pdf"> Clinton Global Initiative</a>, women invest 90% of their income into their families as compared to 35% for men. This investment on education, health and nutrition as witnessed in the cases of women like Rajyalakshami has a multiplier effect on the economic growth.&nbsp;

As a result, financial inclusion can be seen as a catalyst for female entrepreneurship and inclusive growth. According to<a href="https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/echapter.pdf"> Economic Survey </a>2024-25, women own only 22% of India&#39;s MSMEs, contributing nearly 30% to the Indian GDP.&nbsp; Women led MSMEs are more likely to hire <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/women-led-msmes-are-the-key-to-viksit-bharat-10091899/#:~:text=WMSMEs%20are%20more%20likely%20to,crafts%2C%20food%20processing%2C%20etc.">other women,</a> thereby reducing gender disparities in the labour market while many of them operate in rural and underserved areas that address pressing local needs while simultaneously bridging the urban-rural divide. In fact it is one of the few sectors where women&rsquo;s participation is relatively higher and therefore can be critical to women&rsquo;s labour force participation. However, there are inherent <a href="https://www.orfonline.org/research/financial-inclusion-of-women-current-evidence-from-india">challenges</a> which need to be duly addressed.&nbsp;

Government Initiatives and Challenges

Acknowledging the crucial role accessibility to financial services for economic growth and gender empowerment, the government of India launched a range of flagship initiatives including Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJY), Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY) and Stand Up India (SUPI) which have special provisions for women. The schemes have received an encouraging response with a <a href="https://www.livemint.com/economy/women-major-beneficiaries-of-mudra-and-stand-up-india-schemes-11702904294123.html">report in 2023</a> stating that 69% of the total loan under PMMY and 84% of the total loan under SUPI were availed by women entrepreneurs. Other initiatives like the Self Help Groups and Bank linkage Programme are also duly promoted by the government for microfinance in the rural areas.

While the achievements of the successive government schemes are commendable, the challenges to access to formal credit should not be overlooked. A report by the <a href="https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/01/women-banking-digital-divide/">World Economic Forum </a>(WEF), in 2021 portrayed the grim picture by highlighting that globally women form nearly 55% of the unbanked population and still face challenges in accessing banking services. Again, India is not immune to this trend despite women owned businesses having <a href="https://kinaracapital.com/news/kinara-capital-msme-insights-data-analysis-reveals-that-financial-inclusion-of-women-owned-msmes-creates-more-jobs-for-women/">better loan repayment</a> records.&nbsp; Also, there are several impediments to access including lack of awareness, paucity of women business correspondents, lack of credit scores &amp; formal business histories and lack of gender disaggregated data for women centric approach. This is further supplemented by socio-cultural biases, for example, financial institutions perceive women led enterprises as riskier and therefore they are unable to access formal loans which eventually results in women resorting to self finance or complete abandonment of the project.&nbsp;

Recommendations

Addressing the challenges faced by women in accessing financial services requires a multi pronged approach. Firstly, the IMF&rsquo;s FAS report (2024) advocates for collecting gender-disaggregated data for gender responsive policymaking. Secondly, appointing more women business correspondents could be adopted, in order to make females more comfortable to openly discuss their concerns and seek information. Thirdly, promoting initiatives like the Self-Help Groups&rsquo; (SHG) and bank linkage programmes have significantly contributed to their financial inclusion. As a result, such approaches could be further looked into to identify other modes of application. Fourthly, under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), companies should be encouraged to provide credit to women enterprises.&nbsp;

Former IMF Chief <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gender-parity-can-boost-indias-gdp-by-27-wef-co-chairs/articleshow/62589586.cms?from=mdr">Christine Lagarde</a> argued that achieving gender parity in employment could potentially increase Indian GDP by 27%. As India aspires to be &lsquo;Viksit&rsquo; by 2047, it simply cannot afford to ignore its <a href="https://countrymeters.info/en/India#:~:text=India%20age%20structure,have%20different%20number%20of%20years.">48.44%</a> population and its entrepreneurial acumen. This is an economic imperative which India needs to look into for the sake of its&nbsp; development aspirations.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Financial Inclusion of Women & the Viksit Bharat Goal

Rao Inderjit Singh who was the minister of state for urban development in 2016, had proclaimed that &ldquo;by 2050, <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/60-indians-will-live-in-cities-by-2050-govt/story-fuORsSvgk8jFqiwm43rS0J.html">60% population</a> of the country will live in cities as India&rsquo;s rate of urbanization is dramatic&rdquo;. This was further followed by Hardeep Singh Puri, Minister of Housing &amp; Urban Affairs and Petroleum &amp; Natural Gas stating that more than <a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2010349">50 percent</a> of India&rsquo;s population would live in urban cities by 2050 (in accordance to a report by the <a href="https://population.un.org/wup/assets/WUP2018-Report.pdf">United Nations</a>).&nbsp; Even the Economic Survey Report 2023-2024 had predicted that more than 40 percent of India&rsquo;s population would be living in urban areas by <a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2042542">2030.&nbsp;</a>

These statistics are a reflection of the development aspirations of India. However there is another angle to these numbers, which is the requirement of <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/ec49d47d-1f14-50c6-beb2-1dec26bda295">adequate infrastructure t</a>o support such a rapidly growing population in urban areas. This is a facet which is recognized by the government as well, and they have increased the capital expenditure for urban infrastructure at a rate of <a href="https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/echapter.pdf">38.8 percent.</a>&nbsp;

Naturally, this also means that urban waste generation will increase exponentially in terms of its volume and toxicity, which is a matter of concern. According to the <a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=138591">Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change</a>, the municipal solid waste generated in India will increase to 165 million tonnes by 2031 and 436 million tonnes by 2050. If not managed properly, it will pollute the air, soil, and water,&nbsp; and lead to a range of healthcare issues, which need to be duly addressed. Hence, urban governments have initiated a range of initiatives to survive this ever-increasing issue. One of the prominent solution among these initiatives is setting up <a href="https://www.cenfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/INDIAS-WASTE-TO-ENERGY-PARADIGM.pdf">waste-to-energy plants </a>across the key municipalities.&nbsp;

Waste to Energy Paradigm:&nbsp;

<a href="https://mnre.gov.in/en/waste-to-energy/">Waste-to-energy (WtE) </a>is a waste management process in which municipal solid waste is burnt to generate electricity. There are multiple approaches to this, like <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652620328638">Thermochemical&mdash;</a> where the biomass can be heated to form fuels of higher heating value, which can be later used in&nbsp; gas engines or burnt directly to produce energy. It has <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-022-01410-3">several sub-categories</a> like gasification, incineration and pyrolysis which are prominently used in <a href="https://mnre.gov.in/en/waste-to-energy-overview/">India.</a> Then there is <a href="https://www.ierek.com/news/waste-to-energy-conversion-methods/">bio-methanation,</a> wherein biomass is anaerobically digested and converted to biogas. In these processes, the mounting waste problem is resolved while simultaneously adding energy back into urban power grids.&nbsp;

However, global experience with <a href="https://www.clientearth.org/latest/news/the-environmental-impacts-of-waste-incineration/">waste incinerators</a> has shown the technology to be extremely toxic for surrounding communities and the environment. Not only do they release emissions harmful to the climate, but also, <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/bio/daniel-rosenberg/burned-why-waste-incineration-harmful">reusables and recyclables</a> are combusted in the process. Their irreversible losses could be regained and contribute to lowering the virgin plastic and paper production.&nbsp;

While promising reduced costs and more benefits to society, WtEs have proven to be <a href="https://www.no-burn.org/wp-content/uploads/GAIA-Facts-about-WTE-incinerators-Jan2018-1.pdf">more expensive </a>than decentralized waste management systems and fossil fuel-based power plants without producing enough energy to compensate for its negative consequences. While these risks are at stake for the environment and India&#39;s pledges concerning climate change, the Indian government is promoting the installation of WtE plants all over the country. In 2017, the National Thermal Power Corporation invited national and international players to set up <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/ntpc-invites-developers-to-set-up-100-waste-to-energy-plants/articleshow/60718255.cms?from=mdr">100 WtE plants </a>throughout the country. This was further followed by the <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/waste/trash-fired-power-plants-wasted-in-india-63984">Niti Aayog</a>&rsquo;s plans under the Swachh Bharat Mission to construct WtE plants of 330 megawatts and 511 megawatts during 2017&ndash;18 and 2018&ndash;19. &nbsp;As a result, India currently has <a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1811073">249 WtE plants.&nbsp;</a>

A Comparative Analysis of the Delhi &amp; Kerala Model:&nbsp;

Out of the aforementioned installations, <a href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/delhi-waste-energy-plant-bawana-residents-protest-environmental-concerns/article69191497.ece">four</a> are already operational in Delhi-NCR in Ghazipur, Okhla-Timarpur, Tehkhand and Narela-Bavana. The Okhla waste-to-energy plant is the oldest among the three, and it has also been the most controversial. The plant was set up in <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhis-toxic-waste-to-energy-plant-impact-on-health-and-environment/articleshow/115228441.cms">2012</a>&nbsp; by the Jindal Ecopolis and can burn 2000 tonnes of garbage.&nbsp;

However the residents of the nearby areas of Sukhdev Vihar, Jasola Vihar, and Ishwar Nagar have been fighting against this plant since<a href="https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/residents-of-delhi-s-sukhdev-vihar-demand-relocation-of-waste-to-energy-plant#"> 2009</a>. They say that burning unsegregated waste emits harmful toxins, such as <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhis-toxic-waste-to-energy-plant-impact-on-health-and-environment/articleshow/115228441.cms">dioxins,</a> furans, and heavy metals. In fact it has been proven that waste incineration emissions lead to respiratory ailments, skin diseases, and even chronic carcinogenic impacts.&nbsp;

The said matter was eventually <a href="https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/residents-of-delhi-s-sukhdev-vihar-demand-relocation-of-waste-to-energy-plant#">transferred </a>by the Delhi High Court to the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in 2013 and in the year 2017 the principal bench of the NGT again passed a judgement<a href="https://ejatlas.org/print/okhla-waste-to-energy-plant-india"> favouring</a> the plant. Despite repeated grievances and a <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/waste/is-rs-25-lakh-compensation-enough-for-okhla-waste-to-energy-plant--56975">?25 lakh</a> fine by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in 2017, the plant continues to remain operational. The irony is that far from weaning itself from waste dependency, Okhla is still promoting a linear waste economy&mdash;waste is collected, incinerated, and deposited in landfills in the form of hazardous fly ash.

Simultaneously, Kerala has pursued a completely different approach&mdash;one that does not depend on massive incinerators but on a <a href="https://www.kila.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Report.pdf">decentralized</a> approach characterized by people&#39;s participation and sustainable strategies. Kerala has pursued a decentralized system of waste management in areas like Trivandrum and <a href="https://abp.championsofchange.gov.in/content/729a-model-decentralized-waste-management-system-for-sustainable-success">Alapuzzha</a> , wherein the onus is transferred to communities at the grassroots level. Rather than incinerating trash, Kerala practices segregation, composting, and recycling and ensures treatment of waste at the point of origin and not piled high in giant landfills. The core of this system is the <a href="https://www.no-burn.org/stories-of-environmental-justice-values-and-principles-for-climate-action-trivandrum-municipal-corporation-india/">Haritha Karma Sena</a> in Trivandrum, which is a women-led workforce under Kudumbashree that carries out door-to-door waste collection, segregation, and recycling operations. Similarly Alapuzzha has a system called the <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-behind-alappuzhas-transformation-into-one-of-indias-cleanest-cities-4969266/">&quot;Nirmala Bhavanam Nirmala Nagaram&quot;</a> which focuses on sustainable disposal of waste.&nbsp;

In contrast to Okhla, where waste is considered a post-consumer issue, Kerala&#39;s system focuses on <a href="https://www.swachhbharatmission.ddws.gov.in/sites/default/files/communication-material/Best-Practices-on-Plastic-Waste-Management-Kerala.pdf">behavioral change. </a>Citizens are engaged in waste management, and households are made to sort waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. Rather than sending waste to incinerators, the state utilizes Material Collection Facilities (MCFs) and Resource Recovery Facilities (RRFs) to process and recycle waste. <a href="https://thanaltrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/http___thanal.co_.in_uploads_resource_document_standard-operating-procedure-of-community-aerobic-composting-bins-thumburmoozhi-model-44732514.pdf">Thumboormuzhi Aerobic Compost Bins</a> compost organic waste, whereas non-biodegradable waste is taken to plastic-shredding units and recycling centers.

Conclusion:&nbsp;

The centralized incineration model of Okhla is sold as a high-technology fix but is associated with significant environmental costs, economic inefficiencies, and health hazards. Kerala&#39;s decentralized model, in contrast, is low-cost, people-friendly, and environmentally friendly. It has been able to win the confidence of the people, with over<a href="https://www.kila.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Report.pdf"> 91% of Gram Panchayats </a>having operational Material Collection Facilities.&nbsp;

India is at a crossroads in its waste management odyssey. With urban populations expanding, there is a hike in trash production as well. Delhi and Mumbai can no longer continue to use huge incineration plants that only cause more harm than good. They should instead turn to Kerala&#39;s decentralized, community-based model, which presents a reproducible and sustainable model for waste management.&nbsp;

Evaluating the Efficacy and Impact of Waste-to-Energy Technologies in India

Let&rsquo;s begin with some facts. In 2024, it was found that training a single Artificial Intelligence (AI) model i.e, Chat-GPT-3 led to the consumption of<a href="https://www.zartis.com/ai-and-sustainability-addressing-the-environmental-impact-of-ai/#:~:text=For%20instance%2C%20training%20GPT%2D3,of%20developing%20advanced%20AI%20models."> 1,287 MWh of electricity</a>- which could power 120 American households. In fact, it was deduced in <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/06/06/239031/training-a-single-ai-model-can-emit-as-much-carbon-as-five-cars-in-their-lifetimes/">2019</a> that the carbon emissions while training a large language model were as much as five times the lifetime of an average car.

These statistics are limited to just the testing phase, while in terms of application, a Chat-GPT request is estimated to consume <a href="https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/the-hidden-cost-of-ai-energy-consumption/">100 times more energy</a> than a google search. Data centres currently account for<a href="https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/04/data-centre-gold-rush-ai/"> 1-1.5% </a>of global electricity consumption, with AI driving this demand further up. In fact, a 2025 report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) established that AI would eventually drive up this consumption to <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/ai-surge-to-double-data-centre-electricity-demand-by-2030-iea/article69434278.ece">945 terawatt-hours</a> by 2030, which is slightly more than the entirety of Japan&rsquo;s consumption.

Naturally, the severity of this impact extends to the usage of water as well. AI models are water-guzzlers and as many countries race to develop an indigenous AI bot system, the water consumption of AI further <a href="https://oecd.ai/en/wonk/how-much-water-does-ai-consume">contributes to uneven distribution </a>of accessible water. AI requires water not just to function, but also to <a href="https://www.twn.my/title2/unsd/2024/unsd240404.htm">cool down</a>, leading to concerns about its &ldquo;water footprint&rdquo;. This rampant usage could lead the water demands of AI to be more than <a href="https://www.twn.my/title2/unsd/2024/unsd240404.htm">4-6 </a>Denmarks by 2027. This would come at a time when almost <a href="https://www.unicef.org/wash/water-scarcity?utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=sendpress&amp;utm_campaign">six billion </a>people are already exposed to water scarcity.

On the other hand, AI has also proved to be monumental in transforming the route to sustainability, providing insights and mechanisms to cut down costs, and finding efficient alternatives. Google has been <a href="https://datacenters.google/operating-sustainably/#:~:text=Sustainability%20has%20been%20a%20core,100%25%20renewable%20energy%20in%202017.">harnessing AI</a> for sustainable initiatives like <a href="https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/google-transportation-energy-emissions-reduction/">fuel efficient routing</a> and better optimization of <a href="https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/2024-environmental-report/#:~:text=In%202017%2C%20Google%20became%20the,ve%20achieved%20every%20year%20since.&amp;text=Building%20on%20our%20first%20two,action%20%E2%80%94%20our%20most%20ambitious%20yet.">traffic lights</a>. Initiatives like <a href="https://www.climatechange.ai/about">Climate Change AI</a> are also playing a crucial role in integrating machine learning to combat climate crises globally. These instances indicate the double-sworded nature of AI, making the debate about its progress a rather gray subject than plain black or white.

The Paradigm of Equity and Resource Efficiency: 

The essential elements of <a href="https://greenly.earth/en-gb/blog/company-guide/3-pillars-of-sustainable-development">sustainability</a> are recognised to be protection of the environment, social equity and economic prosperity.While AI&rsquo;s environmental footprint often comes under the radar, the other principles of sustainability are often under-discussed. AI&rsquo;s socio-economic architecture is equally important as its energy-profile and there is a considerable need for research in this arena.

As a subset of the debate on social equity,<a href="https://www.isocfoundation.org/2023/06/what-is-digital-equity/"> access to the internet </a>has gained prominence in recent years. However this debate has also highlighted the conflicting nature of AI and its effect on digital equity, which <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41449-025-00467-4">warrants</a> careful consideration. While the sects of people who do not have access to the internet also<a href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/dont-let-ai-become-newest-digital-divide"> lose out on access to AI,</a> many who previously faced barriers related to <a href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/dont-let-ai-become-newest-digital-divide">tech fluency or language proficiency </a>today overcome them with the use of AI.

In 2025, it is established that if used efficiently, AI can break significant barriers of inaccessibility and inequity. Initiatives like Google&rsquo;s AI Edge gallery are reredefining the contours of the market, as it would enable users to access AI as an <a href="https://venturebeat.com/ai/google-quietly-launches-ai-edge-gallery-letting-android-phones-run-ai-without-the-cloud/">offline-available resource. </a>This is a milestone for a demographic like India, where a whopping number of <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/budget/news/budget-2025-telecom-internet-smartphone-cost-reduction-india-manufacturing-125012201187_1.html">1.2&nbsp; billion people </a>are smartphone users but a lot of them are still <a href="https://www.dataforindia.com/comm-tech/#:~:text=Internet%20usage%20is%20higher%20among,to%20belong%20to%20poorer%20households.">digitally disconnected</a>. Furthermore, apps like <a href="https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/accessibility/lookout-discover-your-surroundings-help-ai/">Lookout</a> are making the world safer and more accessible for people lacking eyesight. But to limit the dimensions of equity to just accessibility would be ignorant of other realities. Equity also<a href="https://www.gendereconomy.org/artificial-intelligence/"> extends to</a> who makes these systems, who decides the algorithms, and who gets to take part when these algorithms are being set. By avoiding these facets, the goal of access to all would continue to remain a facade, with the same old dichotomies persisting between tech-rich and resource-poor, rural-urban, those who are preferred by the datasets and those whose voices get trampled upon by the same datasets.

When it comes to the economics of AI usage, the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420723012217#:~:text=The%20use%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20and%20resource%20efficiency%20can%20achieve,Data%20description%20and%20methodology%20expansion">paradox</a> of resource efficiency is a key aspect. AI is <a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/blogs/2025/04/ai-isnt-neutral--why-education-must-lead-the-way.html#:~:text=The%20takeaway%3F,not%20just%20adapt%20to%20it.">not a neutral </a>tool. Its development and deployment demand significant proportions of energy, talent, data, and public attention. If these elements are drawn disproportionately from vulnerable ecosystems or marginalised communities, then the economics of AI cease to be sustainable. However, AI has also proven to <a href="https://neontri.com/blog/ai-demand-forecasting/">optimize</a> the demand and supply curve of various business models, by forecasting demand accurately and planning the supply chains efficiently. Thus, while AI itself requires heavy resources, it in its own multifaceted way acts as a significant step towards reducing resource wastage as well.

Segueing to water used for AI, the purpose of which is largely to provide energy and to cool systems as discussed earlier, is currently <a href="https://oecd.ai/en/wonk/how-much-water-does-ai-consume">freshwater. </a>However, the growing progress in terms of AI leads the author of the blog to ruminate over whether the water in data-centres could be renewed and restored. While data-centres have shifted to <a href="https://itcc.ieee.org/blog/the-hidden-cost-of-ai-unpacking-its-energy-and-water-footprint/#:~:text=A%20representative%20from%20industry%20noted,of%20freshwater%20in%20data%20centres.">using non-potable water</a>,&nbsp; other alternatives in the form of harvested water or wastewater, which includes the water used domestically can be utilised in the AI cycle. In fact, initiatives like <a href="https://www.wastewater.ai/">Wastewater AI</a> are trying to use AI itself to maximise wastewater treatment efficiency, which could be used at AI centres as well.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Conclusion: 

Ultimately, the reality of whether AI becomes a tool that drains or replenishes our resources, will depend not only on its algorithms, but also on our ambitions. If we treat AI as a public good&mdash;designed inclusively, <a href="https://www.newmetrics.net/insights/ai-for-public-good-advancing-inclusive-data-driven-and-future-ready-societies/">governed equitably</a>, and run on renewable energy and recycled water&mdash;it has the potential to be a <a href="https://www.anavo.com/learn/the-role-of-ai-in-sustainable-development-key-insights-for-renewable-energy/">game changer </a>for our sustainability goals. But at its worst, it can deepen extractive practices, monopolise infrastructure, and draw resources away from communities that need it most. The question, therefore, is not whether AI can be sustainable- but whether we will choose to build and deploy it in ways that align with our shared, long-term survival. AI is here, and it is going to stay. How we- policy makers, law agencies, technology enthusiasts, climate change warriors, national defense and security, growth advocates- decide to engage with it determines how it engages with the users and therefore, its impact on the world.

Can AI be Sustainable, Really?

The statement by <a href="https://www.data4sdgs.org/SDG11">Peter Marcuse</a> asking, &ldquo;Neither cities nor places in them are unordered, unplanned; the question is only whose order, whose planning, for what purpose?&rdquo; sums up the conundrum of urban policymakers in India. The reality of too much <a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2013/10/david-attenborough-someone-who-believes-in-infinite-growth-is-either-a-madman-or-an-economist/">focus</a> on indefinite growth using finite resources of an already strained planet has unleashed a Pandora&rsquo;s box of environmental crises.

India&rsquo;s urban policy is a culmination of significant infrastructural developments and challenges. There are instances like Harvard University<a href="https://hmrl.co.in/another-prestigious-recognition-harvards-case-study-on-hyderabad-metro-rail/#:~:text=The%20Hyderabad%20Metro%20Rail%20project,rail%20projects%20in%20the%20world."> recognising </a>the Hyderabad metro as a model of infrastructure development in the country. The Smart Cities Mission, PMAY mission, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation have also received attention for improvements in urban development. Yet Indian cities are plagued by<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-are-the-major-challenges-faced-by-indian-cities-explained/article68826666.ece"> issues </a>which need to be addressed as soon as possible. This is why it is important to assess how aspects of urban policy - infrastructure, governance and climate readiness are faring in the context of developments in India.

Mr Tikender Singh Panwar, &nbsp;a distinguished expert in <a href="https://shooliniuniversity.com/faculty/profile/tikender-singh-panwar">urban studies and governance</a>, has been a leading voice on the ramifications of the current state of urban policy in India. He views India&rsquo;s urbanisation as a <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/indias-urbanisation-is-a-paradox-3403876">paradox</a>: Where on one hand, cities are magnets of livelihood. They drive aspirations and transform lives by facilitating upward mobility. On the other hand, systemic exclusions, precarious employment, alienation and socio-economic disparities are urban realities. India faces an enormous demand for funding urban infrastructure. A McKinsey report pegs the amount at <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-reminder-of-the-flaws-in-indias-urbanisation-policies/article66421089.ece">$1.2 trillion</a>. The World Bank estimates <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-reminder-of-the-flaws-in-indias-urbanisation-policies/article66421089.ece">$840 billion</a> as an annual requirement. This premise makes it evident that Indian cities do not have a buoyant revenue base and are not sufficiently creditworthy. He observes that Indian urbanisation experiences &lsquo;policy paralysis from the top&rsquo;, rendering grassroots policymaking from the bottom-up referenced to in absentia.

Urbanisation and its perils: 

The urban development trajectory in India has resulted in the rapid expansion of &lsquo;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11252-022-01300-0#:~:text=Grey%20infrastructure%20is%20made%20up,ecological%20value%20of%20urban%20areas.">grey infrastructure</a>&rsquo;. <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/giving-the-urban-indian-a-better-life/article67501717.ece">Prioritising real estate development</a> has caused the widening of roads, leading to more road dust and concrete batching. Fuel-guzzling motorised vehicles have squeezed pedestrian space. Vehicular emissions and pollutants from industrial units have shrunk green cover on urban commons and green lungs. Green stretches amidst concrete jungles act as natural sponges since they prevent floods by absorbing rainwater. They purify air by filtering pollutants and maintain biodiversity, serving as a barrier against habitat loss.

Instead of a participatory role, city residents have been reduced to passive bystanders. The urban forest known as Kancha Gachibowli near the University of Hyderabad is one of the few remaining green spaces in the concrete jungle that is Gachibowli. However, despite such a sordid state of affairs, it has recently <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-relentless-march-of-concrete/article69549613.ece">drawn attention</a> due to legal intervention by both the Telangana High Court and the Supreme Court, as there were projects which required cutting down a significant portion of green cover.

Naturally, these instances have paved the way for climate change. <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-urban-future-is-at-a-crossroads/article69501297.ece">Intensifying summers</a> mean cities reeling from water shortages, increased use of air conditioners followed by power cuts. The urban heat island effect resulting in <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/wwf-identifies-100-cities-including-30-in-india-facing-severe-water-risk-by-2050-74058">water crises</a> in cities such as Bangalore, Delhi and Chennai underscore the <a href="https://www.epw.in/engage/article/parched-nation-analyzing-indias-water-scarcity">multidimensional nature</a> of water crisis in India. Stemming from factors such as over-privatisation and severe lack of regulation, water shortages have overarching effects ranging from water conflict to the rise of indebtedness and poverty.

However, it should be noted that effects of such changes are mostly borne by the marginalized. According to <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/it-is-time-to-protect-indias-workers-from-the-heat/article69558234.ece">Aravind Unni and Shalini Sinha</a>,&ldquo;while heat waves affect everyone, it is India&rsquo;s millions of urban informal workers who are bearing the brunt of this slow-moving disaster. The Reserve Bank of India has pointed out, in 2024, that extreme heat threatens the health and livelihoods of occupationally exposed people, potentially causing a projected 4.5% loss to India&rsquo;s GDP.&rdquo; They have also pointed out that the <a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1982978">Heat Action Plans (HAPs)</a> continue to remain underfunded and poorly coordinated, while establishing that the treatment of heatwaves are short-term disasters while focus should be catered to long-term strategies such as heat-resilient infrastructure and urban cooling.

Policy paralysis and urban governance:

As a consequence of rapid urbanisation, urban areas are now in a lurch owing to inadequate infrastructure and land use planning. Informal settlements and slums are structured by &lsquo;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/real-estate/urban-planning-city-construction-buildings-natural-disaster/article67610513.ece">inadequate housing</a>&rsquo; which exacerbates chances of disaster vulnerabilities. Even then these disasters disproportionately disadvantage the workforce that constitute India&rsquo;s urban informal sector due to a disregard for worker-focused social protections. Urban governance is also in a vegetative state. In a <a href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/understanding-indias-urban-future">study by the University of Pennsylvania</a>, small urban centres are poised to become growth engines for urbanisation since 400 million people are projected to migrate to urban areas by 2050. However, the study also found that chances of improvement&nbsp; are very scant since elected officials are poorly trained and ignorant about financial autonomy. They are further supplemented by bottlenecks in cases of government spending affecting the provision of intel and equipment for development projects.

A panacea of expert policy suggestions offer a silver lining to the dark cloud of climate change. The <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-reminder-of-the-flaws-in-indias-urbanisation-policies/article66421089.ece">solution</a> to policy paralysis is often drawn out by empowering the three F&rsquo;s: finances, functions and functionaries. Suggestions for <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/giving-the-urban-indian-a-better-life/article67501717.ece">protecting green spaces</a> include levying a congestion tax for polluting vehicles, creation of an alternate city plan incorporating pedestrian paths and bicycle lanes to promote active mobility and safeguarding urban commons (ponds, parks, forests) against entities motivated by private profits. Techniques such as enhancing rainwater harvesting systems, promoting efficient irrigation techniques and strengthening groundwater management are the <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/how-india-can-fix-its-rapidly-expanding-water-problem/articleshow/116044156.cms?from=mdr">top three suggestions</a> by water management experts. Also, the urban heat response requires a <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/it-is-time-to-protect-indias-workers-from-the-heat/article69558234.ece">multi-pronged approach</a>, which above all needs to focus on facets like equality and inclusivity.

Another pertinent requirement is the necessity of disaster-resilient infrastructure. It comprises essentials such as strict building codes, nature-based solutions and green roofs to reduce flood impact and make water management sustainable. Furthermore, to <a href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/understanding-indias-urban-future">improve urban governance</a>, it is important to undertake awareness raising around how mid and lower management officials should be oriented towards their roles and responsibilities. Regular elections and transparency measures, such as checks and balances on the everyday role of public officials, should also be turned into a political mandate.

Most of us today live in the urban sphere and often take its amenities for granted, leading to events which may go beyond our control. But how much longer can we complacently survive with apocalyptic climate disasters waiting to happen?

Traversing the Predicaments of India’s Urban Policy

India, the nation which is often referred to as the world&rsquo;s <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/india-rising-soft-power-and-the-worlds-largest-democracy/">largest democracy</a> , organised its 18th Lok Sabha <a href="https://prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/vital-stats/profile-of-the-18th-lok-sabha">elections</a> in 2024 and as many as <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/65-79-voter-turnout-recorded-in-2024-elections-postal-ballot-pending-124060600746_1.html">968.8 million</a> voters were registered to vote. This number was a significant increase from the statistics observed in 2019 wherein <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/960-million-eligible-to-vote-in-lok-sabha-elections-5-3-increase-since-2019-ec-101706208052800.html">912 million voters </a>were registered. However, this increase did not facilitate a hike in voter turnout. Rather, the percentage of people voting came down to 65.79%&mdash;a fall from the record of <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/lok-sabha-polls-overall-voter-turnout-reduces-to-65-8-in-2024-from-record-high-of-67-1-in-2019/articleshow/110769066.cms?from=mdr">67.40% in 2019. </a>

This fall was observed inspite of the multiple interventions orchestrated by the <a href="https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/TNzQp9V2Vv.pdf">Election Commission of India</a> (ECI) including the establishment of more polling centres and programmes like Systematic Voters Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP). In fact, the voting rates in states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh stood at 56.19 per cent and 56.92 per cent amounting to the <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-657-overall-voter-turnout-in-seven-phases-bihar-lowest-at-56-3056001">lowest turnouts</a>. These numbers were a reflection of the complexity of the behavioural attitudes of voters and raised a range of questions. They were a&nbsp; reflection of the fact that voter turnout is not merely dependent on facets like infrastructure or polling centres &mdash; other behavioural nudges play a role, too.

Understanding Behavioural Barriers

Principles of rational choice theories like the basic model, calculus voting model and minimax regret model build upon the rationality of the voting<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2111531?seq=11"> behavior.</a>&nbsp; They deduce that voters generally focus on the utilities and the outcomes of their actions, and usually prefer the action with the higher utility. However, behavioural economics reveals that cognitive biases significantly influence such decisions. One such bias is<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329128468_Following_Through_on_an_Intention_to_Vote_Present_Bias_and_Turnout"> </a><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329128468_Following_Through_on_an_Intention_to_Vote_Present_Bias_and_Turnout">present bias</a>, where individuals are willing to let go of the long-term benefits to escape any immediate inconveniences. The abstract sense of civic duty is outweighed by the efforts required to vote and the outcomes.&nbsp;

This is further exacerbated with the challenges faced due to the structure of the voting systems. The design of the voting systems and its intermittent processes are found to cause <a href="https://electionscience.org/research-hub/voter-systems?p=5509">cognitive overload</a> and further disengagement from the electoral process. In fact, Indian voters are bombarded with political advertisements and campaigns during elections, with different forms of information, through sources like <a href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/political-parties-turn-to-whatsapp-influencers-as-poll-campaign-begins-5254311">WhatsApp forwards, personalised SMS, and targeted phone calls</a>. Additionally, there is another pan-India phenomenon which is plaguing the voter turnout i.e., <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/address-urban-voter-apathy-2991444">urban apathy.</a> The concept is a manifestation of the diminishing sense of civic engagement festering in the urban areas, which is a huge cause of concern.

However, inspite of these behavioural patterns and their associated causes there is a dearth of experimental research on how these instances can affect voter engagement. Thereby, the policies implemented often fail to produce the desired result.

Current Interventions and Their Limitations

As mentioned earlier, the ECI launched significant programs to address voter turnout in India. For instance, the <a href="https://voicenet.in/ArticleSveep.htm">Systematic Voters&rsquo; Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) program</a> utilised strategies like SMS reminders, election ambassadors, and local events to encourage voting. The program also encouraged <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/social-media-influencers-are-indias-new-election-campaigners/article67996976.ece">social media influencers</a> to promote their cause on social media platforms to exercise their right to vote as a symbol of civic pride, along with <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381582584_The_Role_of_Celebrity_Endorsements_in_Political_Campaigns_in_India">celebrity endorsements</a>. Even food delivery <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/swiggy-instamart-is-sending-free-tinday-on-election-day-here-s-why-nc-124112000673_1.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com">p</a><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/swiggy-instamart-is-sending-free-tinday-on-election-day-here-s-why-nc-124112000673_1.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com">latforms</a><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/swiggy-instamart-is-sending-free-tinday-on-election-day-here-s-why-nc-124112000673_1.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com"> </a>like Swiggy and Zomato were sending generic vote-day alerts.

These interventions were found to be effective in creating behavioural incentives to vote to exercise their civic duty, but they failed to address the individual-specific behavioural biases. The decision to vote is an amalgamation of various factors including personal views on democracy, profile of the candidates, <a href="https://sabeconomics.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/JBEP-6-S1-7.pdf">political ideology etc.</a> <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/address-urban-voter-apathy-2991444">Urban apathy </a>is one such concept with varied reasons, and its causes need to be identified and then solved accordingly.

They are also a culmination of the correlation of one&rsquo;s own personality traits with the identification of the party, thereby affecting <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-29576-004">political behaviour</a> as well. It is time that these facets are looked into and addressed while making policies to effectively deal with such concerns, while analyzing the repercussions of cognitive overload.

Innovative Behavioural Interventions

The fundamental equation of a political behavior establishes that preferences determine behavior. In order to moderate their preferences, a good option is to motivate people to plan for how, when, and where they will vote. People are more likely to accomplish their goals when they plan all the details. This idea is called <a href="https://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/nickerson20and20rogers_FINAL.pdf">implementation intention</a> and increases your devotion to doing an action in behavioural psychology. A simple alert&mdash;including time and location details may increase the number of people who vote. This would create cognitive links between the intention and the expected outcome, with more chances of success.

Sending messages to non-voters after the election can also increase future election turnout. Regret messaging can be used to explain a high turnout in a particular constituency and tell non-voters they haven&#39;t been there. The premise is to use the psychological phenomenon of <a href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10719/1/MPRA_paper_10719.pdf">anticipated regret</a>&mdash;the feeling of loss you feel in what you&rsquo;ve missed. Regret messages remind non-voters to participate more in the upcoming elections by reminding them of the collective civic engagement in the past.

Also, it is necessary that India tries to understand the root causes of phenomena like urban apathy and voter disengagement. An in-depth analysis of such factors is necessary to understand the realities of the voter mindset so that effective policies may be construed accordingly.

Conclusion

These elections are the cornerstone of democracy and India being the world&rsquo;s largest democracy should focus on the reasons behind such dampening statistics. Electoral apathy and disinterest should be a vital cause of concern. It should be duly understood that&nbsp; increasing voter turnout in India is not&nbsp; merely about improving the infrastructure but also about understanding behavioural factors that control electoral participation. We can achieve much more if India adopts personalised, evidence-based interventions to close the behavioural engagement gap. In a nation like India, even a modest increase through such initiatives can bring in significant changes.

Why do millions of eligible voters in India choose not to vote?

David Hume, a Scottish philosopher contended in his article titled <a href="https://dreieskivadotcom.wordpress.com/2025/03/09/david-humes-on-suicide/">&quot;On Suicide&quot;</a> that taking one&rsquo;s own life was an extension of the right to free will and human autonomy. His theory was a departure from the conventional principles which often denounced taking one&rsquo;s own life and often declared it as immoral or irrational.&nbsp;

David was an<a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/21/0c/210ce7fdba2141a946a017d66bae225a937cab46?response-content-disposition=inline%3Bfilename%3D%22ofsuicide.pdf%22&amp;response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&amp;Expires=1748339640&amp;Signature=SCXJBtsnYVt5fViV0cHgI0JYRBJ~RRtJkcHmMsVLb9-72h9MkhjF3tDuBj9iDtRNs1XwDEWshatkxHUR2vCDY4MTKZmtoSjTfrPB7Ek1bVV5cCC82IpBa3Pc2DpgGiUCX0H7E2AqQCI56~qThKwAbnmBWaErQk7K2DOMnqiEw9WLlVbTqn-N295a3n0LGOTAtnC0~xuzrLJ~-NznCe~SwfvbW1U-DkAiemGnc2bEf1Kx7fPghMc1jYD7kTafSLrphCe-BxoFRu36uGxQkN~C6HMx~EjGkgOrniBN-n2Gmx4eFwP2FB1iy4J138ovaRdm5~1NtbctNakIq62m-4x9pg__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=K87HJKWMK329B"> agnostic</a> and therefore his arguments gave a modern traction to this debate. He reflected on the facet of quality of life and mentioned that in certain cases like old age, ailment, or misfortunes&nbsp; life would be unbearable. In such cases continuance of life could be worse than non-existence. He emphasized that suicide should not be considered as a <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2013.804727#d1e212">criminal conduct.&nbsp;</a>

His perspective paved the way for the <a href="http://www.ninewells.nl/resources/David-Hume-on-Suicide-and-the-Value-of-Human-Life.pdf">ethical dilemma</a> around taking one&rsquo;s own life which has now transpired into the debates surrounding practices like <a href="https://apm.amegroups.org/article/view/50986/html">euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide (PAS) </a>. From principles like the Hippocratic oath to religious beliefs, there have been a range of challenges against this principle. However, inspite of these contentious debates, the culmination of diverse morals and principles circling the issue has boiled down to law reforms across the world. In fact, owing to these reforms <a href="https://www.dignityindying.org.uk/assisted-dying/assisted-dying-around-the-world/">300 million </a>people across the world now have access to assisted dying.&nbsp;

Euthanasia and its varied manifestations

Euthanasia has been characterized as the deliberate act of ending one&rsquo;s life to alleviate <a href="https://ijsra.net/sites/default/files/IJSRA-2023-0757.pdf">suffering</a>. It has been further narrowed down to classifications based on the form of consent viz., voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary or the method i.e.,<a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/182951#history"> active and passive</a>. As a result, different forms of euthanasia are now legalized in various countries like the Netherlands and Belgium where it is even legal for individuals suffering from severe psychiatric disorders.&nbsp;

<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1369-0">The Belgian euthanasia Act</a> lays out distinct requirements that must be met in order for it to be authorized under the law. First of all the decision should be voluntary. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1369-0">The other criterion </a>specify that the person seeking euthanasia be of sound mind, have been thoroughly considered, and not be affected by outside pressure. Additionally, the person must be legally competent at the time of the request and be in a condition where they are experiencing medical futility, which is defined as having a severe illness for which there is no effective treatment or hope for recovery. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmx007">The law also</a> permits minors to have euthanasia granted with no age restrictions. In fact, in 2014 <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5808110/#:~:text=Twelve%20years%20later%2C%20in%202014,under%20the%20age%20of%2012.">Belgium</a> became the first nation to legalize child euthanasia.&nbsp;

However, there are nations like Canada, which have imposed a higher set of standards in such cases. The process is known as <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-services-benefits/medical-assistance-dying.html">Medical assistance in dying (MAID),</a> which was initiated in 2016 encapsulating standards like a minimum age of 18 years along with mental competency. Also visitors to Canada are not allowed to avail this process, with restrictions on mental health not being the sole condition of such eligibility.

Now, Switzerland is a nation, which has quite a unique approach. While assisted suicide is permitted in Switzerland, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9946-7">euthanasia</a> is not (the sole difference being that in assisted suicide the mechanism of death should be performed by the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/nov/18/assisted-suicide-dignitas-house">individual </a>themselves). In fact, euthanasia is <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1125125/">illegal</a>. But inspite of this unique framework, there are loads of people who travel to Switzerland every year, as Switzerland is one of the few nations which allow foreigners to apply for the process. This has lead to an increase in &quot;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9946-7">suicide tourism,</a>&quot; wherein people travel to Switzerland to end their lives even though it might be illegal in their nation.&nbsp;

A lot of other countries are also revising their laws to make way for such liberal principles. The <a href="https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3774/publications">Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill </a>has been introduced in the UK and will make significant changes to the legal stance on assisted dying once approved. Other nations like <a href="https://www.eldac.com.au/Our-Toolkits/End-of-Life-Law/Voluntary-Assisted-Dying/Overview">Australia,</a> USA have also made major changes amounting to legal validity for such actions.

The Indian Jurisprudence:&nbsp;

India has also had a tumultuous history on this issue. Now, India had a provision titled <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1501595/">S.309 </a>under the Indian Penal Code, 1860 which criminalized the attempt to commit suicide. There were efforts to repeal the provision and then overrule the repeal in the P Rathinam v. Union of India and the Gian Kaur v. State of Punjab case<a href="https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2020/11/28/euthanasia-indian-view/#_ftn2"> respectively.&nbsp;</a>

As a result, there was a consistent debate if the right to life principle envisaged under the Article 21 of the Indian Constitution included the &ldquo;right to die&rdquo; as well. This was eventually addressed in the landmark case of <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-aruna-shanbaug-case-which-changed-euthanasia-laws-in-india/a-landmark-verdict/slideshow/63231071.cms?from=mdr">&nbsp;Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug v. Union of India</a>. The case instigated the much needed dialogue on the topic of euthanasia in India.&nbsp;

The judgment in the Aruna case made a stark distinction between active and passive euthanasia. Active euthanasia is a process which involves steps which may end a patient&rsquo;s life whereas passive euthanasia is the one wherein all forms of life support mechanism which help the patient survive are withdrawn. It established that passive euthanasia would be thereon legal in the nation with a range of safeguards and pre-requisite conditions. However, active euthanasia would still be a crime under S. 309 of IPC. This was further reiterated under the case <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/184449972/">Common Cause Vs Union of India</a>, wherein it was established that active euthanasia can only be legalized through an act of legislature.&nbsp;

The case also highlighted a few essential requisite procedures in the light of the process of passive euthanasia. From issuing guidelines regarding advance medical directives to enable terminally ill patients in making effective choices, to establishing the right to &lsquo;right to die with dignity&rsquo; within the ambit of Article 21, the case did pave the way for significant changes. However it was later realized that the existing process was too cumbersome, which was why it was later streamlined in<a href="https://www.scobserver.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/25360_2019_3_504_41295_Order_24-Jan-2023.pdf"> 2023</a>, wherein a time limit of 48 hours was introduced. Under the 48 hours limit, both the primary and secondary medical boards allocated for the case had to arrive on a decision within a stipulated time. Also the eligibility criteria to be a member of a medical board was further lowered down to the experience of <a href="https://www.scobserver.in/reports/streamlining-the-process-for-passive-euthanasia-judgement-summary/">5 years.</a>&nbsp;

However, even after this amendment, the entire process places a huge burden on the applicant. The bureaucratic processes along with the review of two medical boards for the implementation of the directives make the entire procedure ineffective. In fact, the decision of the medical boards can only be challenged through a writ petition to the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution which only adds up to the problem.&nbsp;

The bureaucratic hurdles impinge upon a right which has been established by the Court under Article 21 itself. It should be realized that it is a decision which is incredibly hard and further delays only worsen the quality of lives of those involved. Therefore there is an ardent requirement of structural and policy changes and it needs to be addressed as soon as possible.&nbsp;

Conclusion:&nbsp;

As nations across the globe are slowly transforming their stance into this arena, it is time to look into the actual state of the realization of rights. There are nations like Switzerland which have turned into a haven for such patients, it cannot be denied that the entire process has become too <a href="https://www.dignityindying.org.uk/news/cost-of-journey-for-assisted-dying-in-switzerland-skyrockets-to-15k-intensifying-harm-caused-by-uk-ban/">expensive</a>. Even in India, the bureaucratic hurdles are adding up to the problem. All of this leads to the realization that there are additional facets apart from the mere establishment of a right, which needs to be looked into. There is a need for further research to understand the situation in different nations in a better way and to implement these rights in an effective manner.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Governance and Regulations: An Analysis of Euthanasia Laws

Policy, Practice and the Performing Arts in India

<a href="https://artbusinessnews.com/2023/02/the-power-of-art-does-art-really-change-the-world-we-live-in/">Art</a> has the potential to create transformative developments. From enabling&nbsp; <a href="https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Art/Herstory%3A_A_History_of_Women_Artists_(Gustlin)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Women_Artists/1.02%3A_Interconnections_of_History_and_Art">reflection on history </a>to stimulating conversations on contemporary problems, art forms have a capacity to evoke <a href="https://rebeccalatham.com/2023/09/art-and-intellectual-stimulation-expanding-your-mind-through-visual-exploration/">unprecedented results.</a> More than simple expression, art brings to light the<a href="https://medium.com/illuminations-mirror/the-impact-of-art-on-social-change-activism-awareness-and-creative-expression-99fb0db467b6"> issues facing society,</a> enables acceptance, and <a href="https://www.bluehorizonprints.com.au/blog/art-as-a-bridge-cultural-diversity-and-inclusion-in-office-fit-outs/?srsltid=AfmBOopqXBAvX04ZGWzgHgGBJzODrOWbVg4oSeEJb1OBVE8DK0yj1JFq">&nbsp;unifies people </a>of diverse backgrounds. It functions as a major vehicle of change for problem-solving and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trAz4aBAc0k">individual growth</a> by inspiring individuals and communities to trace the path of evolution and transition.

The historical significance of art in India

India is a country enriched with varied art forms, especially in the context of <a href="https://kalarikendramdelhi.com/performing-arts/?srsltid=AfmBOoq-uikwO-QEFUqKSEXMtQHvEOBsFZ0Bc8UVqtVv3YWZKy-1eCEo">performing arts</a>. Its cultural heritage is intertwined with several types of artistic expressions, including classical dances and music, theatre arts, and folk performances. As a result, India&rsquo;s art history is imbued with initiatives for their proliferation. In fact, artisans and performers were supported and financed by the<a href="https://ccrtindia.gov.in/resources/performing-arts/"> </a><a href="https://ccrtindia.gov.in/resources/performing-arts/">ruling class</a> such as royal courts and temples. This has even led to contemporary developments wherein India&#39;s commitment towards keeping these art forms alive has led to a whole range of initiatives to nurture and preserve them.

However, artforms in India have had a tumultuous past when it came down to inclusivity. Performing arts were restricted to privileged segments of&nbsp; society in view of social hierarchy and above all <a href="http://www.pulseconnects.com/who-isnt-against-casteism-indian-performing-arts">casteism,</a> highlighting the systemic inequities. This paved the way for limited access to <a href="https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/art-can-t-ignore-caste-any-more-111682081385927.html">performers and audiences,</a>&nbsp; while restricting freedom of experience for those excluded.

Later, it was during the freedom struggle movement in India, ie., towards the end of the 19th and early decades of the 20th century, that some forms of art became potent weapons of <a href="https://news.abplive.com/lifestyle/independence-day-2023-india-national-struggle-role-of-arts-and-culture-in-freedom-from-british-rule-history-1622864">non-violent expression</a> against the ruling colonials and unifying Indians across all strata. National efforts in the forms of patriotic songs like <a href="https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?10422">Vande Mataram </a>and <a href="https://ijeks.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/IJEKS-3-03-002.pdf">folk </a>art forms were used to instill the spirit of unity. The messages of resistance that local songs, plays, and other forms of visual art divulged, reached bigger audiences and united people across all social divisions.

In fact, a lot of notable artists also led the pathway for unifying India through their respective artforms during the freedom struggle. One of the most celebrated luminaries of Indian dance, <a href="https://www.narthaki.com/info/profiles/profile2.html">Shri Uday Shankar</a> combined forms rooted in tradition with new expressions while evoking <a href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/scapvc/theatre/research/networksandcollaborations/jnu/colloquium/jnu_papers/urmimala_sarkar.pdf">nationalism</a> among Indians. <a href="https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Remembering_Rani_Gaidinliu_Iconic_freedom_fighter_By_Poujiabthai_Gangmeih">Rani Gaidinliu</a>, the spiritual leader of the Nagas, added to the resistance movement by promoting <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327009025_Rani_Gaidinliu_The_Iconic_Woman_of_Northeast_India">indigenous art practices.</a>&nbsp; These were supplemented by the <a href="https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-examples/the-revival-of-classical-indian-dance-forms-in-the-1900s/">revival and popularization </a>of classical Indian dance forms, like Bharatanatyam which was brought into the limelight. This initiative was spearheaded by <a href="https://narthaki.com/info/prism/prism11.html">iconic figures</a> like Mrinalini Sarabhai and Rukmini Devi Arundale. Their work did not just revitalise the artistic heritage of India but also subtly acted as resistance to the colonial disdain towards Indian culture.

Together, these artists wielded their talents to bridge social factions by rallying masses in a non-violent struggle for independence. These developments assimilated into the realization that these artforms are crucial elements of our culture which cannot be neglected. As a result, there are multiple art forms which are now being revived as symbols of India&#39;s rich cultural heritage.

Contemporary Stance: 

Unfortunately, performing arts are perceived to be an unconventional profession in the present age by young Indians. Limited chances of professional growth with scarce monetary incentives have <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/breaking-barriers-society-s-resistance-to-unconventional-career-choices-and-the-importance-of-following-passion-101688283690448.html">aggravated </a>this state. This is further supplemented by the lack of adequate support and recognition by the government. Inconsistent <a href="https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/a-new-report-captures-how-declining-budgets-lack-of-data-and-vacancies-in-institutions-are-ailing-indias-art-and-culture-sector-9505971.html">financial support </a>with poor infrastructural facilities are the main attributes of this problem. Obviously this makes it difficult for the artists to build a career in the performative arts as their career. This also leads up to institutional vacancies which have <a href="https://www.sahapedia.org/budget-guide">severe implications</a> on their learning ability and skill sets.&nbsp;

The <a href="https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/about-us/autonomus-bodies/akademi">Ministry of Culture </a>has brought in numerous initiatives through organizations such as<a href="https://indiaculturelab.org/assets/Uploads/Corporate-Engagement-with-Culture-in-India-a-white-paper-by-Godrej-India-Culture-Lab.pdf"> </a><a href="https://indiaculturelab.org/assets/Uploads/Corporate-Engagement-with-Culture-in-India-a-white-paper-by-Godrej-India-Culture-Lab.pdf">the Sahitya Kala Akademi and Lalit Kala Akademi</a>. The <a href="https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/sites/default/files/Schemes/Global_Engagement_Scheme.pdf">&lsquo;Global Engagement Scheme</a>&rsquo; is a one such initiative wherein Indian artists and performers would be given the opportunity to perform abroad under the banner of &lsquo;Festival of India&rsquo; at government expenses. Recently,

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Policy, Practice and the Performing Arts in India

Recent <a href="https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English.pdf">policy deliberations </a>in India have started to emphasise upon the importance of holistic development and <a href="https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-21195-0">socio-emotional learning (SEL)</a> to help young people attain employment opportunities amid <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/is-indias-rapidly-growing-youth-population-a-dividend-or-disaster/articleshow/97545222.cms">a booming youth population.</a> While India&rsquo;s ambitious goal of providing quality holistic education rests on the essential principle of <a href="https://www.humanitiesjournal.net/archives/2024/vol6issue1/PartB/6-2-2-235.pdf">&nbsp;inclusivity </a>for all, the realization of this goal demands a transformative shift in mindset as well.&nbsp;

The recent policy discourses have brought in a slew of efforts to address the systemic barriers that have historically kept a significant population at the margins of the education system. Even the government&rsquo;s budgetary allocations for the education sector have been increasing. In fact, the allocation for the financial year 2025-26 of ?<a href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2098805#:~:text=D%2Fo%20School%20Education%20%26%20Literacy&amp;text=There%20has%20been%20an%20overall,11%2C000%20Cr%20(16.28%20%25)."> 78572 Cr </a>has turned out to be the highest ever for the Department of School Education &amp; Literacy. However, inspite of these initiatives according to a 2021 data it was found that nearly<a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-despite-an-increase-in-spending-a-large-number-of-students-in-india-still-struggle-for-quality-education-3386386/"> 7.7 percent </a>of our population did not have access to quality educational resources.

There are a range of inherent issues that need to be addressed to provide a solution to this problem. Further, &nbsp;as the onus is misplaced on an individual young learner as an ahistorical entity to transcend their social position, there is little hope for collective action that places accountability on all society elements to create a thriving education system in India. This is where the transformation in mindset needs to be cultivated while accommodating the socio-economic variables. In fact, policies aimed at transformation should not ignore the varying positionalities of young people that enable or prevent them from thriving.

Spelling out inequity in India&rsquo;s education policy landscape

Exclusionary practices have had a historical existence in India characterized by unforgiving social hierarchies delineated by <a href="https://www.ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2211012.pdf">identities</a> like <a href="https://rfppl.co.in/subscription/upload_pdf/ijlhb-vol8-no.1-aparna-singh-1654251579.pdf">caste, </a>class, religion, gender, language and disability. Over the years there have been several policy initiatives aimed at inclusion such as the <a href="https://gtchooghly.ac.in/pdf/profile/goutam-patra/kothari%20commission.pdf">Kothari Commission (1966)</a> and three subsequent national <a href="https://ijramr.com/sites/default/files/issues-pdf/5410.pdf">policies</a> on education &ndash; 1968, 1986, 2020. The 86th amendment of the Constitution also brought in<a href="https://dsel.education.gov.in/rte"> Article 21 A </a>guaranteeing right to education as a fundamental right for children between the ages of 6 and 14. These initiatives were supplemented by the universalization of basic education under the &nbsp;Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE) in <a href="https://righttoeducation.in/know-your-rte/about#:~:text=The%20Right%20of%20Children%20to,21a%20of%20the%20Indian%20Constitution">2009</a>. But the implementation has been sluggish and uneven.

Also, these initiatives have an alternate perspective that often goes unnoticed. These initiatives in a lot of cases emerge as a charity discourse where a student&rsquo;s foremost identity gets shrouded by the dominant&nbsp; perception <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369546622_Children's_Participation_in_Their_Right_to_Education_Learning_from_the_Delhi_High_Court_Cases_1998-2001">of them as marginal children,</a> which obviously influences<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2018.1541661"> teachers&rsquo; </a>perspectives as well. In such cases the &lsquo;included&rsquo; child is seen as a specific type of group as opposed to &lsquo;regular&rsquo; children, further perpetuating the existent inequalities instead of negating them.

This is further added up with the inconsistencies in the implementation of <a href="https://ncpcr.gov.in/uploads/167663015963ef588f17bd5_165599572062b47d48d80d2_standard-operating-proceduressop-for-implementation-of-section-121c-of-the-rte-act-2009--model-procedures-for-effective-implementation.pdf">Section(12)(1)(c)</a> of the<a href="https://dsel.education.gov.in/sites/default/files/rte/rte.pdf"> RTE Act</a>, which reserved twenty-five per cent admission in private schools for economically disadvantaged groups. &nbsp;Also, a disproportionate swelling of <a href="https://indiamarketentry.com/the-privatization-of-education-in-india-is-it-widening-the-inequality-gap/">private enterprise</a> in education further points to a narrowing of education opportunities for the marginalized in an unequal society. This imminent withdrawal of the state can be either read simply as an outsourcing of its basic obligations or understood as its inability in addressing the inequities that characterize the Indian society.&nbsp;

Rethinking success through mindset shifts and a culture of inquiry 

While India is now proceeding to facilitate the incorporation of wider forms of skills into mainstream education, there is an added burden on policymakers. They must ensure that these initiatives do not merely serve as a veneer for deeper inequities.

What this necessitates, at the community level, is a<a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-64537-3_20"> mindset shift </a>surrounding the social construct of success towards a thriving-oriented ideal. This must be supplemented by a culture of inquiry, at the individual level which would help the whole community &ndash; including teachers, family, young learners &ndash; to reflect and then actualize this shift in the mindset. These mindset shifts &ndash; eg. from achievement-centric to competency-based&ndash; would facilitate a model which prioritizes integrated &ldquo;whole school&rdquo;, &ldquo;whole system&rdquo; or even &ldquo;<a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-64537-3_20">whole societal transformation</a>&rdquo; based on the principles of inclusion, equity and dignity. This collaborative reflection can nurture the inherent potential of all learners by developing learners&rsquo; holistic competencies and skills that set them up for thriving.

Also, India&rsquo;s current education landscape raises a few fundamental inquiries that policymakers, researchers and the wider Indian society need to undertake regarding privilege, inequity and social structures which would influence the ability of our young learners to thrive despite adversity. &nbsp;Certain issues like how <a href="https://radicalscholarship.com/2022/01/13/privilege-as-a-barrier-to-learning/">privilege</a> manifests within the educational system and how it affects students&rsquo; access to resources and opportunities should be pondered upon. The results can further lead to a principled approach to <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00131911.2023.2286849#d1e351">curriculum design</a>, pedagogical instructions and assessment practices conciliated by an inclusive system of care. This would enable all young learners to avail equitable opportunities &nbsp;and live a life of dignity.

Thus, alongside focusing on developing certain specific skill sets, education ecosystems also need to collectively assess its role in reinforcing the pre-established norms of success. The excessive emphasis on achievement neglects inquiry into the other significant socio-economic variables which are also of paramount importance for quality education. This is why there is a need to imbibe an expansive notion of success poised in inclusion, equity and dignity wherein every young learner has the freedom to define their life trajectory.

Conclusion

A holistic and inclusive transformation of India&rsquo;s education system is imperative. By shifting mindsets, addressing systemic barriers, and upholding inclusion, dignity and equity, we can create an educational environment that allows every young learner to maximize their potential and thrive. This comprehensive approach not only addresses current challenges but also lays the foundation for a more equitable and inclusive future for all Indians.

Firstly, there is a pressing need to redefine what success means in education. Redefining success to embrace <a href="https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/compilation-brochure.pdf">diverse strengths and capabilities</a> provides all children with the opportunity to lead lives of dignity and fulfillment. This stance will encourage the cultivation of a wide array of skills and competencies, promoting a growth-oriented learning environment that benefits not just individual students but the entire educational ecosystem.

Secondly, addressing and dismantling <a href="https://www.theudlproject.com/blog/removing-systemic-barriers-in-education">systemic barriers</a> is crucial. These barriers, deeply rooted through historical and structural inequities related to caste, class, religion, and gender, must be recognized and actively dismantled. Adopting a positionality-sensitive approach ensures that policies and practices do not place the burden of overcoming these barriers solely on individual learners but instead hold societal structures accountable for creating equitable educational opportunities.

Lastly, upholding the values of inclusion, dignity, and equity should be at the forefront of educational transformation efforts. This involves fostering a culture of actively involving all stakeholders, including teachers, families, and communities. By doing so, we ensure that educational practices are inclusive and equitable, nurturing the inherent potential of every learner.

Shifting Mindsets and Reimagining the Education System in India

India&rsquo;s road transport sector accounts for nearly 12% of the country&rsquo;s energy-related <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/transitioning-indias-road-transport-sector">CO2 emissions,</a> and is among its top <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023070792">three polluting sectors</a>, trailing power and industry sectors. As a result, decarbonising this domain is <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pollution-biggest-challenge-transport-sector-significant-contributor-nitin-gadkari/articleshow/119811668.cms?from=mdr">essential</a> which can&rsquo;t be addressed by a single solution,&nbsp; requiring a coordinated multi-dimensional strategy.

One of the dominant transformations in pursuance of this goal is the shift to electric vehicles (EVs) which has been making waves in the Indian market. With over <a href="https://evreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/EV-Charging-Infrastructure-Powering-the-Future-Ecosystem.pdf">16,344 public charging stations</a> as of March 2024, EVs are firmly establishing themselves in India&rsquo;s urban mobility landscape. Their adoption has been accelerated by the <a href="https://theicct.org/">?11,500 crore budget allocation under the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid &amp; Electric Vehicles (FAME II) scheme</a>, which supports two- and three-wheelers, passenger cars and electric buses across 62 cities. The results are quite distinct as <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/ev-sales-soar-40-31-per-cent-in-fy24-two-wheelers-lead-the-charge/articleshow/110926598.cms?from=mdr">EV sales jumped 42% in FY 2023 - 24 </a>&nbsp;to reach 1.67 million units, now making up 6.4% of total auto sales.

In the light of these developments and among the multitude of variables which may facilitate India&rsquo;s transition to a more sustainable&nbsp; transportation sector, there are two primary facets which have been under due consideration for the Indian market specifically. These two facets pave the way for a &ldquo;twin-pronged&rdquo; approach, where <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/battery-electric-vehicle">battery electric vehicles (BEVs)</a> power urban mobility with the green hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles <a href="https://www.zurichkotak.com/knowledge-center/car-insurance/hydrogen-cars-in-india">(FCEVs) </a>driving long-haul freight, offering a pathway for the evolution of the transportation sector .

BEVs: Charging Up India&rsquo;s Cities

Now, the electric vehicle market has for now <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/hybrid-electric-vehicle">three types:</a> Battery powered Electric Vehicles (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). Out of these three, India&rsquo;s EV market for now comprises of PHEVs and BEVs. However India&rsquo;s market tends to prefer BEVs over the PHEVs as it continues to observe higher sales records, with a predicted <a href="https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/india-electric-vehicle-market-report">75 % scale </a>by 2030. In fact, TATA motors, which is the top seller of BEVs in India sold approximately <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/electric-car-sales-in-india-jump-20-in-2024-tata-motors-retains-top-spot/articleshow/117045559.cms?from=mdr">61,496 units</a> in 2024. It has even signed up a deal worth <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/tata-group-to-build-rs-13000-crore-ev-battery-plant-in-gujarat-details/articleshow/100757883.cms">$1.58 billion </a>which would eventually lead to setting up a lithium-ion cell factory in Gujarat, reducing reliance on imports.

Economically, BEVs are becoming increasingly attractive. <a href="https://about.bnef.com/blog/lithium-ion-battery-pack-prices-hit-record-low-of-139-kwh/">Lithium-ion battery</a> pack prices have plummeted recording a 14 percent drop, due to which their prices for BEVs in 2023 stood around $128/kW on a volume weighted average basis. Also, startups like ChargeZone and Exicom have begun deploying <a href="https://www.chargezone.com/">high-speed DC chargers</a>, trimming recharge times and making BEVs viable for commercial fleets. These initiatives are further supplemented by a range of government subsidies, both at the <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2118896">national </a>and the <a href="https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-blog/the-top-3-states-with-biggest-ev-subsidies-in-india#:~:text=Initiatives%20of%20GOI&amp;text=In%20addition%2C%20FAME%20India%20II,and%20creating%20EV%20charging%20infrastructure.">state </a>level, thereby promoting the growth of the EV sector in India.

However, challenges persist. Even the best BEVS typically offer 150&ndash;400 miles per full charge and require <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016824007026">4&ndash;8 hours for recharging</a> on Level 2 infrastructure,&nbsp; which limits their use in long-distance logistics and freight. Therefore, there is an urgent <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/10/6016">necessity </a>to further bring in better forms of battery technology with increased efficiency&nbsp; of the charging process.

Also, there are major concerns that BEVs may not be as <a href="https://www.sustain.life/blog/electric-vehicles-environment">sustainable</a> as one might think, as a lot of materials used for the batteries may be a bit problematic leading to significant impact on the environment. In fact, there have been suggestions to integrate<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032123010341"> clean energy</a> throughout the supply chain of such vehicles.

Hydrogen: Powering the Heavy Lifting

The hydrogen demand in India is expected to witness a <a href="https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-06/Harnessing_Green_Hydrogen_V21_DIGITAL_29062022.pdf">fourfold</a> increase by 2050, with sectors like transportation and steel compounding to a 52 percent contribution to this growth.&nbsp; In fact the incorporation of the green hydrogen resources in the fuel cells is expected to rise thereby enhancing the sustainability facet of the mobility sector.

As a result, there are a range of entries into the market incorporating green hydrogen based FCEVs. India&rsquo;s first such project was the&nbsp; <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/nitin-gadkaris-hydrogen-toyota-mirais-technology-decoded/articleshow/90558450.cms">Toyota Mirai,</a> which offers 402 miles (647 km) per tank and can refuel in just 3&ndash;5 minutes, in comparison to diesel trucks. <a href="https://www.tatamotors.com/press-releases/tata-motors-drives-indias-green-future-with-countrys-first-hydrogen-truck-trials/">Tata Motors&#39; recent</a> 24-month pilot of hydrogen-powered trucks across key freight corridors demonstrated real-world ranges of 300&ndash;500 km under commercial payloads. Also,<a href="https://ieefa.org/resources/indias-21bn-leap-towards-its-green-hydrogen-vision#:~:text=Key%20Findings,rate%20for%20hydrogen%20to%205%25."> green hydrogen</a>, while still being expensive, is expected to witness a fall by&nbsp; 40% in prices to ?260&ndash;310/kg (US$3&ndash;3.75/kg) through renewable power access, GST cuts, and transmission charge waivers. The India Hydrogen Alliance (<a href="https://ih2a.com/">IH2A)</a> has also initiated a plan to reduce the carbon emissions by the transportation sector through the establishment of <a href="https://fuelcellsworks.com/2024/12/10/green-hydrogen/india-hydrogen-alliance-proposes-fuel-hubs-for-green-hydrogen-to-decarbonize-heavy-transport">e-fuel hubs</a>. These low carbon e-fuel hubs will comprise of resources like green ammonia, methanol and <a href="https://ih2a.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/IH2A-India-H2-Derivatives-and-Low-Carbon-eFuels-Market-2025-30-White-Paper-Dec-2024-.pdf">sustainable aviation fuels</a>.

These developments are further supplemented by the <a href="https://mnre.gov.in/en/national-green-hydrogen-mission/#:~:text=The%20National%20Green%20Hydrogen%20Mission,efficiently%20transport%20and%20distribute%20hydrogen.">National Green Hydrogen Mission</a> - targeting 5 MMT of hydrogen production and 125 GW of renewable capacity by 2030 and&nbsp; is more than an emissions strategy. It is also a hedge against India&rsquo;s <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/india-oil-natural-gas-reliance-energy-demand-domestic-production-sluggish-9954570/#:~:text=India's%20crude%20oil%20imports%20rose,million%20tonnes%2C%20per%20PPAC%20data.">85% crude oil import dependency</a> and a bold step toward net-zero by 2070.

These transitions aren&#39;t just green - they are gold. The EV industry is projected to create <a href="https://www.climatescorecard.org/2025/03/indian-government-sets-target-to-achieve-30-electrification-of-the-countrys-vehicle-fleet-by-2030/">10 million sales </a>and 50 million direct and indirect jobs in India by 2030 across manufacturing, maintenance, charging infrastructure, and digital services. Also, the <a href="https://cicenergigune.com/en/blog/green-hydrogen-employment-growth">hydrogen economy</a> is expected to generate 30 million jobs and revenues worth US$ 2.5 trillion by 2050 globally. With industrial clusters emerging in <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/indias-climate-change-policy-in-a-modi-government/">Gujarat</a>, <a href="https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news-and-insights/latest-market-news/2529366-tough-race-for-green-h2-projects-in-india-s-tamil-nadu">Tamil Nadu,</a> and <a href="https://jmkresearch.com/ev-manufacturing-in-rajasthan-gets-impetus-with-5-industrial-corridors-being-promoted-as-ev-battery-manufacturing-hubs/">Rajasthan,</a> where renewables are abundant, transport decarbonisation can spark regional economic revival.

Policy Recommendations

Now, both these sectors need major developments which may facilitate the decarbonization pathway. However a few initiatives mentioned below may serve to be a starting point:

1. Segmented Technology Rollout

Use BEVS for intra-city commutes, last-mile delivery, and public transport.

Reserve FCEVS for intercity freight, logistics, and long-haul buses&mdash;and explore hydrogen-powered trains.

2. Infrastructure Synergy

Develop hydrogen hubs near solar- and wind-rich regions.

Adopting clean energy infrastructure for <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X24001019">charging</a> the EV batteries.

Build markets for <a href="https://www.edfenergy.com/energywise/electric-cars-and-environment">reusing and recycling </a>EV batteries.

3. Integrated Policy Framework

Align the National Green Hydrogen Mission, FAME II/III, and PLI schemes into a single dashboard tracking emissions, vehicle uptake, and infrastructure rollout, ensuring real-time policy adaptability.

&nbsp;

Conclusion

There are states like Delhi and Kerala which are taking significant initiatives. Delhi&rsquo;s EV policy has catalysed last-mile delivery and ride-sharing electrification. Until early 2024, India had 12,146 operational public EV charging stations, with Delhi having the highest number at 1,886, which is <a href="https://ieefa.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/Briefing%20Note%20-%20Upgrading%20India%27s%20Public%20EV%20Charing%20Experience_Sept2024.pdf">15.5% of India&#39;s total public EV charging stations</a>. <a href="https://anert.gov.in/view_node/99">Kerala is also developing hydrogen valleys</a> linked to its renewable surplus, setting a template for state-led innovation led by ANERT (Agency for New and Renewable Energy Research &amp; Technology), designed to reduce carbon emissions across critical sectors, particularly transportation.

It&#39;s evident that India stands at a pivotal crossroads - not just in mobility, but in its global leadership journey. India can tap into global climate finance resources and carbon markets to de-risk green investments. It can also champion <a href="https://www.iced.niti.gov.in/">South-South cooperation</a>, sharing its twin-pronged development model with other emerging economies.

A twin-pronged transport decarbonization strategy is more than a policy tool, it&rsquo;s a national opportunity. With the right mix of technology, financing, and political will, India can reduce its fossil fuel dependence, build climate resilience, and spark a new wave of green industrialisation. This is not just about reaching net-zero by 2070. It&#39;s about showing the world how a developing country can leapfrog into clean mobility&mdash;not someday, but starting now.

Formulating a Twin Pronged Strategy for Transport Decarbonization in India

The constantly evolving nature of geopolitical order and its influence on the global energy landscape can, at times, compromise the economic &amp; political stability of import-dependent<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-5899.13235"> nations </a>like <a href="https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/geopolitical-risks-import-dependence-pose-challenges-to-energy-transition-economic-survey/117795203">India</a> and <a href="https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/Issues_Monitor_2024_Germany_commentary.pdf">Germany.</a> This occurs against the backdrop of the sensitive global energy markets that are highly susceptible to the threats and challenges posed by the <a href="https://www.iea.org/news/geopolitical-tensions-are-laying-bare-fragilities-in-the-global-energy-system-reinforcing-need-for-faster-expansion-of-clean-energy">interdependency</a> of geopolitics and global energy trade. This is why in an increasingly multipolar world order with the persistent <a href="https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/05/why-geopolitics-matters-more-than-ever-in-a-multipolar-world/">geopolitical vulnerabilities,</a> it is essential to understand the world&#39;s energy landscape to navigate the negative consequences.

Energy Trade &amp; Its Weaponization: 

Contemporary energy politics has culminated into the practice of &lsquo;<a href="https://www.orfonline.org/research/energy-as-weapon-lessons-from-the-arab-oil-embargo-and-the-war-in-ukraine">weaponization</a> of energy trade&rsquo; which has paved the way for the deepening of the global energy crisis. Unsustainable price shocks and frequent supply chain disruptions are a few characteristic features of this situation which can be jeopardizing for <a href="https://www.iea.org/topics/global-energy-crisis">import-dependent economies</a>. Moreover, the manipulative power enjoyed by strategic exporters in an <a href="https://zbw.eu/econis-archiv/bitstream/11159/7902/1/1787103854_0.pdf">oligopolistic energy market</a> and supply chain network is serving as an imminent threat to sustainable geopolitical stability.

Energy, as a resource, continues to be <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-5899.13235">multi-dimensional</a>, reflecting its broad ties within the political &amp; economic structure of nations. Complex geopolitical incidents in recent years such as the Russian invasion of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040619024000319#:~:text=Highlights&amp;text=Russia's%20invasion%20of%20Ukraine%20sparked,other%20countries%2C%20like%20the%20USA.">Ukraine</a>, the militarization of the Red Sea in the backdrop of the <a href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters">Israel-Hamas war </a>hint at an increasing usage of trade as a geopolitical weapon.

This interdependency has caused various crises in the past. One such instance was the oil crisis during the Arab Israeli war (also known as the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-5899.13235">Yom Kippur War</a> in 1973). The OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) bloc leveraged its monopolistic powers over oil supplies in retaliation to the West&rsquo;s support to <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-5899.13235">Israel</a>. Similar instances like the destabilized oil prices during the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221484501930290X#:~:text=The%20Iranian%20Islamic%20revolution%20of,%2437.42%20per%20barrel%20in%201980.">Iranian revolution in 1979</a> and the trade embargo by the UN during Iraq&rsquo;s invasion of<a href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/gulf-war"> Kuwait in 1990 </a>&nbsp;are reminders of how weaponization of energy trade comes into effect. Even in the present, Ukraine disrupted the transit of <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/russia-halts-gas-exports-europe-via-ukraine-2025-01-01/">Russian gas supplies</a> to Europe causing an array of socio-economic effects, in retaliation for the <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-solidarity-ukraine/eu-sanctions-against-russia-following-invasion-ukraine/sanctions-energy_en">sanctions</a> that ensued following the 2021 invasion.

Energy has historically been exploited as an alleged geopolitical weapon to gain dramatic economic and political leverage. All of the aforementioned incidents were a result of over-dependency in the realm of energy trade and how it compromised the energy sovereignty of import-dependent economies. This broadly highlights challenges associated with an asymmetrical interdependency of energy supplies since the trend of energy trade being perceived as a tool for power projection is becoming increasingly popular. These mechanisms are a reflection of how energy trade has transpired into a tool of foreign policy rather than being restricted to an economic one.

The Evolving Dynamics of Energy Trade: 

Russia&rsquo;s control over major gas pipelines, enabled it to manipulate its control over critical energy infrastructure that the European Union (EU) relied on. As aforementioned, this was an instance of Russia&rsquo;s retaliatory response to Western sanctions and was essentially aimed at <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/putins-war-and-european-energy-security-a-german-perspective-on-decoupling-from-russian-fossil-fuels/">disrupting</a> Western Europe&rsquo;s critical energy infrastructure. Similarly, <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/weaponizing-energy-energy-trade-and-investment-law-in-the-new-geopolitical-reality/0BC65417FE02320FDAEBB46ABB0C7762">strategies</a> such as offshore energy agreements, assurance of discounted gas with threats of undesirable price hikes and supply disruptions have pressured economies of Belarus, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan to surrender their sovereign gas infrastructure while settling for constrained energy sovereignty. The latest instance of such acquisition was Russia&rsquo;s alleged seizure of the <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-russian-forces-seize-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-plant-2022-03-04/">Zaporizhzhia</a> power plant in southern Ukraine, Europe&rsquo;s largest nuclear facility upon invading Kyiv in 2022. In fact, Ukraine has argued that Russia has been sabotaging the nuclear facility on various occasions, primarily to &ldquo;<a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/11/world/russian-controlled-nuclear-plant-fire-ukraine-intl/index.html">blackmail</a> Ukraine and Europe&rdquo; by leveraging its unjust control of critical energy infrastructures in eastern Europe. This defends the prevailing argument surrounding the risks associated with asymmetrical energy interdependency and the simultaneous risk of a compromised energy sovereignty.

These aforementioned acts were similar to a coercive military strategy by an adversary to secure its objectives. As a result, the EU has adopted significant initiatives thereby agreeing to phase out its dependency on Russian energy imports &ldquo;as soon as <a href="https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-1-2022-INIT/en/pdf">possible</a>&rdquo;. This in fact is a strategic priority for them and reiterates the risk associated with foreign-controlled energy infrastructure, making them susceptible to motivated sabotage. This leaves importing economies at a compromising state when foreign governments use energy as &lsquo;a tool of coercion and dramatic leverage.&rsquo; However, these measures are also a departure from the liberal principles established under the International Energy Charter and the Energy Charter Treaty <a href="https://www.energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Legal/IEC_EN.pdf;%20E">(ECT) </a>which was framed with EU&rsquo;s support. They are in a direct contrast to the principles of cooperation, liberal energy trade and the essential facet of protecting and promoting energy investments. These principles were in fact established to promote <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-liberal-actor-in-a-realist-world-9780198719595">energy security</a>, and the shifting stance is in fact a reflection of the emergence of a new regime which might be in contrast to the liberal energy trade and investment policy.

Conclusion: 

It is essential to remember that the Russia-Ukraine war was not an instance of energy war. However, somehow it still managed to create major energy supply disruptions. As a result, it has revived the anxieties related to energy security and has highlighted the necessity to revisit the need for energy security reforms. Import-dependent economies are increasingly becoming susceptible to risky trade arrangements that can lead them into dependency and ultimately surrender sovereign energy infrastructures upon failure to abide by the dictates of emerging powers. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/weaponizing-energy-energy-trade-and-investment-law-in-the-new-geopolitical-reality/0BC65417FE02320FDAEBB46ABB0C7762">Constrained</a> energy security policies of dependent economies are in a dire need for reforms in global energy, trade and investment laws. Also, with&nbsp; the alternate forms of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X22002255?via%3Dihub">energy</a> creating waves in the market, it is time to reexamine the existing frameworks and adopt novel conceptual frameworks addressing these issues.

The Intricacies of Energy Weaponization & Global Trade

<a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/education/resources/explainers/economic-growth.html">Economic growth</a> is essential for having a prosperous society, achieving improved standards of living, technological advancements, and better employment opportunities. It is an essential for developing economies, where most of the policy exercises are focused around attaining higher levels of economic growth. However, this growth often comes at a significant environmental cost, leading to pollution, resource depletion, and biodiversity loss. As countries strive for development, a pressing question emerges: Can economic growth and environmental sustainability coexist?

Well, this isn&rsquo;t a novel question or a recent realisation for economists. Back in 1920, a prominent economist A.C Pigou argued for a tax to be imposed for <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/30027229.pdf">internalising the negative externalities</a> (<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/negative-externality">negative externalities</a> refer to pollution or environmental losses), as the market price of a particular good or service doesn&rsquo;t take into account the impact on environment which were incurred during&nbsp; the production process. And in 1960, <a href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_6-1#:~:text=Coase%20argued%20that%20what%20are,in%20their%20content%20or%20definition.">R. Coase</a> stressed the importance of property rights and the possibility of bargaining power in dealing with the problem of externalities. If Pigou had argued for government intervention then Coase advocated for a market oriented solution to deal with the pollution problems.

The economists in the 1990s employed Kuznet&rsquo;s inverted U curve to understand and tackle the environmental problems (You may read <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9668524/#bib8">this paper</a> for better understanding). The <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/environmental-kuznets-curve">Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)</a> hypothesis suggests that the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation follows an inverted U-shape. In the early stages of economic growth, environmental degradation increases as industries expand and natural resources are exploited. However, as income levels rise and societies become more aware of environmental issues, they demand <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988323002323">cleaner technologies</a> and stricter environmental policies, leading to a decline in environmental degradation.

Stages of the EKC:

Stage 1: Low-income economies prioritize <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&amp;title=The%20Environmental%20Kuznets%20Curve%20(EKC)%20and%20the%20environmental%20problem%20of%20the%20day&amp;author=A.%20Rashid%20Gill&amp;author=K.K.%20Viswanathan&amp;author=S.%20Hassan&amp;volume=81&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;pages=1636-1642&amp;">economic growth</a>, often ignoring environmental concerns, thereby intensifying pollution levels and environmental degradation.

Stage 2: As income levels rise, environmental awareness increases, and societies begin investing in cleaner technologies.

Stage 3: High-income economies experience reduced pollution levels as sustainable practices and regulatory frameworks take effect.

While the EKC presents a hopeful narrative, critics argue that it oversimplifies the complexity of environmental degradation and assumes that all countries will eventually follow the same trajectory.

&nbsp;

The N-Shaped Curve: A Refined Perspective

An extension of the EKC, the <a href="https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/977221/ewp-731-data-driven-environmental-kuznets-curve.pdf">N-shaped curve</a> offers a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. According to this theory, after an initial decline in environmental degradation (as predicted by the EKC), a resurgence of environmental harm may occur at very high levels of economic growth. This second wave of degradation is often attributed to over-consumption, increased waste production, and the limits of technological advancements to mitigate environmental damage.

Stages of the N-Shaped Curve:

Phase 1: Rapid industrialization leads to increased pollution and resource exploitation.

Phase 2: Technological advancements and policy interventions reduce environmental harm.

Phase 3: Excessive consumption and unsustainable practices reintroduce environmental challenges, forming the upward slope of the N-shaped curve.

This conflict between environment and development can&rsquo;t just be dealt with by reducing it to a binary trade off question. It requires a holistic understanding of the problems caused by the rampant development activities and it also requires solutions developed through collaboration among all the stakeholders involved. The publication of <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf">Brundtland Report</a>&nbsp; in 1987, marked the <a href="https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29664/world-sustainable-development-timeline.pdf">emergence of the sustainability discourse.</a>&nbsp; This has been followed by a range of deliberations and academic labour in manifesting these ideals into actionable guidelines. Following are the major schools of sustainability which guide in making our choices and priorities clear while formulating policies.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Schools of Sustainability: Varying Perspectives

1. Weak Sustainability

According to the theory of <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3197/0963271054084966">weak sustainability, </a>human-made capital (infrastructure, technology) can replace natural capital (air, water, and forests). Proponents contend that advancements in technology will mitigate the loss of natural resources as economies expand. Critics point out that certain types of natural capital, such as climate stability and biodiversity, cannot be replaced. However, weak sustainability makes the assumption that environmental problems can eventually be resolved by economic growth <a href="https://papers.tinbergen.nl/98103.pdf">through efficiency and innovation.</a>

2. Strong Sustainability

In contrast, the theory of <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/6569122-Pelenc-Weak%20Sustainability%20versus%20Strong%20Sustainability.pdf">strong sustainability</a> highlights the need to protect natural wealth because it cannot be replaced. This school of thought supports conservation initiatives, stringent environmental laws, and an emphasis on renewable resources. Strong sustainability implies that environmental deterioration is irreversible after a point and needs to be controlled at all costs.

3. Ecological Modernization

<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/ecological-modernization">Ecological modernization </a>bridges the gap between weak and strong sustainability by promoting the idea that technological innovation and policy reforms can drive sustainable development. It asserts that economic growth, if managed correctly, can lead to environmental improvements. Governments and industries can adopt cleaner technologies and implement policies that reduce pollution while promoting economic progress.

Balancing Growth and Sustainability:&nbsp; What lies ahead?

To strike a balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability, policymakers must adhere to the following:

<ul>
	<li>Promote Green Technologies: Encourage research and investment in renewable energy, waste management, and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024126722">eco-friendly technologies.</a></li>
	<li>Sustainable agriculture practices: A shift from <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452223624000191">chemical intensive</a> input driven agriculture practices to a <a href="https://www.ceew.in/publications/sustainable-agriculture-india">system</a> that contributes to food security along with addressing concerns of the environment.</li>
	<li>Encourage Sustainable Consumption and Production: Educating consumers about the environmental impact of their choices and promoting sustainable lifestyles is an integral part. They need to be pushed for in addition&nbsp; to <a href="https://www.sd-commission.org.uk/data/files/publications/Better_regulation_for_sustainable_development.pdf">enacting efficient regulations</a> and innovations.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Foster International Collaboration: Environmental problems transcend national borders, necessitating <a href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jes/article/download/67300/51178/196548">global cooperation</a> in addressing climate change, deforestation, and biodiversity loss.</li>
</ul>

Conclusion

Sustainability of the environment and economic growth do not have to necessarily be of a conflicting nature. It is clear by examining several sustainability schools, the Environmental Kuznets Curve, and the N-shaped curve that a careful, well-rounded strategy can bring about prosperity without endangering the environment. Societies are now under an obligation to create a sustainable future where environmental health and economic prosperity co-exist peacefully by welcoming innovation, enforcing laws, and encouraging international cooperation.

We live in times, where AI has become an integral part in most of our affairs, so much so that a discourse is emerging on <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/242c8f5a-43af-43d5-875f-261a0841045a">taxing AI</a>.&nbsp; Therefore it&rsquo;s indispensable to know AI&rsquo;s &lsquo;views&rsquo; on this debate. Chat GPT has the following to say,&nbsp;

&ldquo;In my view, achieving true sustainability requires a hybrid approach&mdash;leveraging technology while acknowledging the limits of natural capital and respecting ecological boundaries. ????&rdquo;

In my comprehension, understanding of development should inherently include not only the well being of the individual consumer but it should also include the wellbeing of the environment, as the latter is an important determining factor of the former.

The Enigma of Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation

<a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2024/Mar/05/being-atmanirbhar-is-the-first-step-towards-a-viksit-bharat#:~:text=The%20conceptualisation%20of%20a%20developed,foundations%20of%20each%20of%20these.">Atmanirbharta</a> and <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indias-amrit-kaal-and-wealth-creation-aif-pms-conclave-2-0-charts-indias-growth-trajectory-and-investment-opportunities/articleshow/112340348.cms?from=mdr">AmritKaal. </a>These are two terms we often encounter while discussing India&rsquo;s growth trajectory for the<a href="https://iipe.ac.in/iipeviksitbharat@2047/"> Viksit Bharat 2047</a> mission. The factors of <a href="https://www.ilo.org/node/649796">demographic dividend</a>, <a href="https://www.ibef.org/industry/services">a huge market for goods and services</a>, <a href="https://www.shapernet.in/2021/03/indias-geographical-advantage-for.html#:~:text=India%20is%20centrally%20located%20between,Europe%20from%20the%20western%20coast.">strategic geographical location</a> at the crossroads of the West and the East, a prominent actor in the<a href="https://www.ide.go.jp/library/Japanese/Publish/Reports/AjikenPolicyBrief/pdf/209.pdf"> Global South</a> and a foreign policy that is based on principles such as <a href="https://trendsresearch.org/insight/contemporary-indian-foreign-policy-and-its-impact-on-indias-global-power-status/?srsltid=AfmBOoqAuKqXKoxWBMQu7pAa1g6Bfq9UCStFWGRTOssCwL6xnhmdPhkr">Panchsheel </a>and <a href="https://trendsresearch.org/insight/contemporary-indian-foreign-policy-and-its-impact-on-indias-global-power-status/?srsltid=AfmBOoqAuKqXKoxWBMQu7pAa1g6Bfq9UCStFWGRTOssCwL6xnhmdPhkr">Non-Alignment </a>&nbsp;has made India unmissable in the Global Development Agenda. But there are significant obstacles as well and the foremost challenge is that if our governance institutions are efficient and capable to drive us to these targets?

Good Governance &amp; Its Principles:&nbsp;

While there is no internationally accepted definition of good governance per se, a general understanding includes practices that improve the quality of life of the citizens and has a &ldquo;<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/good-governance/about-good-governance">normative or evaluative attribute to governing</a>&rdquo;. <a href="https://trendsresearch.org/insight/contemporary-indian-foreign-policy-and-its-impact-on-indias-global-power-status/?srsltid=AfmBOoqAuKqXKoxWBMQu7pAa1g6Bfq9UCStFWGRTOssCwL6xnhmdPhkr">Good Governance</a> is characterized by certain key elements, such as <a href="https://www.mcrhrdi.gov.in/images/samriddhi/number2/6.Good%20Governance.pdf">transparency</a>, <a href="https://rm.coe.int/brochure-12-principles-of-good-governance-and-current-tools-on-good-go/16808b1687">accountability</a>, <a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/centre-of-expertise-for-multilevel-governance/12-principles">rule of law,</a> public participation, citizen-centric governance&nbsp; etc., &ndash; in policy making, policy implementation and policy evaluation supplemented by <a href="https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/550172">efficient bureaucracy</a> and an<a href="https://highcourtchd.gov.in/sub_pages/left_menu/publish/articles/articles_pdf/goodgovernance.pdf"> independent judiciary.&nbsp;</a>

However, lately there has been a rise in instances of <a href="https://globalamericans.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Good-Governance-in-the-Caribbean-Obstacles-and-Opportunities.pdf">corruption</a>, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328472805_Politics_Bureaucracy_and_Successful_Governance_The_Problem_of_Political_Failure">bureaucracy inefficiency,</a> lack of transparency and accountability from public service providers, <a href="https://morungexpress.com/over-centralization-of-power-in-one-place-leads-to-abuse-of-power">overcentralisation of power</a> in nations all around the world. Corrupt governments in <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/greater-middle-east-arab-spring-axis-failed-states">West Asia</a> failed to handle militancy and separatism, allowing these issues to spiral out of control, for which the whole world is still paying the price for. Similarly, North Korea known for its <a href="https://www.investmentmonitor.ai/features/north-korea-global-isolation-investment/">economic isolation</a> and <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/03/07/a-sense-of-terror/stronger-than-a-bullet-the-closing-of-north-korea-2018%E2%80%932023">human rights abuses</a> is largely driven by a lack of transparency in governance.&nbsp;

These aforementioned instances are the epitome of poor governance mechanisms. <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08ccbed915d3cfd001604/R8326.pdf">Overcentralisation </a>of power leads to poor governance at the grassroots level, thus leaving the specific needs of communities and regions unheard. These few examples are a reflection of how poor governance practices have impacted countries worldwide, creating ripple effects that extend to other nations, particularly in today&rsquo;s era of globalization.

India&rsquo;s initiatives in the pursuit of Good Governance:&nbsp;

The Constitution is the primary document paving the pathway for the attainment of the good governance objective. Some of the foremost measures to ensure good governance stem from the constitutional provisions of <a href="https://blog.ipleaders.in/balancing-fundamental-rights-good-governance/#:~:text=and%20good%20governance-,Right%20to%20freedom%20of%20religion%20and%20good%20governance,the%20indicators%20of%20good%20governance.">Fundamental Rights </a>and <a href="https://juriscentre.com/2021/06/26/role-of-dpsp-in-governance/">Directive Principles of State Policy</a>&nbsp; under Part III and Part IV of the Constitution respectively. Further additions in the form of constitutional recognition for <a href="https://cbpbu.ac.in/userfiles/file/2020/STUDY_MAT/POL_SC/73rd%20and%2074th-converted.pdf">Panchayati Raj Institutions </a>and<a href="https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2022/Chapter-I-06239c581cc6841.99798296.pdf"> Municipalities</a> through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, 1992 have led to decentralization of powers. <a href="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/analyzing-good-governance-and-decentralization-in-developing-countries-35745.html">Decentralization </a>is a crucial facet of good governance and thereby ensures public participation at the grassroots level, leading to sustainable governance.&nbsp;

An <a href="https://www.unodc.org/dohadeclaration/en/news/2021/05/the-need-for-independent-judges-and-a-free-press-in-a-democracy.html">independent judiciary</a> acts as the fulcrum in making government institutions accountable and above all in the realization of human rights jurisprudence. Judiciary in India has played a crucial role in determining the <a href="https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/229110.pdf">constitutional ethos</a> of preserving the rule of law and establishing a civil society. The realization of the varied forms of rights through judicial activism under <a href="https://blog.ipleaders.in/judicial-activism/">Article 21,</a> the constitutional provision of <a href="https://blog.ipleaders.in/judicial-review-under-the-indian-constitution/">judicial review </a>&nbsp;under Article 32 and 226 are a few snippets of the judiciary&rsquo;s contribution, establishing the vital role of judiciary in the Indian landscape of good governance.&nbsp;

The <a href="https://cic.gov.in/sites/default/files/RTI-Act_English.pdf">Right to Information Act, 2005</a> is another initiative which is instrumental in ensuring transparency and accountability in government operations and ensuring that government actions are under public scrutiny. <a href="https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/publications/2017/digital-india-targeting-inclusive-growth.pdf">Digital India </a>and e-governance initiatives, such as <a href="https://www.digilocker.gov.in/">DigiLocker</a>, <a href="https://uidai.gov.in/images/Aadhaar_Brochure_Nov_22.pdf">Aadhar</a>, digitization of land records, <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2086701">BharatNet</a>, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372647230_Impact_of_Learning_through_SWAYAM_Study_Webs_of_Active_-_Learning_for_Young_Aspiring_Minds_in_India">SWAYAM</a>, MyGov portal etc, have been aimed at transforming the citizens into empowered and informed citizens. The <a href="https://www.nic.in/blog/direct-benefit-transfer-a-blessing-during-the-time-of-pandemic/">Direct Benefit Transfer system </a>has effectively tackled issues of leakages and corruption and its success is largely attributed to the implementation of the<a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2086611"> JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan bank accounts &ndash; Aadhar &ndash; Mobile number).</a> These initiatives are crucial for ensuring <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/financial-inclusion-to-make-indias-viksit-bharat-goal-2047-inclusive/articleshow/118738108.cms?from=mdr">financial inclusion,</a> thereby facilitating economic growth, reducing poverty and inequality.&nbsp;&nbsp;

In relation to the bureaucratic initiatives, projects like the National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB) i.e., <a href="https://karmayogibharat.gov.in/programme.php">Mission Karmayogi </a>for capacity building of civil servants, Annual Performance Assessment <a href="https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02ser/BROCHURE-CR.pdf">Reports</a>, have been introduced to strengthen and reform the system. The Centralised Public Grievance Redressal and Monitoring System<a href="https://pgportal.gov.in/#:~:text=Centralised%20Public%20Grievance%20Redress%20and,Government%20of%20India%20and%20States."> (CPGRAMS)</a> has also revolutionized the way in which citizens file complaints regarding public services and track them.

Where does India need to improve?&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40586779?seq=1">Woodrow Wilson</a> once mentioned that &ldquo; It is getting harder to run a constitution than to frame one&quot;. The statement perfectly summarizes the state of policy making in India. India has always faced issues with policy implementation and policy evaluation, as is evident from the crumbling quality of key public institutional structures. The excessive gap between thinking and action has been affecting the policy making process in India for quite some time and there are inherent factors further widening the gap needing immediate attention.

The current form of institutional structures along with the limited <a href="https://academic.oup.com/book/43099/chapter-abstract/361575703?redirectedFrom=fulltext">state capacity</a> is not at all equipped to traverse through the problems of policy implementation. State capacity is a vital element for ensuring the efficacy of institutional structures, which needs to be addressed. This is further exacerbated with&nbsp; the issue of <a href="https://www.researchpublish.com/upload/book/Policy%20Implementation-2198.pdf">&ldquo;working in silos&rdquo;</a>&nbsp; which continues to remain a persistent challenge in India, thereby affecting the communication between the personnel and policy makers. India also needs to address issues related to the organizations at the grassroot like the <a href="https://accountabilityindia.in/sites/default/files/policy-brief/panchayatbrief2.pdf">&quot;3F</a>&quot; challenge in relation to Panchayati Raj Institutions, which represent issues with funds, functions, and functionaries.

Similarly policy evaluations have also been plagued with its own set of administrative challenges that need to be addressed. One of the recent initiatives to streamline the evaluation process is to&nbsp; institutionalize <a href="https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/governance/institutionalising-social-audits-lessons-from-meghalaya.html#:~:text=Conducting%20social%20audits%20was%20mandated,act%20for%20the%20first%20time.">social audits </a>, which appears to be a promising solution. It can be a viable solution for fostering public participation in policy implementation and policy evaluation from the grassroots level while integrating a higher standard of transparency. Coordination <a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/improving-governance-with-policy-evaluation_89b1577d-en.html">mechanisms</a> in the forms of commissions and cross-departmental services can also be incorporated to further improve the effectiveness of evaluations.&nbsp;

On the ending note&hellip;

&nbsp;The term democracy is derived from the Greek word <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/democracy">&ldquo;demokratia&rdquo; </a>&nbsp;coined from the terms demos (&ldquo;people&rdquo;) and kratos (&ldquo;rule&rdquo;). <a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/democracy">Democracy</a> simply refers to rule by the people, of the people and for the people. Governance in a democracy like India has to take the bottom-up and &ldquo;citizen-first&rdquo; approach, but it has so far taken a &ldquo;top-down&rdquo; approach. It is high time to change our working mechanisms, keeping citizens at the center, starting from the grassroots level government machinery. It also needs to be remembered that it doesn&rsquo;t matter how good a policy is on paper, it is the policy implementation and policy evaluation part that plays a huge role in ensuring that the desired outcomes are achieved. India&rsquo;s priorities need to be shifted to address these arenas in order to ensure that India outshines its past self and makes judicious use of the Amritkaal to achieve the goal of Viksit Bharat by 2047.&nbsp;

Viksit Bharat 2047: Addressing Governance Challenges

India has been making significant strides in adopting different forms of renewable energy in recent years. The policy space is imbued with decisions which are slowly pushing for more sustainable forms of energy in an attempt to diminish the burden on our rapidly exhausting fossil fuel reserves. This<a href="https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/india-renewable-energy"> shift </a>is characterized by India&rsquo;s adoption of non-traditional forms of energy like solar, hydro, wind, biomass etc.&nbsp;

Among the different manifestations of this progress, solar energy has turned out to be one of the prominent ones. Its adoption aligns with India&rsquo;s goals of <a href="https://www.ibef.org/blogs/india-s-solar-power-revolution">energy independence</a>, <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/india-can-lead-the-world-in-solar-based-growth/">economic growth</a>, and <a href="https://solarquarter.com/2024/01/25/charting-indias-economic-and-environmental-future-industry-expectations-across-renewables-evs-storage-and-more-for-the-2024-budget/">climate change mitigation</a>, making it a cornerstone of the nation&rsquo;s energy strategy. As a result, India&rsquo;s landscape is now full of solar panels across <a href="https://www.outlookbusiness.com/columns/deserts-could-power-indias-energy-future">deserts</a> and a few <a href="https://sundayguardianlive.com/business/role-of-solar-energy-in-rural-electrification-in-india#google_vignette">rural areas</a> followed by rooftop solar panel installations in <a href="https://freyrenergy.com/guide-to-solar-panel-installation-in-cities-challenges-plus-solutions/#:~:text=It%20allows%20consumers%20to%20purchase,down%20electricity%20demand%20by%2050%25.">metropolitan cities</a>. Consequently, the need for solar panels has increased significantly.&nbsp;

However, this rapid progress has its own challenges. India&rsquo;s solar industry is heavily reliant on <a href="https://theprint.in/economy/india-slams-the-brakes-on-surge-in-chinese-solar-imports-but-domestic-industry-still-needs-them/2363794/">Chinese import</a> of solar cells. According to the <a href="https://www.pdffiller.com/jsfiller-desk15/?mode=link_to_fill&amp;lang=en&amp;et=l2f&amp;projectId=1667070631&amp;PAGE_REARRANGE_V2_MVP=true&amp;richTextFormatting=true&amp;isPageRearrangeV2MVP=true&amp;jsf-page-rearrange-v2=true&amp;jsf-dss-v2=true&amp;jsf-redesign-full=true&amp;act-notary-pro-integration=true&amp;jsf-fake-edit-embedded=true&amp;isSkipEditorLoadFrequency=true&amp;jsf-desktop-ux-for-tablets=false&amp;jsf-probability-70=true&amp;jsf-socket-io=false&amp;routeId=f14da026d6a8e155c46bd9ee9b4c668a#78fb557b4df24c9ebae798d7e52b503f">Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) report</a> published in 2022, India imports over 80% of its solar photovoltaic (PV) modules from China, highlighting the country&#39;s substantial dependence on Chinese manufacturers for its solar sector. Certain components like polysilicon and wafers are imported from China at highly competitive rates, reducing the overall local value addition to only <a href="https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2025/01/02/the-evolving-landscape-of-solar-manufacturing/">30-40 %</a> minimizing the output to 7GW.&nbsp; This is a huge obstruction to India&rsquo;s energy goals, and therefore India is now bringing in a series of policy changes to reduce its&nbsp; import dependency.&nbsp;

India&#39;s Dual Strategy on Solar Imports From China:&nbsp;

Signifying a shift in policy on solar power, India has decided to reintroduce the Approved List of models and manufacturers of solar photovoltaic [PV] modules (ALMM) from <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/04/30/india-creates-non-tariff-barrier-for-chinese-solar-products/#:~:text=The%20Indian%20government%20has%20reinstated,tariff%20barrier%20for%20Chinese%20products.">April 1, 2024.</a> The list falls under the governance of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and consists of the approved manufacturers of solar cells and module types in India that have been certified by the BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). The Ministry has specified that only the manufacturers specified in the list would be eligible to be used in government projects, government assisted projects and projects under government schemes &amp; programmes. The initiative would thereby boost domestic manufacturing while reducing dependence on China by restricting government-sponsored projects to <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/the-import-restrictions-on-solar-pv-cells-explained/article68047931.ece">ALMM-listed manufacturers</a>. The mandate acts as a non-tariff barrier, shutting out modules made by Chinese companies from all solar projects that are government-backed. According to <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/04/30/india-creates-non-tariff-barrier-for-chinese-solar-products/#:~:text=The%20Indian%20government%20has%20reinstated,tariff%20barrier%20for%20Chinese%20products.">Ishver Dholakiya, Managing Director of Goldi Solar</a>, ALMM has provided a significant benefit to domestic manufacturers, levelling the playing field as it seeks to impose restrictions on the dumping of&nbsp; cheap Chinese solar panels.&nbsp;

However, now India is considering easing the<a href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1212993-india-may-ease-restrictions-on-chinese-investment-in-non-sensitive-sectors"> Chinese investment restrictions</a> on areas which are deemed non-sensitive, including solar panels <a href="https://knnindia.co.in/news/newsdetails/global/india-mulls-relaxing-chinese-investment-curbs-in-solar-and-battery-sectors">and battery manufacturing.</a> This strategic change coupled with India&#39;s share in global goods exports continuing to witness <a href="https://theprint.in/economy/how-indias-share-in-global-goods-exports-has-remained-lower-than-what-it-was-at-independence/2558895/">a tremendous decline</a>, highlights the need for a transformative revival of the domestic manufacturing industry. Consequently, even our <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-likely-ease-curbs-some-chinese-investments-sources-say-2024-07-24/">Finance Minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman</a> has also hinted at the possibility of mending the broken economic relationship with China to increase the country&#39;s exports. This is further followed by India&rsquo;s Chief Economic Adviser,<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indian-economic-adviser-backs-more-chinese-direct-investment-annual-report-2024-07-22/"> V. Anantha Nageswaran</a>, expressing India&rsquo;s readiness to welcome billions of dollars of blocked investments from China. This dual strategy reflects the delicate balance India aims to maintain, while trying to enforce protectionist&nbsp; policies like ALMM.&nbsp;

Quad Context: Maneuvering Tensions in Geopolitical Equations

India&#39;s strategic choices, shaped by its<a href="https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-quad"> Quad</a> (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue)&nbsp; alliance, and added up with its geographic and geopolitical <a href="https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/2528182/the-quad-factor-in-the-indo-pacific-and-the-role-of-india/">centrality</a>, must balance a deterrent approach toward the growing power of China in the Indo-Pacific region. The Quad alliance is instrumental in limiting its reliance on Chinese imports while building its domestic manufacturing capacity. India realizes that in spaces where Indian expertise and manufacturing capabilities are at an early development stage, like advanced electronics and telecommunications, strategic alliances with like-minded nations within the Quad can become a mechanism to contain the Chinese surge. Through a platform of shared research and development, and subsequently shared manufacturing, it is possible that the alliance would be able to reduce the dependence of India on the dragon. Moreover, through sheer momentum, the <a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202404/1309916.shtml">Quad&rsquo;s reliance on Chinese technology could decrease</a>, thereby fostering innovation and economic growth in a real manner.

Yet, its economic reality has to mean a more nuanced approach in the handling of China. Taking this lens into consideration, India cannot quite afford to divorce itself from China, nor can it attempt to isolate the comprehensive global strategic partnership that it enjoys with the U.S. and other Quad members. It has to manage China, seeking its strategic interests, while negotiating with the United States for relevant outcomes that prioritize its own <a href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/india-between-superpowers-strategic-autonomy-shadow-pacific-conflict">self-interests</a>.

The solar sector is the epitome of this balancing act. Even as the whole ALMM mandate has been emphasized to reduce dependencies on imports from China, relaxing restrictions on Chinese investments in non-sensitive sectors certainly acknowledges the important role China is going to play in India&#39;s economic landscape. These dualities are not free from challenges as India&#39;s reliance on Chinese components is synonymous with the competitive pricing of Chinese solar panels, thereby limiting the facet of self-reliance in solar manufacturing.

The Indian experience in the solar sector also raises some significant questions about the Quad&rsquo;s approach to other non-strategic investments. Should the Quad reconsider their approach to Chinese investments in their respective non-strategic sectors? Indeed, a sector-by-sector analysis would perhaps be the correct answer, with the benefits of the Chinese investment pitched against the risks of over-dependency and geopolitical vulnerability.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Balancing solar policy with global geopolitical relationships

India&#39;s strategic approach needs to balance its economic needs and strategies with its geopolitical aspirations. India&#39;s decision to reinstate the ALMM list, is a game-changer in its solar policy. This comes amid the new tariffs imposed by the Trump administration on Chinese imports, combined with the already existing<a href="https://www.fortuneindia.com/macro/fresh-us-duties-on-chinese-solar-import-to-trigger-indias-ascent-as-global-supplier/116839#google_vignette"> tariffs on US imports of Chinese solar</a> equipment. While US sanctions offer India an export opportunity, analysts fear that balancing exports with domestic solar capacity could hurt local project viability due to higher module costs.

Strengthening domestic manufacturing through protectionist measures, such as the ALMM, is a necessity, and so is harnessing Chinese investments and technology where needed. The key is to calibrate the approach in a way that mitigates risks while maximizing the opportunities. The Quad alliance leaves enough space open for collaborative efforts for India&nbsp; in addressing shared challenges and reducing dependencies on China. Fuelled by innovation and technological advancement through joint initiatives, the Quad can support India&#39;s quest for self-reliance. However, the Quad, and India within it, is navigating a very fine line between nurturing home-grown industries and leveraging Chinese investment, particularly in new partnerships with the United States and other Quad members.&nbsp;

As Atal Bihari Vajpayee wisely remarked: &#39;<a href="https://english.newsnationtv.com/india/news/atal-bihari-vajpayee-famous-quotes-you-can-change-your-friends-but-not-neighbours-200820.html">You can change your friends, but not your neighbours</a>.&#39; This sentiment underscores the inevitability of India&rsquo;s geopolitical reality, where maintaining stable ties with China, despite tensions, is as crucial as fostering relations with the U.S. and other Quad members. This approach is the highlight of India&#39;s need to <a href="https://cleanenergyfrontier.climatechangenews.com/india-wants-own-solar-industry-break-reliance-china/">balance growth, stability, and global relationships</a>.

A Policy Conundrum: Balancing India's Interests on Chinese Solar Imports

The Fallacies of India&rsquo;s Education System: Impact on Employment Avenues&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Introduction:&nbsp;

Education plays a vital role in shaping the future of the next generation. In today&rsquo;s rapidly changing world, education paves the pathway for redefining the contours of<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370928636_Education_as_a_Catalyst_for_Economic_Development_A_Comparative_Study"> socio-economic development.</a>&nbsp; This is why there is a dire need for effective and tailor made policies which ensure access to education for all. However, India&rsquo;s <a href="https://www.jmra.in/html-article/22803">traditional education system</a> has been found to incorporate a traditional learning structure which prioritizes rote learning instead of facilitating creativity and critical thinking.&nbsp;

There are a whole range of studies which state that the nation&rsquo;s emphasis <a href="https://www.internationalconference.in/XXI_AIC/TS3/MsManyaJain.pdf">on rote learning and standardized testing</a>, fails to facilitate a holistic learning experience. As a result, only 29 percent of students from <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/from-rote-learning-to-real-learning-the-promise-of-holistic-education/articleshow/116310273.cms?utm">grade 6 to grade 12</a> accept that their schools provide them a significant learning experience. Even the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2023 revealed that nearly a quarter of teens in <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/25-teens-in-age-group-14-18-can-t-read-grade-2-text-fluently-aser-report-101705477288545.html">age group 14-18,</a> were found to be unable to read grade 2 text fluently. This is a testament to the fact that there is a major disconnect between our education system and the eventual outcome.&nbsp;

The <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/aarnav/disturbed-education-system-of-of-india-53791/">outdated education system</a> of India not only curtails the potential of an individual but also contributes to an increase in unemployment rates. The unemployment rate among young people aged between <a href="https://thearabianpost.com/cmie-data-points-to-rising-unemployment-among-the-youth/">20 to 24 grew from 43.65 percent to 44.49 percent, while for the 25- 29 age group it grew from 13.35 percent to 14.3</a>3 percent, shedding light on the gravity of the problem. This is an indication that our traditional forms of education need to be revamped,&nbsp; to address the concern of employment.&nbsp;

The emphasis on outcomes rather than building effective skills, is causing a divide between the education offered and the industry expectations. The lack of practical knowledge arises from an educational model that prioritizes exam scores over real-world applications. Additionally, a significant skill gap among Indian engineering graduates affects their employability. According to the TeamLease Report, India produces <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/finance/personal-finance/only-10-of-india-s-1-5-mn-engineering-graduates-set-to-secure-jobs-this-yr-124091600127_1.html">approximately 1.5 million</a> engineering graduates every year, but only <a href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/jobs/engineering-in-crisis-teamlease-report-reveals-only-10-of-1-5-million-graduates-will-land-jobs-this-year-article-12821460.html?utm">about 10 percent are expected to secure employment</a> in 2024. This indicates that a significant portion of our population lacks the necessary skills to meet industry standards.&nbsp;

 
 
&nbsp;

The Dire State of Employment:

The disconnect and the widening gap between education curricula and industry demands has been a growing concern in India for quite some time. As per the recent government reports, the total enrollment in higher education has reached the milestone statistic of<a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2034925&amp;reg=3&amp;lang=2"> 4.33 </a>crores in the financial year 2022, but the employment crisis continues to persist. The India Skills Report 2025 mentioned that the employability among Indian graduates has improved and risen to<a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/employability-of-indian-graduates-increased-to-5481-in-last-decade-mandaviya-3396574#:~:text=Entertainment-,Employability%20of%20Indian%20graduates%20increased%20to%2054.81%25%20in%20last%20decade,skilled%20professionals%20across%20the%20globe.&amp;text=Union%20Minister%20for%20Youth%20Affairs%20and%20Sports%20Mansukh%20Mandaviya."> 54.81</a> percent. However, the statistics are still poor when compared to nations like Germany, USA where employment rates of graduates stand at <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/edn-20230810-1">92</a> and<a href="https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=561"> 85 percent </a>respectively.

According to the <a href="https://www.competitiveness.in/economic-survey-2024-25-highlights-skills-mismatch-over-50-graduates-40-postgraduates-underemployed/">Economic Survey 2024-25</a>, there is an alarming mismatch between the educational qualifications of India&rsquo;s workforce and their job profiles. Additionally, the survey stated that only <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/economic-survey-reveals-only-8-25-of-graduates-have-jobs-matching-their-qualifications/articleshow/117818374.cms">8.25 percent of graduates</a> were employed in the roles that align with their qualifications. The survey also mentioned that <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/over-53-graduates-in-india-employed-in-roles-below-their-educational-qualifications-economic-survey-101738477275948.html">over 53 percent of undergraduates and 36 percent of post graduates</a> were employed in jobs which were below their qualifications. This is due to the poor state of job opportunities available in the market. This in turn creates a vicious cycle of job dissatisfaction with untapped potential.&nbsp;

It is necessary to realize that the current education system has its roots in the <a href="https://www.weforum.org/stories/2020/04/our-education-system-is-losing-relevance-heres-how-to-update-it/">Industrial Revolution model </a>which specifically focused on IQ. In the modern world where new forms of technology are readily available, these forms of skills can be easily substituted by mechanisms like Artificial Intelligence. This is why India needs to focus on job readiness, but sadly only <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/degree-vs-skill-why-is-india-producing-graduates-with-low-employability-quotient/articleshow/114615522.cms">44 percent of our graduates</a> are considered to be fit for top technical positions

Government Initiatives:&nbsp;

There has been a wide range of criticisms against India&rsquo;s traditional education, which rests on rote learning practices with emphasis on theoretical, knowledge-based learning. These criticisms as inferred from the aforementioned statistics were to some extent true as well. As a result, the Ministry of Education (MoE) brought out <a href="https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/nep_achievement.pdf">the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020</a> which replaced the <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1642061">National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986</a>.&nbsp; The policy brought out significant transformations to our education policy&nbsp; adding up to the objectives of the <a href="https://skillindiamission.in/#:~:text=With%20a%20view%20to%20broadening,the%20borders%20of%20the%20country.">Skill India Mission, 2015 </a>which was an initiative to bridge the gap between employment and education. However, these reforms saw significant obstacles in implementation and the impact of these initiatives have not been substantial.&nbsp;

The&nbsp; <a href="https://www.bajajfinserv.in/insights/skill-india-scheme#:~:text=The%20'Skill%20India'%20initiative%2C,training%20in%20a%20digital%20context.">Skill India </a>Mission was introduced to mitigate the issue of lack of employable skills by providing relevant training programs. It was implemented through schemes like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) and the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDUGKY). However despite multiple iterations of the respective programmes, the<a href="https://thewire.in/labour/the-reality-of-skill-india-mission-short-courses-no-employable-skills-and-rise-in-unemploy-ment"> placement rate</a> continued to be low. There was only a rise in the number of the short skilling courses and thereby number of certificates issued, but the real time impact was minimal. This reflects that these schemes are <a href="https://www.nextias.com/blog/skill-india">failing to align with the industry requirements</a>.&nbsp;

Similarly, the <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370683834_OPPORTUNITIES_AND_CHALLENGES_NEP-2020">National Education Policy (NEP) 2020</a> was also brought in to restructure India&rsquo;s traditional education system by fostering skill-based learning, critical thinking and a multidisciplinary approach. However, this policy also has its fair share of problems. It is plagued with limited investment in education, insufficient number of skilled teachers, lack of infrastructure and quality education in rural areas. Moreover, reports indicate that a substantial number of <a href="https://litgram.in/challenges-in-nep-2020/">schools and colleges have yet to fully implement</a> the changes into their curricula which are recommended by the NEP 2020 policy. These gaps in implementation,&nbsp; combined with financial limitations and bureaucratic hurdles have slowed the policy&rsquo;s progress. As a result, there is a growing gap and disconnect which has further worsened the unemployment rates in India.&nbsp;

The Role of Technology and Entrepreneurship Skills:&nbsp;

At this stage, there are two primary solutions which can be adopted to change the current scenario. The first step involves integrating technology into the education system. The <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666920X22000236">incorporation of digital platforms and Artificial Intelligence (AI) </a>can make learning more engaging and personalized. A significant growth has been seen in India&rsquo;s EdTech sector, with projections of significant expansion. The sector&rsquo;s market was valued at <a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/assessment-india-edtech-market-assessment-153300773.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com&amp;guccounter=1&amp;guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9jaGF0Z3B0LmNvbS8&amp;guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAGRs_eYu4UA6F3nyPh1rfrWaV8HczCXZFompZReVMldyCPX1y8khI598stZMow4EC_1tG0Ul7mDy0jKPafLH4RDeXqKWX_tnMRcrjeFIKaBolxBS_Aj09GqqIjCOECRLvCXq4DW0hIKqXutxco6HDxSQcdnHWmo2C0ilCOQGEf9z">approximately $2.8 billion and is projected to reach $10.4 billion by 2025</a>, driven by factors such as internet connectivity, a large student population and a high demand for accessible education. Additionally, the sector includes over 4,450 startups and provides services to about 300 million students in schools.&nbsp;

There are several online learning platforms like <a href="https://byjus.com/">Byju&rsquo;s</a>, <a href="https://www.coursera.org/">Coursera</a> and <a href="https://www.udacity.com/?promo=savemore&amp;coupon=BOOST40&amp;utm_source=gsem_brand&amp;utm_medium=ads_r&amp;utm_campaign=22170495779_c_individuals&amp;utm_term=174772232595&amp;utm_keyword=udacity_e&amp;utm_source=gsem_brand&amp;utm_medium=ads_r&amp;utm_campaign=22170495779_c_individuals&amp;utm_term=174772232595&amp;utm_keyword=udacity_e&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gclid=CjwKCAiA5eC9BhAuEiwA3CKwQmLYSE6XncTawFqWzuu_k7Uqbbg09s8w3_5RqxnprCbM8SF8ykWGKBoC5tYQAvD_BwE">Udacity</a> that have become crucial resources for students seeking to learn industry relevant skills. Apart from that, these platforms also provide <a href="https://beardedskeptic.com/comparison/coursera-vs-udacity">a variety of courses</a> that are both affordable and accessible to students than traditional education system. By utilizing these digital platforms and online learning tools, students can develop their competencies that match with current employment market requirements, thereby improving their future job prospects.&nbsp;

The other proactive measure is creating unique pathways for economic development and job creation. In pursuance of this objective, the Indian government has launched a program called <a href="https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/ams-application/application-listing.html">Startup India</a>, providing recognition and support to <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2093125&amp;utm">more than 1,59,000 startups</a> up until January 15th, 2025. However, the student participation remains minimal due to the insufficient entrepreneurial education in schools. A research report from the<a href="https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/global-entrepreneurship-monitor-india-national-report-2020-21"> Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)</a> also reflected that only 11%&nbsp; of young Indian students select entrepreneurship as their career path which is a very small percentage compared to countries like the U.S, China and Canada. This is why it is important for us to ensure the introduction of entrepreneurship education components such as financial literacy, business management and digital technology competencies are very much needed.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Conclusion

India&rsquo;s education system structure is failing to prepare students in accordance with industry requirements, contributing to rising unemployment rates. The future of education structure needs&nbsp; to be reformed to amalgamate the evolving industry requirements. And for that , the education system must incorporate facets of creativity, logical thinking and experiential learning.&nbsp;

The Former RBI governor Dr. Raghuram G.Rajan also stresses on the importance of education in his book called <a href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2024/07/09/book-review-breaking-the-mould-reimagining-indias-economic-future-raghuram-rajan-rohit-lamba/">&ldquo;Breaking The Mould&rdquo;</a>. He mentions that &ldquo;to become successful in most economic activities today, India needs to invest heavily in enhancing the capabilities of its citizens. Focus on education and skilling will enable our citizens to do the jobs that are available, and also attract employers looking for better skilled workers.&rdquo; Therefore, if India wants to create a workforce that is not only employable but also capable of contributing to the economic growth through innovation, it should encourage reforms.

&nbsp;

The Fallacies of India’s Education System: Impact on Employment Avenues

&quot;Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime.&quot; &ndash;<a href="https://msf.org.uk/article/who-said-he-wanted-fish-anyway"> Lao Tzu</a>

When it comes to uplifting societies and improving lives, two concepts often come into play: welfare and empowerment. While both are critical, they serve quite contrasting functions. <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/understanding-welfare-and-wellbeing">Welfare</a> is about providing assistance to those in need, offering support in the form of food, healthcare, and financial aid. But while welfare addresses immediate concerns, it can also inadvertently encourage dependency over time. On the other hand, <a href="https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/about/projects/edu/education-2040/1-1-learning-compass/OECD_Learning_Compass_2030_Concept_Note_Series.pdf">empowerment</a> focuses on long-term solutions by equipping individuals with the skills and resources they need to become self-sufficient.

Welfare vs. Empowerment: The Difference Matters:

Welfare initiatives plays a vital role in helping people survive. They include providing essential services&mdash;such as food aid, medical care, and financial assistance&mdash; and ensuring that no one is denied basic necessities. However, it fails to provide a long term cure for the inherent state of poverty. Without access to education, job opportunities, or a path toward <a href="https://southernvoice.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Rethinking-Development-Effectiveness-Bhattacharya-and-Khan-2020.pdf?">self-sufficiency</a>, people would continue to remain <a href="https://southernvoice.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Rethinking-Development-Effectiveness-Bhattacharya-and-Khan-2020.pdf?">reliant</a> on welfare, even over generations.

<a href="https://unispal.un.org/pdfs/PALHUMDEVRPT.pdf?">Empowerment</a>, by contrast, is about breaking that cycle. It&rsquo;s about offering people the tools&mdash;education, training, and resources&mdash;which allow them to be independent. For example, microfinance programs can help individuals start businesses and create livelihoods for themselves. These initiatives offer a way out of poverty because they focus on skills and independence rather than just a temporary relief.

Educational Institutions: Key to Bridging the Gap:

Educational institutions are in a prime position to bridge the gap between welfare and empowerment. Through <a href="https://scoonews.com/news/role-of-education-in-empowering-women-and-promoting-gender-equality/?noamp=mobile">education</a>, we can provide both immediate relief and long-term solutions. Here&rsquo;s how:

<ul>
	<li>Skill-Based Learning: Setting People Up for Success:&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

In today&rsquo;s world, having the <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/defining-the-skills-citizens-will-need-in-the-future-world-of-work">right skills </a>can make all the difference. Education shouldn&rsquo;t just focus on academics&mdash;it should also teach <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03323315.2023.2221663">practical, job-ready skills.</a> It is necessary to draw inspiration from models like <a href="https://www.expatrio.com/about-germany/german-dual-apprenticeship-system#:~:text=Known%20as%20'dual%20studies'%20or,workplace%20and%2030%25%20at%20college.">Germany&rsquo;s dual education system</a>, where students alternate between classroom instruction and apprenticeships. This kind of hands-on experience ensures that students are ready to step into the workforce with real-world expertise. In India, initiatives like <a href="https://www.skillodisha.gov.in">&lsquo;Skilled in Odisha&rsquo;</a> are already following this model, offering specialized training that increases youth employability. It&rsquo;s the kind of program that provides practical skills which helps them in acquiring jobs and become financially independent.

<ul>
	<li>Financial Literacy: Empowering Through Knowledge:&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Another critical aspect of empowerment is <a href="https://ijassonline.in/HTMLPaper.aspx?Journal=International%20Journal%20of%20Advances%20in%20Social%20Sciences;PID=2023-11-3-1#:~:text=Financial%20Literacy%20means%20the%20capability,making%20use%20of%20financial%20services.">financial literacy</a>. Understanding how to manage money, save, invest, and plan for the future can have a huge impact on an individual&rsquo;s ability to thrive. Educational programs that teach budgeting, investing, and entrepreneurship are crucial in helping people take control of their economic futures. There are programs around the world that aim to do just this&mdash;like <a href="https://www.jaworldwide.org/">Junior Achievement,</a> which introduces students to financial literacy at an early age. In India, women&rsquo;s empowerment programs, such as <a href="https://www.odisha.gov.in">Mission Shakti</a>, are helping women start businesses and becoming self-sustaining, all thanks to the knowledge and resources they&rsquo;ve received through <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374509962_Impact_of_Microfinancing_and_Self-Help_Groups_SHGs_on_Women's_Empowerment">self-help groups and microfinance institutions.</a>

<ul>
	<li>Scholarships and Mentorship: Creating Opportunities for All:</li>
</ul>

For many people, the primary barrier to education are <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123870025000111">financial reasons</a>, which is why scholarships and mentorship programs are crucial. They provide the support necessary to help students attend school, complete their education, and pursue their dreams, regardless of their economic background. For instance, initiatives like India&rsquo;s <a href="https://annamrita.org/2023/04/27/feeding-the-future-the-importance-of-mid-day-meals-in-building-a-better-world/">Mid-Day Meal Scheme </a>have encouraged school attendance by providing students with nutrition. Similarly, the <a href="https://services.india.gov.in/service/detail/apply-for-scholarships-through-national-scholarships-portal-1">National Scholarships Portal</a> is another initiative which streamlines the process of attaining government scholarships.&nbsp; The Odisha government has also introduced the<a href="https://www.kalia.co.in"> KALIA Scholarship which allows</a> children from farming families to access higher education without the burden of tuition fees. These programs address the predicament of financial barriers, thereby giving the individuals a chance to succeed and build a better future for themselves and their communities.

<ul>
	<li><a href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/human-development-report-2014.human-development-report-2014">Civic Engagement</a>: Building a Responsible Society:</li>
</ul>

Empowerment isn&rsquo;t just about economic independence&mdash;it&rsquo;s also about being an active, engaged member of society. Education should instill a sense of civic responsibility, encouraging people to participate in their communities and work towards <a href="https://circle.tufts.edu/understanding-youth-civic-engagement/why-it-important">social change</a>. Programs that involve students in community development projects, such as those seen in Odisha&rsquo;s <a href="https://www.odisha.gov.in">Biju Yuva Vahini </a>program, set a great example. These initiatives encourage youth to take leadership roles in social and developmental activities, promoting both personal growth and societal well-being.

<ul>
	<li>Technology: Making Education Accessible to All:</li>
</ul>

<a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education">Technology</a> is a <a href="https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2023/07/Summary_v5.pdf">powerful tool </a>for making education accessible to everyone. Online platforms like<a href="https://www.khanacademy.org/about/research"> Khan Academy</a> and <a href="https://www.coursera.org">Coursera</a> offer free courses on a wide range of subjects, breaking down socio-economic barriers to learning. In fact, in India integration of technology is outlined as a subject matter of priority under the <a href="https://ciet.ncert.gov.in/activity/tlse#:~:text=The%20integration%20of%20Information%20and,flexible%2C%20and%20personalised%20learning%20experiences.">Section 23.6 of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020</a>. Initiatives like Odisha&rsquo;s <a href="https://sme.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/Mo_School.pdf">Mo School Abhiyan</a> also work to improve <a href="https://www.ndear.gov.in/images/pdf/NDEAR-Ecosystem%20Policy-Version.pdf">digital</a> infrastructure in schools, ensuring that students have the technology and resources they need to succeed in the modern world. <a href="https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/nextgenlearning.pdf">Technology</a> has the power to make education&mdash;and, by extension, empowerment&mdash;accessible to a much larger audience.

Striking a Balance: Welfare as the First Step to <a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/what-does-child-empowerment-mean-today_8f80ce38-en.html">Empowerment</a>:

Welfare and empowerment are not opposing forces; and in fact they can work hand in hand. Welfare programs are essential for providing immediate relief to those in need, but they should be seen as a stepping stone toward empowerment, not an end in themselves. The goal should be to help individuals move from dependence to self-sufficiency.&nbsp;

Singapore&rsquo;s <a href="https://www.skillsfuture.gov.sg/docs/default-source/about-skillsfuture/annual-reports/skillsfuture-singapore-annual-report-fy20.pdf">SkillsFuture </a>initiative offers <a href="https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/@ifp_skills/documents/publication/wcms_886554.pdf">lifelong learning</a> opportunities to people of all ages, allowing them to continue developing their skills throughout their careers.Odisha&rsquo;s <a href="https://www.ugierkl.ac.in/stud_news_files/wsc_1628599391.pdf">World Skill Center</a><a href="https://sdte.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-01/Activity%20Report%202020-21.pdf"> </a>follows a similar vision, creating a highly skilled workforce through advanced technical training. Telangana&rsquo;s <a href="https://task.telangana.gov.in/">TASK</a> (Telangana Academy for Skill and Knowledge) bridges academia and industry, ensuring job readiness among students. These initiatives are forging a path to ensure that citizens have the necessary tools to adapt to the changing job markets and attain economic security.&nbsp;

Conclusion: A Holistic Approach to Development:

To create a lasting, meaningful form of change, it&#39;s important to blend welfare with empowerment. Education plays a central role in this by providing the skills, knowledge, and resources individuals need to succeed. By combining short-term assistance with long-term solutions, we can help people break free from cycles of poverty and build self-sufficient, thriving communities.

In the end, it&rsquo;s about striking the right balance&mdash;using welfare as a temporary safety net while focusing on empowerment strategies that offer lasting, <a href="http://www.c3l.uni-oldenburg.de/cde/OMDE625/Sen/Sen-intro.pdf">sustainable progress</a>. However, it&rsquo;s equally important for institutions responsible for social welfare to substantiate and focus more on implementation. Much of the work is currently done on paper, with limited implementation strategies. The process needs to focus on the loopholes and must be rigorous, with greater attention to regional specifics, so that resources are utilized effectively, and solutions are tailored to local needs. It is necessary to understand that only through strong <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1464988032000051469">implementation</a>, we can ensure that our policies lead to real and positive change.

Welfare Vs. Empowerment: The Role of Education in Bridging the Gap 

Introduction:

Chile&rsquo;s Atacama Desert, recognized as one of <a href="https://travelbeyond.com/chiles-atacama-desert/" target="_blank">the driest places</a> on Earth, has recently been gaining a slightly less wondrous form of popularity. The desert which is a famous tourist destination for <a href="https://www.atacamadesertstargazing.com/#!/-stargazing-2/" target="_blank">stargazing </a>and <a href="https://www.cerealforlunch.com/blog/chile-atacama-desert" target="_blank">otherworldly landscapes</a> is known for its fragile and <a href="https://travelbeyond.com/chiles-atacama-desert/" target="_blank">unique </a>ecosystem. However, inspite of this, in the desiccated stretches of this desert is a shocking and sobering sight: <a href="https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/used-clothing?yearSelector1=2022" target="_blank">world&#39;s third largest pile of clothing dump.</a>

This rapidly growing dump, which is even <a href="https://www.space.com/mountain-discarded-clothes-chile-satellite-photo" target="_blank">visible from space</a>, serves as a reminder of the alarming effects of unchecked consumerism in the global clothing trade. The crisis in the Atacama Desert of Chile is a stark reflection of the environmental costs that accrue from fast fashion. But, we refuse to learn from it and there are similar <a href="https://www.space.com/mountain-discarded-clothes-chile-satellite-photo" target="_blank">mountains </a>cropping up in different parts of the world. Thousands of kilometers away, in India&#39;s Panipat, <a href="https://www.fairplanet.org/story/voices-from-panipat-condemn-clothes-recyclers-for-polluting-air-and-water/" target="_blank">a similar crisis is unfolding,</a> where heaps of textile waste pour in every day, fueling an informal recycling industry that is struggling to keep up.

Both of these locations reveal the dark underbelly of global textile waste, where unbridled consumption and weak environmental regulations are transforming these regions into dumping grounds. In fact, Atacama is a cautionary tale for India, and India should realize the gravitas of this problem as soon as possible.

The Atacama Desert: A Textile Graveyard:

Chile is now one of the major reception sites of the international second-hand clothing industry, notably via the port of <a href="https://orionmagazine.org/article/chile-fast-fashion-atacama-desert-alto-hospicio/" target="_blank">Iquique in Alto Hospicio</a>. The region receives <a href="https://www.weforum.org/videos/fashion-show-clothing-waste-chile/#:~:text=Chile%20imports%20around%2060%2C000%20tonnes,'desert%20dress'%20in%20English." target="_blank">60,000 tonnes</a> of leftover and unused garments annually, mostly from <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-60249712" target="_blank">the USA, Europe and Asia</a>. Out of this nearly <a href="https://www.weforum.org/videos/fashion-show-clothing-waste-chile/#:~:text=Chile%20imports%20around%2060%2C000%20tonnes,%27desert%20dress%27%20in%20English." target="_blank">39,000 tonnes of imports</a> are dumped illegally in the Atacama Desert. The synthetic fabrics of these imports are usually unable to decompose, accumulating and leading to the creation of <a href="https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2024-12/ECE_TRADE_484E.pdf" target="_blank">ever-growing landfills.</a>

This crisis is exacerbated by the environmental and health hazards posed by the discarded textiles. Most of these garments include polyester, which releases <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391022000878" target="_blank">microplastics </a>to the soil and&nbsp;water bodies. Incinerating them releases <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/fashion-disposal-environment/" target="_blank">dioxins and heavy metals</a>, contaminating the environment and resulting in respiratory diseases for the communities surrounding the region. The dire state is a result of the weak enforcement of Chilean environmental policy which has converted the Atacama Desert into a dumping ground, similar to several other textile recycling centers around the globe, such as Panipat, India.

Panipat: A Recycling Hub Struggling with Waste Overflow:

Panipat is known as the &quot;textile recycling capital of the world&rdquo; and it recycles about <a href="https://special.ndtv.com/clothes-with-a-conscience-100/news-detail/panipat-worlds-textile-recycling-hub-creates-new-clothes-from-the-old-4236124/7" target="_blank">one lakh tonnes of textile</a> waste every day. Most of these materials come from <a href="https://closedloopfashion.com/news-at-clf/panipat-a-visit-to-asias-largest-textile-recycling-hub/" target="_blank">western nations</a>. Famous for recycling old woolen clothes into <a href="https://panipat.gov.in/about-district/" target="_blank">cheap blankets</a>, the city has been pivotal in the circular economy. But this system is now being strained because of the new <a href="https://dwijproducts.com/blogs/dwijblogs/what-is-the-truth-about-recycling-in-fashion?srsltid=AfmBOoo4BAYIgE8uAJkb_E367O6_IcSh_dP_NfNyO6QC28S3gl0dkD8S" target="_blank">synthetic materials</a> and therefore recycling has become much more complicated.

The <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/waste/polyester-recycling-sector-largely-informal-home-furnishing-makers-in-panipat-delhi-found-flouting-norms-86351" target="_blank">informal nature</a> of Panipat&rsquo;s recycling industry further adds up to the problem. A lot of factories are found to be flouting regulations, thereby discharging <a href="https://www.fairplanet.org/story/voices-from-panipat-condemn-clothes-recyclers-for-polluting-air-and-water/#:~:text=With%20the%20textile%20industry%20there%2C%20dye%20and%20all%20are%20dumped%20into%20the%20water%20or%20the%20ground.%20The%20entire%20area%20is%20dirty.%20The%20water%20that%20comes%20out%20(of%20factories)%2C%20is%20all%20dirty%20and%20untreated." target="_blank">untreated </a>dyes and chemicals into local water bodies, leading to severe groundwater pollution. Even the local residents have complained of <a href="https://www.fairplanet.org/story/voices-from-panipat-condemn-clothes-recyclers-for-polluting-air-and-water/" target="_blank">increasing numbers of respiratory diseases</a> because of the harmful fumes emanating from incinerating man-made fabrics. This is quite similar to the Atacama Desert, and Panipat is suffering from the consequences of an international waste crisis that needs to be addressed.

Lessons for India: A Policy Perspective:

Chile&rsquo;s crisis presents a cautionary tale and India is at a critical juncture where proactive policies can prevent a similar fate. Moving beyond basic regulatory interventions, India needs a strategic, multi-pronged approach integrating effective trade policies, circular economy principles and social equity considerations. This can be achieved through the following methods:

1. Controlling Textile Imports under a Circular Economy Framework

India currently lacks an effective system for regulating the import of second-hand textiles. Instead of banning imports altogether&mdash;a measure that can compromise the livelihoods of recyclers&mdash;India could introduce differentiated tariffs based on material&nbsp;content. Higher tariffs for poor-quality man-made fiber products and tax credits for recyclable fiber-based natural fiber imports can encourage the market to turn sustainable. In addition, applying <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_3635" target="_blank">extended producer responsibility (EPR)</a>&nbsp;standards importers can provide assurance that foreign brands retailed in India contribute to waste collection, either through monetary donations or in-kind support for local recycling facilities.

&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Encouraging Formalization of Recycling Industry

Panipat&#39;s textile recycling economy is still predominantly informal, exposing workers to unsafe conditions and constraining the industry&#39;s technological advancement. A public-private partnership (PPP) model can promote formalization by providing monetary incentives, tax relief, and credit access to small-scale recyclers who are willing to implement cleaner technologies.

3. Strengthening Localized Waste Management Systems

India&rsquo;s domestic textile waste management remains <a href="https://reports.fashionforgood.com/report/sorting-for-circularity-india-wealth-in-waste/chapterdetail?reportid=813&amp;chapter=1" target="_blank">fragmented</a>, with limited municipal intervention in collection and segregation. Lessons from Chile highlight the dangers of leaving waste management to market forces alone. To address this, India should integrate municipal bodies into the textile recycling ecosystem by:

<ul style="list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 20px;">
	<li>Establishing textile waste collection centers in urban areas to divert clothing from creating landfills.</li>
	<li>Partnering with recycling clusters like Panipat to process locally sourced waste before resorting to imports.</li>
	<li>Implementing textile buyback programs in collaboration with brands to promote responsible disposal among consumers.</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

4. Rethinking Consumer Behavior: The Role of Policy Nudges

Consumer behavior is one of the primary causes of textile waste. While awareness drives the change, policy nudges can make the difference. A few possible interventions are:

<ul style="list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 20px;">
	<li>Higher taxes on fast fashion products: Reducing taxes on garments produced from recycled material while raising duties on virgin polyester and synthetic-laden fast&nbsp;fashion imports can guide consumer decisions. France has already passed a bill imposing penalties on fast fashion companies like <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/french-lawmakers-approve-bill-apply-penalties-fast-fashion-2024-03-14/" target="_blank">China&rsquo;s Shein</a>.</li>
	<li>Retail take-back policies: Policies obliging big retail chains to recycle used clothes when returned have the potential to eliminate waste. Few brands like H&amp;M and Levis have started such campaigns in the <a href="https://reports.fashionforgood.com/report/sorting-for-circularity-india-wealth-in-waste/chapterdetail?reportid=813&amp;chapter=1" target="_blank">UK and USA</a>.</li>
	<li>Digital labeling campaigns: <a href="https://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/sustainability-news/us-org-smart-others-demand-for-qr-codes-in-textile-labelling-289079-newsdetails.htm" target="_blank">QR codes</a> on garment labels that list environmental impact scores can increase consumers&#39; awareness of their purchases.</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Conclusion:

Whether in Chile&#39;s Atacama Desert or India&#39;s Panipat, the problem of textile waste is no longer confined to a locality&mdash;it is now a global one. But India can learn from Chile&#39;s mistakes by actively taking steps to govern textile imports, encourage responsible recycling, and reform consumer behaviour. By combining trade policy with sustainability objectives and effectively regulating the recycling industry, India can shift its textile economy from a wasteful model to a circular and sustainable one.

The decisions of today will decide if Panipat continues to be a jewel in the global recycling economy or turns into another unregulated dumping site. With smart policymaking, India can take the lead in redefining the future of sustainable fashion.

&nbsp;

The Menace of Textile Waste: Lessons for India

International trade represents a state of delicate equilibrium, where nations strive to protect their domestic industries while engaging within competitive global markets. <a href="https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2021/03/shsconf_glob20_06033.pdf">Dumping</a>&mdash;selling goods in foreign markets below domestic prices&mdash;is a strategy nations often employ to gain <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/competitive_advantage.asp">competitive advantage</a>. In this context, &#39;competitive advantage&#39; means the ability to outperform rivals in cost, quality, or innovation. While this tactic can help in securing a foothold in foreign markets, it may also lead to destabilization of <a href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm8_e.htm">local industries</a> in the importing countries.

This practice promotes instances of unfair competition, which is why nations often employ actions to counteract dumping. These actions are known as <a href="https://www.dgtr.gov.in/faq#:~:text=Anti%20dumping%20is%20a%20measure,and%20re%2Destablish%20fair%20trade.">anti-dumping</a> measures, and have become the most frequently used trade remedies globally, as recognized by the<a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/adp_e/adp_e.htm"> </a><a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/adp_e/adp_e.htm">World Trade Organization (WTO)</a>. These measures play an important role in protecting the national interests, while maintaining a balance between domestic priorities and global trade fairness. As a result, in a report by the WTO it was found that the anti-dumping measures continued to be the most frequent trade action adopted by the G-20 economies. The report mentioned that these measures comprised of <a href="https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news23_e/trdev_04jul23_wto_report_e.pdf">80.9% of all initiations and 96.6% of all terminations, </a>which raises questions about the evolving role of anti-dumping laws in international trade.

These statistics signify the importance of anti-dumping measures, and each country has its own strategy to effectively deal with such situations. There are nations like India and China who have completely distinctive approaches. While India uses anti-dumping measures to protect domestic industries like chemicals, steel, and rubber, China incorporates them into a broader geopolitical strategy to secure long-term global competitiveness and market dominance. This is why examining their distinctive strategies is necessary, and would give valuable insights into how these regulations influence global trade and align with national economic strategies.

Anti-Dumping Provisions in Practice: 

Implementation of anti-dumping measures follow a structured process under international trade rules, particularly outlined by the Article<a href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm8_e.htm"> VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT)1994, which allows nations to impose restrictions on dumping. Under this provision, countries can impose anti-dumping duties (ADDs) on imports, in cases where certain conditions are met. These conditions are mentioned under the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT, 1994 <a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/adp_e/adp_e.htm">(Anti-Dumping Agreement)</a>.

The aforementioned agreement further supplements the Article VI of GATT, and expands its implementation. The agreement establishes that in order to impose anti-dumping duties, a country must first conduct a thorough investigation to prove that <a href="https://www.usitc.gov/press_room/usad.htm?utm_source">dumping is occurring</a> and that it is causing material injury&mdash;such as significant job losses, reduced production output, or a decline in industry competitiveness&mdash;to its domestic industry. There should also be a causal link between the dumping process and the material injury, proving that the injury is a consequence of the dumping activity.

According to the WTO, anti-dumping measures are now among the most prevalent <a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/adp_e/adp_info_e.htm#:~:text=The%20%E2%80%9Csunset%E2%80%9D%20requirement%20establishes%20that,request%20of%20an%20interested%20party.&amp;text=Article%2012%20sets%20forth%20detailed,on%20fact%20and%20solid%20reasoning.">non-tariff barriers</a>. India, which initiated its first anti-dumping investigation in 1992, has filed over <a href="https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/EC201010A.pdf">300 such ca</a><a href="https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/EC201010A.pdf">ses</a>, primarily against Chinese imports. This is part of a broader trend, as countries like the USA and members of the European Union also frequently target<a href="https://kingcenter.stanford.edu/publications/working-paper/us-china-trade-relationship-explaining-us-anti-dumping-duties-china"> Chinese products</a>.

Balancing Benefits and Challenges: 

Anti-dumping laws protect domestic industries from unfair trade practices but can also disrupt global trade dynamics and provoke retaliatory actions. For instance, during the <a href="https://www.eias.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/EU-Asia-at-a-glance-EU-China-Solar-Panels-Dispute-Yu-Chen.pdf">EU-China</a> solar panel dispute, China countered by targeting European wine exports, showcasing how anti-dumping measures can escalate trade tensions.&nbsp;

In India, such laws primarily <a href="https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/impact-of-chinese-goods-on-indian-industry">target Chinese goods</a> to safeguard sectors like textiles, electronics, and pharmaceuticals. However, these measures have also <a href="https://nititantra.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/The-impact-of-Indias-anti-dumping-policies-on-trade-with-China.pdf">increased costs</a> for Indian industries reliant on imported materials, forcing businesses to diversify sourcing strategies. This dynamic highlights the complexity of using anti-dumping laws to balance domestic priorities with global trade relations.

India&rsquo;s Approach: 

In <a href="https://money.rediff.com/news/market/india-imposes-anti-dumping-duties-on-chinese-products/11917220240627">June 2024,</a> India imposed ADDs&nbsp; on several Chinese products, including items like hydraulic rock breakers. There were similar duties<a href="https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/OTgxODAwMzQ5"> imposed in 2021</a> on products like trailer axles, flat-rolled aluminium, and refrigerant components, and more. In fact, in a 2024 report by Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI), it was found that from the financial year 2019-2024, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/govt-clamps-down-on-dumping-from-china-over-1-3rd-anti-dumping-duties-levied-in-cases-with-sole-or-two-producers-since-fy22-9310194/">60 percent</a> of the anti-dumping duties were imposed on products from China. The other<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/govt-clamps-down-on-dumping-from-china-over-1-3rd-anti-dumping-duties-levied-in-cases-with-sole-or-two-producers-since-fy22-9310194/"> 26 percent </a>consisted of China along with at least one other country. The Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR), under the Department of Commerce in India, concluded that these products were being exported at prices below their normal value in Indian markets, and were therefore affecting the domestic industry.

India&#39;s anti-dumping policies <a href="https://www.icis.com/explore/resources/news/2021/08/11/10672673/india-imposes-five-year-antidumping-duties-on-pa-from-four-origins/">extend beyond China</a> to address unfair trade practices globally, involving countries like Indonesia, Korea, and the U.S.? However, India&rsquo;s ADD policies can be considered less assertive compared to China&#39;s due to their primarily reactive and protective nature. They also primarily focus on creating a competitive balance rather than actively challenging competitors at international forums.

China&rsquo;s Strategy : 

In 2024, China also imposed ADD on the import of an Indian chemical o-chloro-p-nitroaniline at the rate of <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/china-extends-anti-dumping-duties-on-indian-chemical-for-five-years/articleshow/107501153.cms?from=mdr">31.4-49.9 percent</a>. However, as mentioned earlier China&rsquo;s approach to ADDs is usually quite different from India&rsquo;s. China has generally sought to maintain its export-driven growth model and has responded to anti-dumping measures with both policy adjustments and formal disputes through the <a href="https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/archive_e/country_subj_arc_e.htm?country1=CHN&amp;subject1=DISP">WTO</a>. China has used its own anti-dumping laws selectively, generally to defend vital industries like steel and solar technology against cheaper imports from countries like <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/law-and-economics-of-contingent-protection-in-international-trade/antidumping-overview-of-the-agreement/E1100DD09ED11DF73F28AF0BC8A1F0C9">Japan and the USA</a>. By doing so, China protects its industrial base while maintaining its export competitiveness&mdash;for instance, by subsidizing key industries, investing heavily in research and development, and diversifying its export markets.

The Contradictory Priorities: 

India&#39;s anti-dumping measures targeting Chinese products, <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Sep/12/india-imposes-anti-dumping-duty-on-certain-chinese-steel-for-five-year-2614108.html">particularly steel</a>, have been part of a strategic effort to shield its growing domestic industry and manage the trade imbalance. There have been instances of ADDs on steel products from <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/anti-dumping-duty-imposed-on-welded-stainless-steel-pipes-tubes/articleshow/114990945.cms?from=mdr">Vietnam and Thailand as well</a>, to ensure that the Indian steel manufacturers gain market stability and to counter the downward pressure on prices. In fact, India is mulling over imposing additional taxes ranging from <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/india-weighs-temporary-tax-on-cheap-chinese-steel-import-minister-says/articleshow/118175846.cms?from=mdr">15%-25% on steel</a> from China, to protect the domestic industries.

However, there have been mixed results over the <a href="https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/EC201010A.pdf">effectiveness</a> of anti-dumping policies in India. In certain sectors, imports of commodities like iron, steel, chemicals, and rubber dropped by <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354113791_An_Analysis_of_Impact_of_Anti-dumping_Duties_on_India-China_Trade">54% </a>within two years following the imposition of duties, yet imports for the <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354113791_An_Analysis_of_Impact_of_Anti-dumping_Duties_on_India-China_Trade">46%</a> of other commodities remained the same. This indicates that while ADDs work well in specific industries, their influences can be limited depending on the market dynamics.

China&rsquo;s approach to anti-dumping policies is closely tied to its<a href="https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/chinas-export-reliant-growth-model-threatens-its-trade-relations/"> </a><a href="https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/chinas-export-reliant-growth-model-threatens-its-trade-relations/">long-term economic ambitions</a><a href="https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/chinas-export-reliant-growth-model-threatens-its-trade-relations/"> </a>such as maintaining its dominant role in global manufacturing and expanding its geopolitical influence. Rather than using these duties as a defensive mechanism, China integrates them into a larger grand strategy aimed at sustaining political influence and securing market share in strategic sectors. This strategy goes beyond merely defending against trade imbalances; it involves selectively using trade policies, including anti-dumping measures, to maintain and expand market share in critical industries&mdash;all while avoiding actions that could trigger major trade disputes or escalate geopolitical tensions. This selective application of anti-dumping measures allows China to<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/law-and-economics-of-contingent-protection-in-international-trade/antidumping-overview-of-the-agreement/E1100DD09ED11DF73F28AF0BC8A1F0C9"> strengthen its industrial base</a> without triggering extensive trade conflicts that could compromise its export-driven economic model.?

Balancing National Protection with Global Trade Fairness: 

In conclusion, anti-dumping measures are essential tools for India and China to protect their domestic industries from unfair trade practices. India&rsquo;s approach centres on safeguarding local industries like steel and chemicals against low-cost Chinese imports, with mixed effectiveness across sectors. Conversely, China uses anti-dumping duties selectively, aligning them with its broader economic and geopolitical strategy. Both countries illustrate the complex balance between protecting national interests and engaging in global trade practices that adhere to internationally recognized standards, such as those set by the WTO. As trade dynamics evolve, it would be interesting to look at how India and China refine their strategies to sustain economic growth while ensuring international competitiveness and compliance with global trade norms.

Anti-Dumping Duties: A Comparative Study of India and China 

India boasts of being the largest engineering education system with about <a href="https://www.bwpeople.in/article/only-10-of-india%E2%80%99s-15-million-engineering-graduates-to-secure-jobs-this-year-532939#:~:text=As%20we%20celebrate%20National%20Engineering,1.5%20million%20engineers%20graduating%20annually.">1.5 million engineers</a> graduating each year. These statistics are further followed by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/yogeshbhatedutech_facts-every-year-india-graduates-15-million-activity-7065875633498689536-jEuI">8.5 million graduates</a> in other fields such as BA, BCom, BSC, and BBA degrees. However, in a report by the <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/in-india-being-educated-might-increase-your-chances-of-unemployment-ilo-report/articleshow/108893300.cms?from=mdr">International Labour Organization</a>, it was found that nearly 29.1% of young university graduates in India were unemployed in 2022. This implies that inspite of the rising numbers of graduates, the state of unemployment in the nation is still a cause of major concern. As a result, it is&nbsp; necessary to understand as to why the situation has deteriorated to this extent.

The Paradox of Vacancies:

The opposite state of this multidimensional issue is that inspite of so many unemployed graduates,&nbsp; there are a range of companies which are not able to fill their vacancies. According to the <a href="https://thewire.in/labour/the-reality-of-skill-india-mission-short-courses-no-employable-skills-and-rise-in-unemploy-ment">Skill India Report 2021</a>, nearly half of India&rsquo;s graduates are not even employable, which is the main reason for these vacancies. In fact, when a company hires a fresh graduate, the first few months are spent on training them in skills that they should have acquired during their qualification.

This leads us to the centre of this issue. The skills of our graduates often fail to meet the industry&rsquo;s requirements. There are companies like <a href="https://unstop.com/blog/it-companies-in-india-to-step-on-the-accelerator-for-lateral-hiring">Infosys and TCS,</a> who have stepped up to train their hires and make them fit for the jobs. However, it cannot be denied that this is a huge investment for these companies and small to medium companies can obviously not afford them. Also there are chances that after their training, these trainees may even seek alternate employment opportunities, which leaves the companies with zero returns.

Benefits of Academia-Industry Collaborations: 

Academia-industry tie-ups not only provide students with hands-on practical experience but also help equip them with skills that the industry requires to <a href="https://idronline.org/article/education/can-india-tackle-its-employment-gap-before-its-too-late/">bridge the employment gap</a>. They bring in more research and innovation and provide students with access to advanced technology and infrastructure. This state has been affirmed by research scholars as well. In a conversation with Mr. <a href="https://www.lrcs.u-picardie.fr/en/team/students-and-postdocs/detail/sourab-barath-vijararaghavan/">Sourab Barath Vijayaraghavan</a>, who is an Indian PhD scholar in France under the Marie Curie Fellowship, and has completed his M.Tech from NIT Rourkela testifies to this reality. He has also worked as a research assistant in IISC Bangalore and mentions that &ldquo;I left India because research is repetitive and there are a lot of people competing for few resources. I had to wait for days to use the lab equipment necessary for my research at IISC. Despite India&rsquo;s large population, our access to the talent pool is so small that it reduces our networking opportunities. It is a systemic issue and not an intellect issue&rdquo;

It is quite common for companies in developed economies like the USA to fund research proposals, enable technology transfers and in certain cases co-authoring papers with researchers or institutions. They may also lead to patents, which can lead to direct monetary profits along with autonomy in the market.

These collaborations promote inter-organizational learning by sharing resources effectively. However, this concept is new and rather rare in India. Most of our research grants come from the government, which can be a burden on our existing <a href="https://chemindigest.com/funding-for-research-and-development-faces-challenges-in-india/">financial capacities.</a> This can also lead to a range of administrative issues along with instances of potential political biases .

There have been certain developments on this issue. Nirmala Sitharaman, Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs,<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKO8tk3_itQ&amp;t=2262s"> also emphasized on their importance and mentioned that</a> the government is trying to work with industry groups and is seeking their feedback on the required changes in the curriculum.&nbsp; Some start-ups, leveraging their networks and resources, have begun investing in Research and Development in India. <a href="https://respark.iitm.ac.in/chennai-start-up-ather-tools-up-premium-e-bike/">Ather Energy</a>, an electric two-wheeler start-up started its journey at IIT Madras Research Park, an incubation centre for IITM students and alumni. The research park houses similar other forms of start-ups, giving them access to the required infrastructure and a huge talent pool made of students of the premier institute.

Exploring the obligations of state: 

In the past few months, the Government of India has launched several schemes to incentivise employers to create new avenues for employment along with social security benefits. Schemes like the <a href="https://pminternship.mca.gov.in/login/">PM Internship scheme</a> have established provisions for skill development for the youth through internship programs and training. Other schemes like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) and National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) also follow a similar pattern. These schemes are remedial in nature, attempting to patch up an already struggling job market. However, as reflected earlier, the impact continues to be very minimal.

In an interview with <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQMG4fJZiAk">Think School</a>, Shashi Tharoor, Member of Lok Sabha, mentioned that, &ldquo;Government&rsquo;s job is to create an enabling environment&rdquo;. He further pressed on the obligation of the government to ensure that the youth is skilled to qualify for the jobs present in the market. In this context he highlighted the importance of universities having tie-ups with industries.

These tie ups often pave the way for significant benefits like innovation and increase in revenues. These interactions also enable universities to integrate industry experience into their curriculum, which is why educational institutions are often expected to forge closer relationships with industries. In fact, these collaborations are found to be <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023082257#:~:text=The%20benefits%20of%20the%20collaboration,%2C%20framework%2C%20and%20relationship%20factors.">beneficial for both the parties</a>,. They are the <a href="https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/orsc.2018.1235">&ldquo;hallmark of the education economy&rdquo;</a>, which is why these initiatives should be actively promoted.

Conclusion: 

The government should provide incentives like tax breaks, grants and subsidies to make it attractive for businesses to invest in educational institutes. We have been harping on the root causes of India&rsquo;s unemployment and unemployability crisis for quite some time. But its time to now take the next step by taking initiatives to solve it.

There is a dire need for India to change its education policy, which is plagued by <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/how-excessive-regulation-is-holding-back-india-s-higher-education-3315632#:~:text=The%20National%20Knowledge%20Commission%20(NKC,regulatory%20framework%20stifling%20quality%20and">excessive regulations.</a> It needs to be deregulated with the existing framework to be more accommodative of&nbsp; such innovative forms of education. It is necessary to understand the fact that regulations make it difficult for businesses to invest in upcoming trends in the market and the world by integrating them with education. Academia-industry tie-ups are one of the ways to cure India&rsquo;s unemployment and unemployability crisis. With fewer obstacles, implementation should be smoother, but these initiatives will only be effective with a long-term vision.

Academia-Industry tie-up: Curing India’s Unemployment Crisis

Kota, a beautiful city on the banks of River Chambal is synonymous to its coaching centres. The industry which is responsible for the<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/how-the-kota-coaching-factory-works/articleshow/103101426.cms"> high revenues</a> accrued by the small city every year, prepares lakhs of students for coveted positions in India&rsquo;s top medical and engineering institutions. With an annual revenue of <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/kotas-coaching-hub-faces-40-drop-in-students-economy-takes-a-hit-2646940-2024-12-09">Rs.3,500 crores</a>, the industry is the backbone of the city&rsquo;s economy. In fact even our Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi went on to declare the city as the<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/kota-is-the-new-kashi-of-education-pm-modi/articleshow/69866139.cms"> &ldquo; New Kashi of Education&rdquo;. </a>

However, recently the industry has observed a drastic fall in the student population. The city has observed a <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/kotas-coaching-hub-faces-40-drop-in-students-economy-takes-a-hit-2646940-2024-12-09">30-40 percent</a> drop in the number of students, which is quite significant as the students basically run the economy of the city. This has raised a sense of serious concern among the different stakeholders with different reasons being put forth. Reasons like high number of suicides with stricter regulations for <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/education/news/drop-in-number-of-students-impact-kota-s-coaching-hostel-industry-124120800388_1.html">admitting students</a> under the newly introduced Guidelines for registration and regulation of coaching Centres, 2024 are cited for these statistics.

These centres have been proliferating at the expense of the expectations and desires of students for quite some time. The drive for success among students is quite evident, which can be observed from every nook and cranny, as there are some students who are <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67167036">as young as 13</a> pushed into the web of tedious curriculum and extensive pressure. These centres and their respective entrance examinations are often seen as a <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/data/the-stressful-lives-of-students-in-kota-data/article67513277.ece">means to better life,</a> which is why they tend to push themselves in ways that are too overwhelming.&nbsp; Quite naturally, the city is also known as the most <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/09/dark-side-of-india-exam-coaching-capital-kota-suicides-students">stressed city</a> in India, as the city is plagued with high statistics of <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67167036">student suicides. </a>

The rise of new coaching hubs: 

Inspite of these incidents, the coaching institutes are mushrooming all around the nation. The culture of coaching centres has also started <a href="https://www.nagrika.org/nagrikaspeaks/coaching-centres">expanding to other cities</a>, with even rural cities witnessing a significant rise in their numbers. These institutes are mostly linked with schools and junior colleges and concentrate on fields like IIT JEE,&nbsp; NEET and UPSC entrance examinations. Cities like<a href="https://theprint.in/india/education/in-patna-coaching-hub-lakhs-of-youth-live-in-tiny-rooms-dream-of-govt-job-theyre-losing-hope/817558/"> </a><a href="https://theprint.in/india/education/in-patna-coaching-hub-lakhs-of-youth-live-in-tiny-rooms-dream-of-govt-job-theyre-losing-hope/817558/">Patna&rsquo;s Musallahpur </a>Haat and <a href="https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/guwahati/2023/08/06/is-guwahati-emerging-as-a-prominent-coaching-hub/">Guwahati </a>are some of the new additions to this list.

As a result, Hyderabad has also become an entrant&nbsp; in the flourishing market and is turning out to be a hub of coaching institutions. Till the 2000&rsquo;s the city was the centre of UPSC coaching for the entire <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hyderabad-a-hub-of-civil-service-coaching-centres/article65635830.ece">Southern belt</a> and continues to flourish even today. In 2017 Hyderabad surpassed Kota in the<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hyderabad-beats-kota-in-iit-coaching/articleshow/57853747.cms"> IIT JEE entrance examinations</a>. In fact, Hyderabad based JEE coaching centres with centres in other states, claim that they are responsible for contributing nearly <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/intense-jee-coaching-a-trigger-for-burnout-among-iitians/articleshow/95132059.cms">25,000 students</a> in the IIT pool every year.

Certain regions like Ameerpet are also witnessing a rampant rise in coaching centres. These centres in Ameerpet specifically focus on <a href="https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/ameerpet-hyderabads-upskilling-and-reskilling-hub-and-road-to-bright-future/#:~:text=Ameerpet%3A%20Hyderabad's%20upskilling%20and%20reskilling%20hub%20%E2%80%94%20and%20road%20to%20bright,of%20becoming%20a%20skill%20capital.&amp;text=%E2%80%9CCollege%20to%20Corporate%E2%80%9D%2C%20a%20signboard%20promised.">&ldquo;upskilling and reskilling&rdquo;</a>, which prioritize the industry requirements. Their primary focus is on securing jobs in corporates which is why they are also known as <a href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/kota-for-professionals-ameerpet-viral-video-shows-hyderabads-coaching-centre-craze-12144901.html">&ldquo;Kota for professionals</a>&rdquo;

&nbsp;The Dark side of the coaching culture: 

These coaching centres are a mandate for anyone who wants to crack such entrance examinations. Pushing for the age-old methods of rote learning and deteriorating the state of India&rsquo;s education system,&nbsp; these centres are a hotspot for revenue. They are leading the creation of <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/businesses-boom-where-coaching-centres-are/articleshow/667042.cms">mini education capitals</a> in different parts of the city, while their commercialized nature continues to affect students.

These coaching institutes are built on the foundation of monetizing the aspirations of their students. They commercialize education and further maximize their advantage by pushing students to focus primarily on academics. This is often done at the expense of the holistic development of the students neglecting the chances of deeper learning. In fact, research records in 2022 reflected that in 8 years spanning from 2014 to 2022, <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/in-8-years-15-indian-institutes-of-technology-students-from-telangana-andhra-pradesh-died-by-suicide/articleshow/95108546.cms">15 students</a> from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh committed suicides across all the IIT campuses.

The rote learning strategy is known for pushing students into a slump which is extremely difficult to recover from. The industry needs to understand that they deal with live human beings and not just commodities which are being prepared for the market. However the coaching industry continues to grow on the basis of these profits, leading to an unhealthy race to the top. This added up with the poor regulations on these industries are further exacerbating the situation.

The Ministry of Education has recently introduced the Guidelines for registration and regulation of coaching Centres, 2024 which established that students are allowed admissions in receive coaching only if they are <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/education/ministry-of-education-issues-guidelines-for-coaching-centres-prohibits-intake-of-students-below-16-years/article67751924.ece">16 years or above</a>.&nbsp; They also mention that student enrollments should be allowed only after the child has finished their secondary school examinations. An additional cap of 5 hours of classes is also prescribed to ensure the mental well-being of the students.&nbsp; The <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/t-to-follow-centres-guidelines-to-regulate-coaching-institutes/articleshow/113272182.cms">Telangana government </a>has also committed to implementing these provisions in the state, which might bring some respite to the students. However, it all boils down to the actual implementation of the policy which may differ on a case to case basis, which needs to be assessed on a regular basis.

Conclusion: 

Because of the state of constant pressure, most children are unable to enjoy their early childhood and are slowly <a href="https://www.emc.school/bulletin-board/stress-in-children-how-pressure-affects-kids">losing their ability to think</a>. This is further combined with redundant practices like rote learning, which are the basic mode of learning used by most of the coaching centres. They naturally affect the creativity of the students, pushing them to fit into the prescribed standards. This needs to be reformed and other extracurricular activities should also be actively promoted. The government should make it compulsory to have basic sports infrastructure and every educational institution should dedicate a particular day in a week as a &lsquo;sports day&rsquo;.&nbsp; This would serve as a refreshment for the kids from the academics, while giving them opportunities to explore alternate avenues to academics.

Coaching Factories: Is Hyderabad going the “KOTA” way ?

Introduction: 

Water scarcity has consistently emerged as a threatening issue for the residents of the Vidarbha region in Maharashtra. Fuelled by the composition of insufficient rainfall and rapidly depleting water resources, the situation continues to get worse over the years. This is obviously affecting the lives of the residents, especially for <a href="https://ijiet.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/1.pdf">farmers</a> who depend on water for irrigation purposes. The Vidarbha region comprises of eleven districts out of which nearly <a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/india/vidarbha-weeping">93 percent of the agricultural land </a>depend on rain water for cultivation. This establishes that <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40808-020-00928-1">65 percent of the region&rsquo;s population </a>is dependent on agricultural activities, and is therefore also dependent on rain. As a result, the impact of water scarcity can be traced to instances <a href="https://www.outlookbusiness.com/opinions/it-takes-a-village-how-two-states-dealt-with-a-severe-water-crisis-news-413838">of ravaged farms, income loss and poor standard of life </a>for many.

Vidarbha is quite popular for its sweet-sour flavoured <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/agriculture/dte-ground-report-human-induced-climate-change-threatens-nagpur-oranges-can-this-heritage-be-saved#:~:text=Nagpur%2C%20the%20main%20city%20of,export%20commodity%20for%20the%20region.">Nagpur oranges</a>, which even has a <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/gi-tag-for-nagpur-orange-to-benefit-both-farmers-and-consumers-46104">Geographical Indication (GI) tag.</a> However in a similar fashion, even the orange farmers have also been witnessing significant losses owing to the drastic fall in water resources.&nbsp; Instances of crop failures due to droughts every alternate year, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420924001547#:~:text=The%20Vidarbha%20region%20has%20predominantly,yields%2C%20resulting%20in%20distressed%20situations.">have turned out to be common,</a> affecting income and productivity. This is naturally causing food security concerns, making the region the <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-022-09623-0">&ldquo;worst place in the nation to be a farmer&rdquo;. </a>

&nbsp;Impact on Daily Life:

Food, clothing and water are some of the basic necessities in life and unfortunately, Vidarbha has been characterized by regular instances of droughts. In 2021, Vidarbha observed <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/farmers-in-maharashtras-rain-deficit-vidarbha-region-worry-over-kharif-crops-7465763/">631 mm of rainfall</a>, which was 11 percent lower than the normal standard of 705.1 mm. The situation was worse in regions like <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/farmers-in-maharashtras-rain-deficit-vidarbha-region-worry-over-kharif-crops-7465763/">Amravati and Gadchiroli,</a> where the deficit was upto 25 percent and 22 percent respectively. As a result, access to clean water is restricted to the privileged population and whereas the <a href="https://www.aarf.asia/current/2020/Nov/AFYI1qjLuQvHtNY.pdf">general population is deprived of it. </a>In fact, there is a significant variation in the quality of water which is directly proportional to the financial capacity.

In certain areas, families are forced to walk for miles for just one bucket of water. In areas like Khadimal village, which is often plagued by a combination of heatwaves and droughts, this situation is quite common. Their plight was even reflected in a <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-61755730">BBC documentary in 2021,</a> wherein it depicted the reality of water scarcity. As observed in the documentary, the situation gets worse during summer when water sources are scant and people have to rely on water tankers provided by the government. There have been similar situations in <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/locals-in-village-of-maharashtras-amravati-district-forced-to-drink-dirty-water/articleshow/110583246.cms">other villages as well.</a>

Lack of water pervades almost all the social facets that define human existence in Vidarbha and compromises the development of a progressive society. Water scarcity is a significant issue which needs to be addressed by the concerned authorities as soon as possible.

Impact of water scarcity on agriculture

As mentioned earlier, Vidarbha is a region primarily dependent on agriculture, where most farmers depend solely on the monsoon for their water needs. They also cultivate crops that need a lot of water like cotton. Even the famous Nagpur oranges have a long plantation life, which implies their requirement of<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/with-water-crisis-brewing-nagpur-orange-production-to-nose-dive-by-nearly-50/articleshow/64007148.cms"> regular supply of water</a>. As a result, these crops cannot be dependent on merely one cycle of good rainfall. They need consistent supply, which is often not available.

In many cases, it becomes hard for farmers to fulfil the basic requirements for agriculture practices. Also the farmer incur a lot of costs in procuring necessities like seeds, fertilizers, and equipments. Most of these expenses are attained from borrowing capital from money lenders, and banks at very high interest in the hope of cultivating better crop yield. Naturally, when these crops fail, farmers are pushed into a vicious cycle of loans, eventually leading them to commit <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/1-in-3-farmer-suicides-in-vidarbha-over-rs-10-000-debt-study/story-6g5e4B92yLTrAPohoWlmNK.html">suicides</a>.

Maharashtra recorded 2,489 farmer suicides from 1 January to 30 November 2021 and 2,547 farmer suicides in 2020, with more than <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/vidarbha-continues-to-record-higher-farmer-suicides/article38310096.ece#:~:text=Maharashtra%20recorded%202%2C489%20farmer%20suicides,Vidarbha%20region%20during%20both%20years.">50% of the deaths occurring in the state from Vidarbha in both years.</a> Amravati region which comprises of <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/maharashtra-sees-1267-farmer-suicides-since-jan-this-year-amravati-division-worst-hit/articleshow/111909267.cms?from=mdr">West Vidarbha,</a> recorded the highest number of suicides in both the years. Other regions like &nbsp;Nagpur division, which includes East Vidarbha, also saw a rise in suicides from <a href="https://ksgindia.in/newspaper-crux/Archive%202022%20and%20Earlier/2022/January/KSGNewspaper%20crux-%2023rd%20January%202022.pdf">269 in 2020 to 309 in 2021</a>. In fact, owing to these statistics, the region is known as the <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/after-35-years-of-first-farmer-suicide-vidarbha-remains-a-graveyard-of-farmers-963744.html">&ldquo;graveyard of farmers&rdquo;.</a>&nbsp;

Social and Economic Consequences 

It is quite obvious that the agricultural sector in the region has turned out to incur heavy losses for its inhabitants, which is pushing them to look for other sources of income. The mental effects of water scarcity and the inability to make sound financial decisions are significant. This is leading to high rates of climate induced migration and the citizens are now shifting to urban areas like <a href="https://www.cdpp.co.in/articles/navigating-the-nexus-of-migration-and-development-addressing-climate-induced-migration-in-maharashtra">Mumbai, Pune and Nagpur.</a> These spate of events are also leading to another range of socio-economic consequences, which are often neglected.

These migrants are often forced to live in informal settlements also known as slums. These areas are usually overcrowded and lack <a href="http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rural_migrants/abstracts/manish.pdf">basic resources</a> like sanitation, healthcare and education facilities. These migrants also fail to secure access to government schemes, which exacerbates their poor quality of life. As a result they face significant challenges with <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/to-be-or-not-to-be/challenges-of-migrants-in-the-cities-884/">social integration</a> and instances of discrimination are quite common.

Conclusion

The poor implementation of schemes in the region is a significant issue which is further exacerbating this problem. In fact, only <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/who-betrayed-vidarbha-cause-poll-blow-for-bjp-will-revive-statehood-movement/articleshow/113558563.cms">25 percent</a> of the region&rsquo;s irrigation projects have managed to be completed in the past 28 years. This implies that there is a dire necessity to at first ensure that the irrigation projects are completed in accordance with their designated schedule.

Also, the obligation of resolving the issue of water scarcity should not be passed on to just the government. Other stakeholders like the citizens, local institutions, communities and organizations in the local areas should also shoulder the responsibility. There is obviously a need to shift the emphasis towards better water allocation and addressing the needs of substantive social categories, such as farmers. But it is also high time for people to understand the importance of efficient usage of water resources.

Small measures like mending pipes, replanting trees and not wasting water also go a long way. Farmers can also shift to crops like millets and pulses which have lesser water requirement as compared to crops like cotton. Therefore, subsidizing these crops and providing farmers with easy access to markets will encourage them to adopt good farming practices. People in local areas can establish associations that come up with localized approaches like the construction of water harvesting facilities and deployment of green agriculture strategies. By implementing measures like<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pradeep-Naik-3/publication/289250233_Water_Management_Rainwater_Harvesting_A_Training_Manual/links/568abab308ae1975839da31d/Water-Management-Rainwater-Harvesting-A-Training-Manual.pdf"> rainwater harvesting, sustainable agriculture, and support for mental health, </a>we can create a better future for the people of Vidarbha.

&nbsp;

Access to Water: Vidarbha’s Crisis

Introduction: 
One of the varied attributes of caste discrimination in India include the practice of residential segregation. When the term Scheduled castes was used for the first time in relation to the Government of India Act of 1935, they were defined as people living in <a href="https://ras.org.in/index.php?Article=residential_segregation_and_access_to_basic_amenities#bib29" target="_blank">&ldquo;social and physical isolation from the rest of the community&rdquo;</a>. This turned out to be one of their defining characteristics and they gained the nomenclature of <a href="https://documents.aaplimahiti.com/product/dalit-vasti-prastav/" target="_blank">Dalit Bastis</a>. These bastis are usually located within the village perimeter, but at a significant distance from the main village. As a result these bastis lack access to <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/uttar-pradesh/lok-sabha-polls-dalit-bastis-of-western-up-want-basic-necessities-dignity/articleshow/109803328.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">basic facilities</a> like water supply, electricity supply, sanitation etc. In fact, these instances of caste based residential segregation have managed to gain prominence in urban settlements as well. As a result, there is a considerable rise in demand for caste <a href="https://brahminparishad.telangana.gov.in/" target="_blank">based residential societies</a>.

These state of affairs reflect the actual state of development and progress made by the nation as it celebrates its <a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/republic-day-parade-2025-live-updates-pm-modi-flag-hoisting-kartavya-path-air-show-chief-guest-prabowo-subianto-26-jan-11737825438359.html#:~:text=Republic%20Day%202025%20LIVE%3A%20President%20Droupadi%20Murmu%20and%20her%20Indonesian,%27buggy%27%20on%20January%2026." target="_blank">76th Republic Day</a>. India also recently celebrated its <a href="https://presidentofindia.nic.in/press_releases/president-india-graces-commemoration-75-years-adoption-constitution" target="_blank">75th anniversary of the Indian Constitution&#39;s adoption</a>, which serves as a reminder of India&#39;s unwavering commitment to democratic principles of justice and equality. However, these persistent forms of discrimination, wherein basic rights like access to clean water continue to be a dream of a considerable size of population, portray the reality of their implementation.

Access to Basic Amenities: 
As mentioned earlier, Dalit bastis are generally found on the outskirts of the village, imbued with poverty and sometimes with no access to basic amenities like electricity or drainage facilities. In a report by the National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=D&amp;q=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Water/ContributionsStigma/CSociety/Stigmatizationofdalitsinaccesstowatersanitation.docx&amp;ust=1738407780000000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0b7VSabaifAjtoIFksi50O&amp;hl=en&amp;source=gmail" target="_blank">(NCDHR)</a> it was found that only 10% of Dalit households have access to sanitation facilities compared to 27% access for non-dalit households. Lack of sanitation facilities are bound to affect the health of those involved, thereby increasing the possibility of getting diseases due to <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sanitation" target="_blank">open defecations</a>. As a result, it has been found that on average the life span of Dalit women is <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sanitation" target="_blank">fifteen years less</a> than the upper caste Hindu women. Even though this shorter life span cannot be directly attributed to sanitation facilities, they definitely serve as a reminder of the reality persisting in the nation. This is a direct impact of the explicit discrimination faced by them<a href="https://ijme.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Brief-on-private-health-sector-in-India-from-the-lens-of-Dalits-and-Adivasis.pdf?utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_source=sendpress&amp;amp;utm_campaign" target="_blank"> in accessing healthcare facilities.</a>

These instances are a resultant effect of the structural discrimination that the Dalit population has been facing throughout their lives. They are a reflection of the deeply embedded social and economic injustice, thus vitiating the constitutional principles of equality, liberty, and justice. They serve as a reminder of how we assess the concept of development as the nation is clearly failing in implementing its &ldquo;developmental projects&rdquo; in the context of this specific population. 
&nbsp;

Water Rights: A Persistent Struggle: 
The historical struggle of Dalits to access water gained its momentum from the Dr. B. R. Ambedkar&rsquo;s Mahad Satyagraha. On March 20 th , 1927, Dr. Ambedkar started the <a href="https://thewire.in/politics/the-mahad-satyagraha-and-the-question-of-untouchability" target="_blank">&ldquo;Mahad Satyagraha&rdquo;</a> in the Raigad district of Maharashtra to allow Dalits to use water from a public tank (Chavdar Tale). However, even after 90 years of Mahad Satyagraha, <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dalits-still-face-discrimination-in-village-where-ambedkar-started-satyagraha-1502469-2019-04-15" target="_blank">Dalits in Mahad taluka continue to face the same issue</a> just because of their caste, which reflects the continuation of discriminatory practices against Dalits.

As per a United Nations report, more than 20% of Dalits in India do not have access to safe drinking water and 48.4% of Dalit villages have been <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=D&amp;q=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Water/ContributionsStigma/CSociety/Stigmatizationofdalitsinaccesstowatersanitation.docx&amp;ust=1738407780000000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0b7VSabaifAjtoIFksi50O&amp;hl=en&amp;source=gmail" target="_blank">deprived </a>of public water facilities. In cases where they are allowed to draw water from the public wells, they are often forced to wait for the goodwill of upper castes so that they can <a href="http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue34/sridhar_uma.htm" target="_blank">draw water</a>. This is also accompanied by separate lines and hours for Dalit women to draw water. This depicts the continued prevalence of the caste system in India and how it manages to prevent certain communities from accessing the basic resources needed to survive a dignified life. This is inspite of the fact that the Indian Constitution has established the right to access clean drinking water as a <a href="https://nhrc.nic.in/sites/default/files/Right%20to%20water.pdf" target="_blank">fundamental right under Article 21</a>.

These practices are further enforced by use of coercion strategies which include verbal and <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-dalit-boy-beaten-up-9243861/" target="_blank">physical attacks</a>. In fact physical assaults in such cases are quite common and a <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/19/dalit-man-assaulted-for-drinking-water-from-handpump-near-temple-in-up-7-booked-2" target="_blank">simple google search</a> will reflect the reality of the situation. However, in such cases conviction rates continue to remain low at the rate of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18301943?via%3Dihub#b0200" target="_blank">28 percent</a> as there is significant caste prejudice in the judicial system as well.

Path Forward: Towards Inclusive Development: 
There have been considerable efforts by different government agencies. The &#39;Dalit Vasti Sudhar Yojana&#39; (Dalit Slum Improvement Scheme) is one such initiative by the Government of&nbsp;Maharashtra. In 2013, the scheme was rechristened to<a href="https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/report/Dalit_vasti_final_120721.pdf" target="_blank"> &ldquo;Developing a Slum of Scheduled Castes and Neo-Buddhist Elements&rdquo;</a>. However, even after 50 years the scheme is yet to attain its objectives. Even the Union government identified <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/central-government-schemes-to-get-a-push-in-nearly-27k-dalit-villages-5957325/" target="_blank">26,968 Dalit majority villages</a> in 2019 which would be focused in terms of implementation of government based schemes for the next five years. But the Dalit slums continue to be plagued with issues like access to <a href="https://ras.org.in/index.php?Article=residential_segregation_and_access_to_basic_amenities" target="_blank">clean drinking water</a>, water scarcity, electricity supply and open defecation.

It is essential for the government agencies to adopt significant changes and the rights of the Dalit communities should be prioritized. The first step towards this path is to shift from passing a horde of legislations to actually enacting them. Dedicated budget allocations for specific developmental projects focusing on Dalit majority villages with effective utilization should be focused on. This would ensure their basic and substantive welfare.

The existent schemes often fail to focus on the vulnerable population, which leads to their exclusion from availing their benefits. For e.g., A lot of children from the Scheduled Caste are unable to access education since the schools are in <a href="http://The existent schemes often fail to focus on the vulnerable population, which leads to their exclusion from availing their benefits. For e.g., A lot of children from the Scheduled Caste are unable to access education since the schools are in locations dominated by the upper caste inhabitants. This means that they are often excluded from availing the benefits of education schemes along with the Mid day meal programme owing to the inherent prejudices. This can be addressed only through dedicated legislation focusing on these aspects." target="_blank">locations dominated by the upper caste</a> inhabitants. This means that they are often excluded from availing the benefits of educationschemes along with the Mid day meal programme owing to the inherent prejudices. This can be addressed only through dedicated legislation focusing on these aspects.

There is a need to shift focus from secondary sectors such as roads and prioritize developmental projects of importance such as water supply and sanitation for all. Additionally, the development of policies in the form of training and capacity-building programs fit for local government bodies and prominent figures in the community is also necessary. This in turn would further help in ensuring competent control over project enforcement and supervision.

Conclusion: 
While India is celebrating the Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav, it is imperative to face the bitter truth that caste discrimination continues to be a significant issue in rural areas. In a 2011-2012 nationally representative survey it was found that nearly <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18301943?via%3Dihub#b0890" target="_blank">27 percent of the 42,000 households</a> continued to practice untouchability in practice space. This was inpite of the fact that the practice of untouchability was explicitly abolished by the Constitution of India in 1950. This proves that mere declaration of a constitutional right will not bring in the desired changes.

Understanding the new policies of the government and encouraging the participation of the true stakeholders through programs like &lsquo;Dalit Vasti Sudhar Yojana&rsquo; have the potential to bring a positive change in the life of the Dalit people of India. But they need to be followed by effective implementation strategies as well, which can only be achieved once the government in itself addresses the inherent biases persistent in its own structure.

Neglected Corners: Dalit Bastis and the Fight for Basic Human Rights

The subject matter of urban development has turned out to be a matter of <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/theintersection/the-unplanned-growth-of-indian-cities-unveiling-the-urban-mess-54905/">concern</a> in India for the last few decades. As per the 2011 census conducted by the Ministry of Home Affairs, about <a href="https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/new_AR-2017-18%20(Eng)-Website.pdf">31.2%</a> of the total Indian population lives in urban areas, which has naturally witnessed a rapid growth in recent years. Today, India ranks number one in the world in<a href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/"> terms of total population</a> and the recent projections by World Bank Group suggest that nearly 40 percent of this population will shift to<a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2024/01/30/gearing-up-for-india-s-rapid-urban-transformation#:~:text=India%20is%20urbanizing%20rapidly.,almost%2070%20percent%20to%20GDP."> urban cities by 2036</a>. There has been a massive urban-rural transition in process, changing the living standards for those involved. This leads us to the obvious question of accommodation and whether our cities are equipped with the necessary infrastructure and resources to facilitate the influx of such a large population.

Background:

In the recent decades metropolitan cities, namely Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Chennai and Pune have established themselves as the hub of development projects. This has also led to a lot of rural population shifting to these cities in search of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X21002321">employment opportunities</a>. Naturally, these cities which were not designed to accommodate such a large population have started feeling the brunt of this rapid transition.

The cities are overburdened with limited resources. This has led to a constant state of heterogeneity in terms of <a href="https://iipsindia.ac.in/sites/default/files/Mohanty_et_al-2021-SN_Social_Sciences.pdf">spatial, income and living standards. </a>This has also led to a disparity in development across the different portions of urban localities.

Effects of urbanization in Maharashtra:

As per the 2011 Census, Maharashtra is the third most urbanized state in India. As a result, the state continues to battle with basic amenities and resources for its inhabitants. With a projected population of <a href="https://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/maharashtra.html#:~:text=Total%20population%20of%20Maharashtra%20as,50%2C400%2C596%20while%20females%20were%2046%2C478%2C031.">133,870,00 in 2025</a>, most of the development and <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-msme-growth-in-maharashtra-is-concentrated-in-the-mumbai-pune-region/article67676012.ece">employment</a> opportunities in the state of Maharashtra are still concentrated in cities Mumbai and around Pune. Naturally, this has affected the cities&rsquo; capacity to a huge extent.

Mumbai attracted people from all over India due to its immense growth capacity and this is the primary reason as to why it is still considered to be the<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-mumbai-emerged-indias-financial-capital-global-lessons-abhas-jha-bu6fc"> financial capital of India.</a> The population influx boomed especially in the decades of <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19831115-once-glittering-and-dynamic-city-of-bombay-fast-becoming-a-speed-up-slum-771176-2013-07-15">1970s and 80s</a>. This obviously led to a huge strain on the city&rsquo;s resources.

The foremost issue was the unavailability of sufficient land in the city to absorb the exponentially growing population. This in turn led to a haphazard growth in the suburbs and gave rise to the formation of <a href="https://www.coolgeography.co.uk/gcsen/Mumbai_Challenges.php#:~:text=These%20slums%20come%20with%20many,and%20the%20prospect%20of%20crime.">slum settlements</a>. This is when the unplanned squatter settlements like <a href="https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-challenges-have-been-caused-by-urban-growth-in-mumbai/">Dharavi</a> started cropping up and the city started getting congested. These instances were the result of inadequate planning and a lack of vision by the urban local governing body. Eventually, this led the incoming population to settle in the nearby areas of Mumbai such as Thane, Kalyan-Dombivli, Mira-Bhayander, Ulhasnagar, Vasai-Virar, Bhiwandi, etc. As a result, Thane district has turned out to be the number one district in India with the highest number of <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/state-gives-nod-to-split-thane-district/#:~:text=in%20Thane%20district.-,As%20per%202011%20census%2C%20Thane%2C%20with%20nearly%201.1%20crore%20residents,any%20district%20in%20the%20country.">municipal corporations.</a>

The urban shift was further fuelled by the advent of the IT revolution in 2000. Specific cities in Maharashtra like <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/features/a-city-transition-2326169">Pune </a>&nbsp;witnessed a huge amount of <a href="https://bscgipe.in/2022/09/30/punes-industrial-revolution/">economic</a> growth leading to significant rise in job opportunities. This led to considerable growth in its neighboring cities like&nbsp; <a href="https://www.ascconline.com/blog/the-industrial-hub-of-pimpri-chinchwad-growth-and-opportunities/">Pimpri-Chinchwad </a>as well, leading to the creation of an <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/in-last-decade-population-of-pune-urban-agglomeration-grew-34/articleshow/11560008.cms">urban conglomeration structure</a>. Obviously in a similar fashion as Mumbai, these series of events also led to an exponential rise in the city&rsquo;s population in a matter of 10-15 years. But the local governing body could not keep up with the pace of building adequate <a href="https://theprint.in/statedraft/no-longer-a-haven-for-retirees-pune-civic-body-plays-catch-up-after-wall-collapses-kill-21/259886/">infrastructure</a> with respect to the population growth. As a result, Pune is facing the same fate as Mumbai when it comes to urban development issues. Slum settlements have grown in various pockets of the city and traffic management has become a daily headache for both the citizens and the local administration.

As a result of the rapid urbanization process, the United Progressive Alliance government launched the &lsquo;Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission&rsquo;<a href="https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/1Mission%20Overview%20English(1).pdf">(JNNURM)</a> in 2005 to encourage reforms and facilitate fast-track development of 63 cities in India. This was followed by the Smart Cities mission which was launched in 2015 by the central government covering <a href="https://smartcities.gov.in/">100 cities</a>. The programme was introduced as an answer to the rapidly rising urban challenge of India which is why out of the 100 cities, there were 8 cities which belonged to <a href="https://scus.siu.edu.in/pdf/SCR-Draft.pdf">Maharashtra</a>. However, this mission in particular was a bouquet of hits and misses and the success of it still remains debatable as many projects under the scheme have not yet been completed or were abruptly <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2023/Aug/20/where-have-all-the-smart-cities-gone-2606941.html">discarded</a>. A similar result was observed in<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/State-fails-to-spend-smart-city-funds-Centre-takes-serious-note/article14631072.ece"> Maharashtra </a>as well, inspite of the fact that the state managed to consume<a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/smart-cities-in-maharashtra-use-94-of-allocated-funds/article67269207.ece"> 94 % of the budget allocation.</a>

Recent developments:

It is high time that the Maharashtra government starts prioritising tier two cities in the state for new investment and generating employment opportunities. Cities like <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/sambhajinagar-infrastructure-development-for-multi-crore-investments/articleshow/112273609.cms">Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad),</a> <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/nashik-has-potential-to-emerge-as-logistics-capital-says-gadkari/articleshow/98765812.cms">Nashik</a> and <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/nagpur-growth-nucleus-of-india/articleshow/3882879.cms?from=mdr">Nagpur</a> have a huge untapped potential to grow. Shifting the focus to these cities would help reduce the ever-increasing load on Mumbai and Pune regions. All of these cities have good basic infrastructure like airports, railway and road connectivity, which can serve as a foundation for future projects.

There have been a few developments recently which might lead to positive changes. For example, the <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/samruddhi-expressway-s-last-phase-to-open-in-december-101732907685935.html">Mumbai &ndash; Nagpur Samruddhi Expressway </a>which is expected to be completed by February 2025 will prove to be a huge boon for the backward regions of Marathwada and Vidarbha. By enhancing connectivity, it will cut the travel time from Nagpur to Mumbai from the existing 16 hours to just 10 hours. It will also lead to the creation of a whole new range of townships and agricultural centres along the expressway. There have also been significant investments in different parts of Maharashtra. The Japanese car manufacturing giant <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/toyota-to-explore-a-greenfield-plant-in-aurangabad-124073101393_1.html">Toyota</a>&nbsp; has signed a deal with the Maharashtra government wherein it would examine the city of Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar to set up its hybrid car manufacturing facility by 2026 worth Rs. 20,000 crores. Other companies like JSW Electric Mobility and Lubrizol Corporation have also hopped on the bandwagon and are going to invest a total of Rs. 27,200 crores in <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/jsw-green-mobility-gets-636-acre-land-for-maharashtra-manufacturing-plant-124101001239_1.html">Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor&rsquo;s (DMIC) Bidkin node.&nbsp; </a>It has been estimated that the project would lead to creating a total of 15,000 indirect jobs.

Conclusion:

Although these developments are a positive sign of the investments and a reflection of focus being shifting away from Mumbai and Pune, a lot still needs to be done. It is necessary to balance out the disparity in the urban development in Maharashtra and expand its scope to other cities. Cities like Mumbai and Pune are heavily congested and do not have the capacity to retain people anymore. Therefore, focusing on developing the tier-2 cities as alternatives will definitely benefit the state and help in achieving a balanced development.

Urban Development: What Went Wrong in Maharashtra ?

Mining is a fundamental component of economic growth as it provides the essential raw materials for industries, creating a symbiotic relationship between the industrial sector and <a href="https://rajshamani.medium.com/3-ways-mining-can-contribute-to-the-indian-economy-e5abfafc927b#:~:text=Infrastructure%20development,processing%20facilities%20and%20export%20destinations.">economic development</a>. Minerals and metals extracted from the earth contribute to nearly every facet of development. Buildings, manufacturing sector, power generation, and technology are some of the major areas <a href="https://mining.arizona.edu/news/importance-mining-modern-society">reaping off the resources extracted from the mining sector. </a>

India&rsquo;s economy is dependent on its mining sector to a huge extent. It is responsible for providing employment opportunities along with <a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/in/en/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/indian-mining-industry-the-amrit-kaal-journey.html">industrial growth and energy security</a>. However, the rapid expansion of this industry has also led to instances of negative environmental impact. Some of these impacts include <a href="https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Wald/WWF-Studie-Extracted-Forests.pdf">deforestation, soil erosion and increased possibilities of floods</a>, eventually culminating into a range of environmental disasters. This is specifically worse for <a href="https://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin-articles/india-report-from-kalpavriksh-on-mining-on-ecologically-sensitive-areas">ecologically sensitive areas.</a> They are also accompanied by varied forms of human rights violations and health risks leading to<a href="https://e360.yale.edu/features/brazil-yanomami-mining-malaria-malnutrition-lula"> humanitarian disasters</a>.

These incidents have led to the requirement of incorporating the practices of <a href="https://earth.org/environmental-problems-caused-by-mining/">sustainable management</a> phenomenon in this sector as well. The implementation of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) regulations in this sector is a dire need, necessary for minimizing the adverse <a href="https://www.consultdss.com/content-hub/accelerating-esg-impact-in-mining/">environmental impacts</a>. It is essential for India to analyze the relevant ESG frameworks and implement them in a manner which harmonizes ecological conservation with development.

Mining in India

In India, mineral mining has a long history, which can be traced back to the <a href="https://mines.gov.in/webportal/nationalmineralscenario">Harappan civilisation</a>. The development of India&rsquo;s mining industry is fueled by the country&#39;s <a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/in/en/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/indian-mining-industry-the-amrit-kaal-journey.html">abundant reserves</a> of rich and diverse minerals. The nation has abundant resources of both metallic and non-metallic minerals. The amount and value of mineral production have increased significantly since the country gained its independence. Approximately <a href="https://mines.gov.in/webportal/nationalmineralscenario">95 different types of minerals</a> are produced in India, including fuel, metallic, non-metallic, atomic, and minor minerals. The nation is among the top five producers in the world of minerals and metals like <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/harnessing-indias-mineral-riches-a-blueprint-for-mining-sector-growth/articleshow/106717456.cms?from=mdr">iron, zinc, and bauxite ore</a>. As a result, the mining sector has turned out to be crucial for the nation&rsquo;s economy.

When these resources are used properly, along with the existing cutting-edge machinery and strategic planning, the industry has the potential to improve India&rsquo;s economic standing significantly. The mining industry as of now <a href="https://informaticsjournals.co.in/index.php/jmmf/article/download/34504/22561/65839">contributes 2.2% to 2.5% of the GDP</a>, which proves its economic significance. It also <a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/in/Documents/energy-resources/in-eri-the-indian-mining-industry-noexp.pdf">presents opportunities for infrastructural growth, employment, and prosperity.</a> However, they also pose significant risks to local communities, including instances of environmental degradation and displacement. The obligation naturally falls on the centre and the state governments respectively, who are the ones in control of the minerals located within their geographical boundaries.

The Environmental Impacts of Mining in India

India has reaped substantial economic benefits from mining, particularly in mineral-rich areas like Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Goa. But these benefits are obviously incurred at a cost, which can be observed through the instances of extensive <a href="https://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Comparative-Study-on-the-Adverse-Environmental-and-Social-Impacts-of-Mining-Activities-in-India-and-Nigeria_Chinedu-Francis-Anochie-Ridhima-Kathuria.pdf">environmental deterioration</a>. They are silently taking a toll on the environment and the lives of the citizens.

Key environmental impacts of mining include deforestation, soil erosion, and water contamination, all of which exacerbate flood risks by reducing ecosystems&rsquo; ability to manage excess water. The loss of forest cover, particularly for coal and open-pit mining, decreases ecosystems&rsquo; capacity to absorb excess precipitation and upsets natural water cycles, increasing surface runoff and the <a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/forests-can-help-prevent-floods">danger of flooding</a>.

The <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/damage-due-to-heavy-rains-in-uttarakhand-s-kotdwar-point-to-greater-need-for-rainfall-and-water-level-monitoring-91136">Uttarakhand town of Kotdwar</a> saw terrible floods in July and August of 2023 that severely damaged homes and infrastructure. The heavy rainfall, combined with illegal sand mining which destabilizes riverbeds, amplified the damage caused by overflowing rivers like<a href="https://dialogue.earth/en/water/flood-damage-highlights-uncontrolled-sand-mining-northern-india/#:~:text=Sand%20mining%20and%20destructive%20floods%20in%20Himachal%20Pradesh&amp;text=There%20have%20been%20complaints%20of,were%20lost%20in%20the%20floods"> the Khoh, Sukhro, Malan, and Paniyali</a>. The situation was further exacerbated by the heavy rainfall which served as a <a href="https://dialogue.earth/en/water/flood-damage-highlights-uncontrolled-sand-mining-northern-india/">complementary factor</a>. There were instances of bridge breakage, which resulted in the Uttarakhand High Court issuing an order in 2023 which prohibited <a href="https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-high-court-prohibition-on-illegal-mining-in-kotdwar-order-to-ready-plan-to-repair-damaged-bridges-2023-08-17">illegal mining activities in the area</a>.

There have been similar incidents in other parts of the nation as well. <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/illegal-sand-mining-and-heavy-rain-caused-devastating-floods-in-himachal-pradesh-101689940600585.html">Himachal Pradesh also faced catastrophic floods due to illegal sand mining near rivers like Beas</a>. In 2024, farmers living around the <a href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/farmers-worried-over-flood-threat-due-to-illegal-mining-along-yamuna-636802/">Yamuna River</a> had expressed concerns regarding the onset of monsoon and the potential impact of the uncontrolled mining activities. Crops, houses, and livelihoods of people are exposed to danger due to the poorly regulated <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/yamuna-illegal-sand-mining-ngt-issues-notice-9734487/">mining</a> activities, which have continued despite all of its adverse impacts. Naturally, this has led to a state of perpetual fear among <a href="https://india.mongabay.com/2020/12/people-living-near-mining-activities-at-increased-risk-of-diseases-says-study/">people living near mining zones. </a>

There are states like Goa, Nagaland and Meghalaya which have imposed a ban on mining different minerals.&nbsp; Goa imposed a complete ban on iron ore <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/goa-miners-say-mining-ban-may-spell-economic-and-social-disaster/articleshow/63331143.cms?from=mdr">mining in 2012 and 2018</a>, owing to the impact on the environment. However, the&nbsp; ban led to a vast extent of financial distress for those who were involved in the sector, right from <a href="https://caravanmagazine.in/environment/the-goa-governments-failure-to-rehabilitate-truckers-after-the-states-mining-halt">the truckers</a> to those who <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/goa-miners-say-mining-ban-may-spell-economic-and-social-disaster/articleshow/63331143.cms?from=mdr">owned the ores. </a>There were multiple instances of outrage by the stakeholders and it affected the <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mining-halt-in-goa-led-to-sense-of-all-round-gloom-in-state-economy-social-life-study/articleshow/79859837.cms?from=mdr">economy of the state.</a>&nbsp; In fact, in 2024 when the Anil Agarwal-led Vedanta, resumed mining operations, it was estimated that the resumption would bring back the state&rsquo;s economy back to <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2024/Apr/05/mining-in-goa-after-six-years-vedanta-starts-its-operations">status quo.</a> These instances are a testament to the fact that a complete ban on mining is not the apt solution to these problems, rather alternative solutions which make the industry more sustainable are necessary.

ESG Initiatives: A Solution to Environmental Risks in India

The global mining sector is under tremendous pressure to align its operational strategies with the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652619314295">Sustainable development goals</a>. Naturally, India has also been facing calls for incorporating <a href="https://www.knowesg.com/featured-article/indias-mining-sector-sustainability-ambitions">sustainability</a> principles in the mining sector.&nbsp; These requirements establish that it is necessary to balance economic growth with environmental and social responsibility. More precisely, they ensure that mining and resource utilization are managed in a way that minimizes the negative effects on nearby ecosystems and reduces the extent of greenhouse emissions. They also focus on ensuring that the operations have no negative social or <a href="https://www.ey.com/en_in/insights/mining-metals/transforming-india-s-mining-sector-through-sustainability-and-innovation">economic effects</a> on the surrounding community.

Initiatives like &ldquo;Make in India&rdquo;, &ldquo;Aatmanirbhar Bharat&rdquo; have slowly been pushing India to maximize the utilization of its domestic reserves. India&rsquo;s commitment to boost coal production over <a href="https://www.ey.com/content/dam/ey-unified-site/ey-com/en-in/insights/mining-metals/ey-advancing-india-s-mining-sector-strategies-for-sustainable-growth-and-competitiveness-v1.pdf">1 billion tonnes by 2024-25</a> is a reflection of the extent of this objective. The intention is to ensure its presence in the global market through minerals like coal and iron ore. The booming construction sector has also amplified the need for minerals. There have been a few energy alternatives introduced in the market, but they will take significant time to develop.

However, these initiatives have also led to the shift towards the requirement of more quality driven, time efficient equipments which also result in a comparatively lesser impact on the environment.&nbsp; Decarbonizing electric supply, adopting cleaner fuels, electrifying equipment are few of such modifications which are paving a pathway for the sustainable goals. TATA steel has in fact shifted to cleaner fuels, which would reduce the greenhouse gas emissions to <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/tata-steel-mining-signs-mou-with-gail-to-get-clean-fuel/articleshow/98384412.cms?from=mdr">968 tonnes.</a> Miners are also being pushed to beyond compliance and net zero objectives, ensuring a holistic approach to <a href="https://www.ey.com/content/dam/ey-unified-site/ey-com/en-in/insights/mining-metals/ey-advancing-india-s-mining-sector-strategies-for-sustainable-growth-and-competitiveness-v1.pdf">ESG objectives</a>. Biofuel usage, adoption of green hydrogen are few of the other initiatives traversing the path to the sustainable development goals.

But, these initiatives still have a long way to go with a major scope for development. Mining industry in the world has created varied forms of toolkits and guidance on environmental, social, and governance <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/environmental-social-and-governance-best-practices-applied-mining-operations">(ESG)</a> principles to ensure mining responsibly. Organizations like the International Council on Mining and Metals&nbsp; have also provided <a href="https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/our-principles/mining-principles/mining-principles">business-based initiatives</a> that can offer practical tools for mining companies in their adoption of ethical and environmentally friendly practices. These resources highlight the pathway to attain the three key objectives: <a href="https://www.oxfam.org.au/what-we-do/economic-inequality/mining/">positive societal impacts</a>, <a href="https://www.panafricanresources.com/sustainable-mining/">environment conservation</a>, and <a href="https://www.ief.org/news/how-to-make-mining-more-sustainable">economic progress</a>.

India must adopt the aforementioned international best mining practices to ensure sustainable operations that prioritize environmental preservation and community welfare. Robust ESG policies can mitigate risks, protect local communities, and strengthen India&rsquo;s long-term economic resilience. Policy initiatives like the <a href="https://mines.gov.in/admin/storage/app/uploads/64352887bcfa41681205383.pdf">National Mineral Policy 2019</a> and the <a href="https://ibm.gov.in/writereaddata/files/07142014170146ibmreport%20Chapter-VII-9%20&amp;%2010.pdf">Sustainable Development Framework (SDF)</a> have advanced India toward sustainable mining, emphasizing transparency, environmental protection, and social equity. India aims to achieve a 30-40% reduction in its mining-related carbon footprint through sustainable initiatives by <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1853991">the year 2030.</a> This can only be achieved if the stakeholders of the industry are ready to revamp it.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Transforming the Indian  Mining Sector: Mitigating Environmental Impacts through ESG Initiatives

With the onset of globalization and nations growing, there has been a rampant rise in the need for urban spaces. These urban spaces are a manifestation of the newer versions of <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351884727_Transformation_of_Urban_Spaces_within_Cities_in_the_Context_of_Globalization_and_Urban_Competitiveness">spatial requirements and circumstances</a>, and are leading to the&nbsp; <a href="https://csd.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/docs/ICT%20India/Papers/ICT_India_Working_Paper_62.pdf">development of the concept entitled &ldquo;Smart&nbsp; cities</a><a href="https://csd.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/docs/ICT%20India/Papers/ICT_India_Working_Paper_62.pdf">&rdquo;</a>. These smart cities are slowly turning out to be the ultimate requirement of development, which is why it is essential to understand them and their functional aspects.

Now, the accepted definition of a &ldquo;smart city&rdquo; encompasses a&nbsp; city which is able to use Information and Communication Technology [ICT] infrastructure, eventually making inhabitants&#39; life better by managing resources, providing technology based public services and allocation of assets <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep30264?searchText=what+are+smart+cities&amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dwhat%2Bare%2Bsmart%2Bcities%26so%3Drel&amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3Aacfb60a08dbb48357c010982116eb2f8&amp;seq=1">efficiently and effectively</a>. However, they are not just limited to incorporating ICTs and they also extend to a model which promotes the phenomenon of <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/2/1591">sustainable development.</a> In fact, in a report by Juniper Research in 2023, it was found that smart cities would reduce costs to a staggering amount of <a href="https://www.juniperresearch.com/press/shanghai-ranked-worlds-number-1-smart-city/">$249 billion by 2028</a>. This would lead to a growth rate of 158 %, reflecting the importance of this phenomenon.

This phenomenon is an embodiment of a futuristic approach, and a result of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050916315022">the rapid urbanization process.</a> &nbsp;This is why it is important to assess and incorporate their essential features. As a result, this study would focus on two cities: <a href="https://www.citiesforum.org/news/what-made-shanghai-the-worlds-no-1-smart-city/">Shanghai, China</a> and <a href="https://www.juniperresearch.com/resources/infographics/top-5-smart-cities-in-2023/">New York, USA </a>which would be compared to the strategies implemented in <a href="https://thescalers.com/bangalore/">India&rsquo;s silicon valley Bangalore.</a>

<ol>
	<li>Shanghai:</li>
</ol>

Shanghai was found to be the leading smart city, for the second year in a row in the year<a href="https://futureiot.tech/why-shanghai-is-number-one-smart-city-in-2023/"> 2023</a>. The ranking which analyzed the nations on the basis of aspects like <a href="https://www.juniperresearch.com/press/shanghai-ranked-worlds-number-1-smart-city/">transportation, infrastructure, urban connectivity, </a>established certain key areas which led Shanghai to be the top city. The city is intended to <a href="https://www.ey.com/en_cn/insights/china-opportunities/how-is-china-turning-shanghai-into-an-international-finance-center">be a financial hub for China</a>, and as a result businesses and the public sector are being pushed to embrace new technologies. As a result, Shanghai has been constantly pushing for the adoption of newer forms of technology and is responsible for making the<a href="https://www.ey.com/en_cn/insights/china-opportunities/how-is-china-turning-shanghai-into-an-international-finance-center"> </a><a href="https://www.ey.com/en_cn/insights/china-opportunities/how-is-china-turning-shanghai-into-an-international-finance-center">Yangtze River Delta</a>, a hub of technology driven development.

The past, present and future of this smart city is infused with good governance practices. The foundation of the city was planned using the<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26590931?searchText=smart+cities+development&amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dsmart%2Bcities%2Bdevelopment%26so%3Drel&amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A9b87e0517279f017ed351dab2308ce61&amp;seq=7"> Law on Urban planning of China</a> where the core components were as follows: realizing economic goals, social development and clear planning in accordance with the principle of &ldquo;Socialist Modernization&rdquo;. This philosophy has eventually culminated into the contemporary practices and one of them is the adoption of <a href="https://www.shine.cn/news/metro/1902029121/">Suishenban Citizen Cloud</a>. The service basically provides online access to over 1,000 public based services which cover facets like birth registration, social security services, tourism etc. This service ensures that the citizens are able to perform all such activities online with zero hassle, improving citizen experience. Another facet is the strong deployment of 5G technology throughout the city. The nation has even proposed the<a href="https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Latest-WhatsNew/20241206/dff2dd3a48064e47b356d4fd845f9b0d.html"> 5G-A Application Empowerment Upgrade Action Plan (2024-26)</a>, which is a framework to enable&nbsp; transition of the city to 5G-A technology.

The city also has a whole range of new forms of infrastructure projects in the pipeline, which would further speed up this integration. In June, 2024, <a href="https://www.shine.cn/news/metro/2406290827/">Shanghai Engineering Design Institute declared a new project for smart urban management,</a> which would be launched in the nation after inspection. The whole system would work on a grid system, and would consist of using Artificial Intelligence technology. A pilot project at the <a href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241120562722/en/Chongtai-Yangtze-River-Tunnel-A-Successful-Trial-of-Chinas-Intelligent-Shield-Tunneling-Technology">Yangtze River Bridge, already uses such a technology</a> to analyze tunnel traffic.

&nbsp;

<ol>
	<li>New York: </li>
</ol>

The fact that New York is at the second rank in the aforementioned ranking of smart cities, feels quite predictable, but the city has had its own fair share of challenges. The city which is considered to be the<a href="https://earth.org/new-york-smart-city/"> cultural and financial capital of the world, is one of the most populous cities in the USA. </a>The city currently houses 8.5 Million people and is expected to accommodate 66% of the global population within its boundaries by the <a href="https://earth.org/new-york-smart-city/">year 2050</a>. This means that the city needs to create efficient urban spaces.

The way in which the city plans to do this is by conserving natural resources and reducing environmental impact. As a result, the Mayor&rsquo;s Office of Technology and Innovation (MOTI) of the city has introduced an array of efforts to implement technology driven <a href="https://earth.org/new-york-smart-city/">green initiatives</a>. Systems like<a href="https://www.ny-engineers.com/blog/energy-saving-potential-of-lighting-upgrades-in-nyc?hs_preview=abMukSLc-5336441502"> lighting upgrades</a>, effective waste management, <a href="https://www.epa.gov/watersense/advanced-metering-infrastructure#:~:text=AMI%20meters%20provide%20for%20remote,be%20the%20result%20of%20leaks.">smart water metering</a> are a few snippets of practices, improving the quality of life for its<a href="https://www.ny-engineers.com/blog/how-new-york-is-becoming-a-smart-city"> residents</a>. The city has also introduced the <a href="https://www.nyc.gov/site/dcas/agencies/competitive-funding-programs.page#:~:text=The%20Accelerated%20Conservation%20and%20Efficiency,implemented%20by%20partner%20City%20agencies.">Accelerated Conservation and Efficiency (ACE) programme</a> which provides funding for further research into such energy efficient retrofit projects.

Strategies like <a href="https://climate.cityofnewyork.us/reports/onenyc-2050/">OneNYC 2050, </a>&nbsp;further build upon this objective by widening the scope of these green initiatives to accommodate factors such as vibrant democracy, equity, efficient mobility etc. This has led to the evolution of projects like the Transit Signal Priority [TSP], which provides for a separate lane for buses to move across <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050919317247">the city</a>.&nbsp; This would decrease instances of traffic congestion and would enable the buses to move in the city easily. These instances prove that New York aims to build its smart city by making the life in the city smoother for its residents by adopting technology.

In the light of the experiences from these two cities, it is important to assess the initiatives which are taken in India to understand the extent of our development. India launched its Smart City Mission in 2015, and has a few urban cities like Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru. However, these cities are plagued with limited resources and a growing population. They are in a dire need to create public infrastructure which facilitates the growth of the <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26590931?searchText=smart+cities+development&amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dsmart%2Bcities%2Bdevelopment%26so%3Drel&amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A9b87e0517279f017ed351dab2308ce61&amp;seq=24">city as well as the economy</a>.&nbsp; As a result, India&rsquo;s initiatives will be analyzed through the state of affairs in Bangalore city. 

&nbsp;

<ol>
	<li>Bangalore:</li>
</ol>

Over time Bangalore has implemented a range of projects which has stimulated the &ldquo;Smart city mission&rdquo; in the city. LED lighting of city infrastructure like <a href="https://www.smartoneblr.com/static_content/CompletedPro2.jsp">Vidhana Soudha</a>, creating spaces for women staff under <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/women-soudha-staff-get-dedicated-lounge/articleshow/98955096.cms">Project Rashmi</a> are a few instances wherein changes have been introduced.&nbsp; They are further followed by a range of <a href="https://www.squareyards.com/blog/bangalore-smart-city-smcart">road projects</a> which are qualified by the state to fall under the objective of the &ldquo;Smart city mission&rdquo;.

The city has also introduced the Bengaluru Sustainability Manifesto, which promises to reach the objective of a <a href="https://bpac.in/bengaluru-sustainability-manifesto/">green and sustainable city by 2030. </a>A range of events like the <a href="https://bpac.in/b-green/aralikatte-charchegalu-a-roundtable-discussion-on-advancing-green-cover-in-bengaluru/#:~:text=The%20objective%20of%20this%20event,for%20greening%20Bengaluru%20by%202030.">Aralikatte Charchegalu</a> have been introduced under its realm to &ldquo;ensure&rdquo; that the city is able to achieve this aim.

However, the realistic state of affairs is quite poor in the city. The growth in the city has been found to put increasing pressure on its <a href="https://iihs.co.in/knowledge-gateway/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Draft-Bangalore-Section.pdf">natural and economic resources</a>. The city is marred with issues like poor quantity of <a href="https://revolve.media/features/rethinking-sustainable-mobility-in-bengaluru-india">transport resources, traffic congestion, inequity in resource allocation </a>etc. The list is in fact quite long. The city is a prime example of<a href="https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/smart-city-bad-planning/articleshow/94571803.cms"> bad planning </a>and poor implementation of really good objectives.

A similar state of affair exists in other urban cities as well. With cities like Delhi battling with intense levels of pollution and poor quality of life, the objective of smart city mission in India feels too far fetched. The Smart City mission has been proclaimed to be dommed right from<a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2023/Aug/20/where-have-all-the-smart-cities-gone-2606941.html#:~:text=The%20Smart%20Cities%20Mission%20was,city'%20as%20there%20were%20planners."> its inception.</a>&nbsp; India&rsquo;s cities have struggled with the adoption of new ICT technologies for some time, which is quite evident from the fact that the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs had to launch a new programme called the <a href="https://csd.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/docs/ICT%20India/Papers/ICT_India_Working_Paper_62.pdf">National Urban Digital Mission (NUDM)</a> in 2021 to enable smooth transition of technology to urban cities. There have been a few other initiatives like the <a href="https://iudx.org.in/">India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX),</a> <a href="https://nulp.niua.org/">National Urban Learning Platform (NULP)</a> which focus on effective planning and implementation of urban cities. These initiatives do serve as a ray of hope, even though they heavily rely on proper implementation.

It is important to understand that even the two aforementioned nations have their own fair share of struggles with issues of lack of proper space, poor state of inclusivity etc. But they are slowly taking initiatives backed by good implementation strategies, which is lacking in India. As a nation India needs to focus on innovation and research to strengthen its capabilities. It also needs to understand what &ldquo;smart city&rdquo; as a concept entails. Overall, it is important to understand that smart cities are not just a reflection of development. Rather, they are a testimony to how the governance structure prioritizes the needs of a dynamic society.

Approaches to Innovative Urban Planning: A Case Study of Three Cities.

&ldquo;Diversity is being invited to the party; inclusion is being asked to dance&rdquo;

<a href="https://www.watchthisspace.uk/the-ultimate-list-of-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-quotes-for-inspiration-and-ideas/">-Verna Myers</a>

As one of the world&#39;s most populous nations and a thriving democracy, India has consistently advocated for a <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/a-balasubramanian-md-ceo-aditya-birla-sun-life-amc-ltd-on-union-budget-2020-21/article30715310.ece">bottom-up approach,</a> prioritizing inclusive participation and development across all societal segments. This approach has eventually served as the foundation for the concept of &lsquo;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-023-01830-8">grassroots governance</a>&rsquo;, focusing on citizen&rsquo;s participation at the local level, generating social benefits and paving the way for development, both for the individual as well as for the society.

In accordance with this phenomenon, it is essential to recognize that each district or village faces unique challenges, specifically in a nation which is as diverse as India. This approach advocates for <a href="https://theprint.in/india/imperative-to-have-tailor-made-solutions-targeting-local-villages-jal-shakti-official/1061114/">tailored-solutions to address these specific issues.</a> The Kudumbashree initiative is one such powerful example of a grassroots governance programme.

EVOLUTION

The institution is a registered society, <a href="https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2017/Chapter_3_Local_Self_Government_Department_of_Report_No_4_of_2018_-_General_and_Social_Sector_Government_of_Kerala.pdf">under the Travancore Kochi Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Act (1955</a>). It is officially known as the &lsquo;<a href="https://spb.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/EVN01.pdf">State Poverty Eradication Mission&rsquo; (SPEM)</a>, which started in 1998 under the auspices of local self-government (LSG) institutions formed as a resultant effect of <a href="https://cbpbu.ac.in/userfiles/file/2020/STUDY_MAT/POL_SC/73rd%20and%2074th-converted.pdf">the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments.</a> In fact, it is a manifestation of the vision of the <a href="https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2017/Chapter_3_Local_Self_Government_Department_of_Report_No_4_of_2018_-_General_and_Social_Sector_Government_of_Kerala.pdf">United Nations Sustainable Development Goals of ending poverty in</a> all its forms and establishing gender equality by 2030.

The agenda of the initiative was to empower women, enable them to rise out of poverty, engage in economic activities, discover a sense of purpose, and secure stable livelihoods. The story of Kudumbashree can be traced to the time when people living in <a href="https://www.kudumbashree.org/pages/178">Alleppey and Malappuram</a> were facing the problem of acute poverty. This was the time when multiple poverty eradication programs alongside community development societies were implemented and co-sponsored by the government of Kerala, municipal corporations, and a few national and international organizations like the United Nations Children Fund (<a href="https://www.findevgateway.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/mfg-en-case-study-scaling-up-kudumbashree-collective-action-for-poverty-alleviation-and-womens-empowerment-2004_0.pdf">UNICEF</a>).

The initiative drew major inspiration from the idea of the scheme of Self Help groups (SHGs). SHGs mainly focus on the resurgence of the <a href="https://wcd.delhi.gov.in/scert/women-self-help-groups-delhi">weaker sections of society in terms of outreach, social position, and sustainability</a>. NABARD (National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development) laid the foundation for the SHGs which eventually led to the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY). This initiative was further supplemented by the Government of Kerala by introducing the Kudumbashree scheme.

THE THREE TIER MODEL &amp; ITS EXTENT

Now before delving into the organizational structure of Kudumbashree, it is necessary first to analyze the geographic division of the state of <a href="https://igod.gov.in/sg/KL/E042/organizations">Kerala</a>. The state has 14 districts, 27 revenue divisions, 75 taluks, 152 CD (community development) blocks, and 1453 revenue villages. Kudumbashree is a <a href="https://www.kudumbashree.org/pages/171#:~:text=The%20NHGs%20in%20the%20community,to%20decision%20of%20the%20NHG.">three tier structure</a>, with Neighborhood Groups (NHGs) at the bottom, Area Development Societies (ADS) at the ward level, and then the Community Development Society (CDS) spanning across the territory. These organizations have observed rampant growth and as reported on 1 December, 2024 their numbers have extended to <a href="https://www.kudumbashree.org/data">3,17,724 (NHGs)</a>, <a href="https://www.kudumbashree.org/data">19,470 (ADS) and </a><a href="https://www.kudumbashree.org/data">1070 (CDS) respectively.</a>

This structure focuses on area development (i.e ward wise) through thrift and credit societies, and at the same time they also provide money from their poolings and savings that help in emergency instances. Overall they focus on building a community that binds all the women of Kerala and forming small <a href="https://www.findevgateway.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/mfg-en-case-study-scaling-up-kudumbashree-collective-action-for-poverty-alleviation-and-womens-empowerment-2004_0.pdf">micro-enterprises that lift them from poverty </a>and give them a better standard of lifestyle. As a result, the programme has turned out to be the one of the largest women collective in Asia with over <a href="https://www.kudumbashree.org/pages/508">48.08 lakh female members.</a><a href="https://www.kudumbashree.org/storage/files/2es5j_the%20federal%20-%20an%20all-women%20team%20in%20kerala%20is%20smashing%20stereotypes.pdf">&nbsp;</a>

WHAT WENT RIGHT&hellip;&amp; WHAT WENT WRONG?

The different units have promoted the engagement of women in diverse production processes like paper bag making, soap-making, catering services <a href="https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kudumbasree-will-deliver-food-for-election-officials-1.9508826#:~:text=Entrusted%20by%20the%20Election%20Commission,waste%20generated%20during%20the%20elections.">(this was especially seen during the recent</a><a href="https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kudumbasree-will-deliver-food-for-election-officials-1.9508826#:~:text=Entrusted%20by%20the%20Election%20Commission,waste%20generated%20during%20the%20elections."> 2024 national elections where the units provided food to the polling stations)</a>, dairy, ready-made garments, preparation of ethnic delicacies and courier services. These items can also be readily procured from the <a href="https://www.kudumbashree.org">official website of Kudumbashree</a> and even from e-commerce websites like <a href="https://www.amazon.in/Kudumbashree-Origin-Handmade-Organic-Bathing/dp/B07NCZB996">Amazon.</a> They have also started <a href="https://kudumbashree.org/pages/824">&ldquo;Kudumbashree Budget Hotels&rdquo;</a> which serve meals at a meagre amount of Rs.20. This has resulted in establishing them as self-sufficient individuals and further contributing to the society, which is the heart of this initiative.

However, in the initial years Kudumbashree was criticized for further affirming the gender stereotypes in the context of the aforementioned activities. But in recent years, the scheme has encouraged women to participate in sectors like <a href="https://www.kudumbashree.org/storage/files/2es5j_the%20federal%20-%20an%20all-women%20team%20in%20kerala%20is%20smashing%20stereotypes.pdf">building homes (the state has 273 such form of construction groups),</a> and working in all <a href="https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/kudumbashree/news/kudumbashree-extends-facility-management-services-kochi-water-metro#:~:text=Kudumbashree%20women%20work%20in%20all,working%20in%20Kochi%20Rail%20Metro.">24 stations of the Kochi Rail Metro</a>. They have also extended to sectors like <a href="https://www.kudumbashree.org/pages/744">&ldquo;Nano markets&rdquo;</a> which ensure the consistency of the consumer base for their products and <a href="https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/kudumbashree/featured-topics/it-was-understood-though-kudumbashree-hotels-have-registered-other">&ldquo;&lsquo;Annashree</a>&rdquo; which is a food delivery service. In fact, in 2021, <a href="https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/kudumbashree/featured-topics/it-great-achievement-kudumbashree-out-entire-set-peoples#:~:text=Out%20of%20the%2016%2C965%20Kudumbashree,1%2F3rd%20are%20Kudumbashree%20members!">7071 people&rsquo;s representatives</a> to local bodies were from Kudumbashree units. Kudumbashree women are everywhere!

The initiative also emphasizes on other facets like sustainable panchayats, which would try to tackle the problems related to <a href="https://www.nipccd.nic.in/file/reports/gender.pdf">child development</a>, education of mentally and physically challenged, palliative and geriatric care.

However, like every other scheme Kudumbashree scheme also faces several challenges. The first primary issue lies with the government&rsquo;s decision to restrict its activities<a href="https://gender.cgiar.org/publications/scaling-kudumbashree-collective-action-poverty-alleviation-and-womens-empowerment"> to women below the poverty line (BPL)</a>, thereby excluding educated and middle-class women and significantly limiting its reach. Other notable issues include a lack of management expertise, instances of <a href="https://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v2(5)/version-2/B250921.pdf">social exclusion</a>, overburdening, inadequate planning, poor coordination between panchayats and Kudumbashree units, and ineffective marketing strategies.

In addition to the aforementioned issues, there is also the issue of limited access to <a href="https://www.iipseries.org/assets/docupload/rsl20245444924A73A63A6.pdf">financial resources</a>, which hampers <a href="https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2311226.pdf">micro-enterprises</a> under the scheme. Many units struggle to secure adequate funding for their entrepreneurial ventures, restricting their ability to compete in the market. Additionally, these enterprises often lack technical expertise, face irregular supply chains for raw materials, and continue to operate along traditional lines.&nbsp;

The Kudumbashree products also face stiff competition from <a href="https://www.vembanad.org/post/major-problems-faced-by-the-women-run-enterprises-in-kerala">well-established brands</a>, which offer superior packaging and quality, making it harder for Kudumbashree units to establish a foothold. Despite the opportunities for collaboration between NGOs and political parties following the decentralization reforms under the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, pre-existing party-led <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23391275.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3A3a2493318c8d830c91fef9e70dcfcbbe&amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&amp;initiator=&amp;acceptTC=1">political mobilization </a>among weaker sections poses further complications.&nbsp;

It should also be noted that ensuring consistent product quality and standardization across various Kudumbashree units remains a complex task. These standardization challenges often act as barriers to scaling up production and accessing broader markets effectively.

CONCLUSION

In the light of the issues mentioned earlier, it is necessary to accept that in some areas the scheme needs a major overhaul. The scheme is an effective facet which is leading the path to financial inclusion involving both tribal and non-tribal areas. But there is a dire need of reforms specifically in the context of implementation to ensure its survival.

In pursuance to these initiatives, the &ldquo;National Multidimensional Poverty Index - A Progress Review 2023&rdquo;, has released that the Kerala state has the<a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/kerala/2023/Jul/18/state-has-lowest-poverty-rate-in-country-niti-2595845.html"> lowest poverty rate in the country.</a> The report also mentioned that an astounding number of&nbsp; <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/kerala/2023/Jul/18/state-has-lowest-poverty-rate-in-country-niti-2595845.html">53,239 people were lifted ou</a>t of multidimensional poverty over the years. These statistics reflect a more nuanced form of inclusion, even though it has its own mixed signals.

It needs to be realized that the scheme&rsquo;s effectiveness in mobilizing the poor women by providing them with a shared community space has made it much easier for them to tackle their problems with the skills that they already have or that they can develop over the period. As a result, Kerala (God&rsquo;s own country) has managed to attain a form of inclusive development which is unmatched in comparison to the rest of India.

&nbsp;

Decoding Kerala’s Kudumbashree Scheme: A Step Closer to Inclusive Development

Growing up in <a href="https://www.barrons.com/articles/great-escapes-delhis-inimitable-mix-of-chaos-and-charm-01670614223">Delhi, a city where chaos and charm coexist</a>, I rarely considered how my choices shaped the world around me. Life had its rhythm&mdash;solo car rides leading to endless traffic jams, hurried meals that left extra food tossed into the bin, and the careless convenience of single-use plastics. Back then, the air felt fresh (or so I believed), and everything felt convenient, disposable, and fleeting. Sustainability? It was just another trendy word, something that felt distant and irrelevant to my everyday life.

A decade later, Delhi feels like a completely different place. The once-clear blue skies have turned grey, traffic stretches endlessly in all directions, and every season feels increasingly unforgiving. And then there&rsquo;s the haze&mdash;always lingering, always heavy. It crept in gradually, becoming impossible to ignore. That&rsquo;s when it struck me: if Delhi could change so much over the years, so could I&mdash;but in a way that could make a positive difference. That&rsquo;s how my <a href="https://www.swastiyogacenter.com/eco-conscious-living-small-changes-big-impact/#:~:text=Eco%2Dconscious%20living%20involves%20making,enhance%20your%20quality%20of%20life.">eco-conscious journey</a> began.

&nbsp;

&nbsp;Small Steps, Big Realizations&nbsp; 

The first time I embraced sustainability, it felt unfamiliar. Swapping single-use plastics for reusable bags and containers seemed like a hassle at first, but eventually, it became second nature. It reminded me of the gradual shift Delhi underwent when <a href="http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/446144/order-of-the-national-green-tribunal-regarding-indiscriminate-use-and-dumping-of-plastic-waste-delhi-10082017/">non-biodegradable plastic bags were banned</a>. Initially, shopkeepers reluctantly offered cloth bags, and customers were reminded to carry their own.Over time, I noticed a small but significant change in my lifestyle and daily habits pertaining to the use of plastic bags.

Similarly, my shift to public transport brought clarity. When <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-maharashtra-election-results-2024-live-updates-worli-malad-west-bandra-east-mahim-dindoshi-chandivali-anushakti-nagar-seats-9684114/">Delhi&rsquo;s Metro trains</a> were introduced, they seemed like the perfect solution to pollution and traffic. But even with the Metro, the buying of private cars and its use <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1073315/india-registered-number-of-private-cars-in-delhi/">continued to soar.</a> The long waits at red lights and ever-increasing pollution prompted me to rethink my dependence on my car. Gradually, I began to rely more on public transport, especially the Metro. This change not only reduced my commute time and fuel costs, but it also gave me unexpected moments of calm-time to reflect, read, or simply breathe.

Although I could not plant trees at any junctures, even after such heavy pollution. As a small step, at home, I started growing plants on my terrace, nurturing small greens that slowly transformed my space. Composting kitchen scraps turned into an unexpected joy&mdash;what was once discarded waste turned into rich, organic manure for my plants. It was humbling to realize how much could be repurposed, and in the process, I too began to grow.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Delhi&rsquo;s Echo, My Eco

Delhi has always been more than just my home- it&rsquo;s been my teacher. Its bustling streets taught me resilience, while its deteriorating environment reminded me of our shared fragility. Winters in Delhi, especially, are a harsh reality check. The city transforms into a<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-delhi-air-turns-poisonous-every-winter-pollution-smog/articleshow/95276727.cms"> smoky chambe</a><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-delhi-air-turns-poisonous-every-winter-pollution-smog/articleshow/95276727.cms">r,</a> clouded by the pollution from thermal power plants, stubble burning in neighbouring states and post-Diwali fireworks.

During these times, the <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/odd-even-scheme-delhi-pollution-impact-explained-9016587/">odd-even vehicle rule</a>, though controversial, felt like a step in the right direction. By then, I had already switched to the Metro for most of my travel, but I began carpooling when needed. The message became clear: even the smallest individual actions can ripple outward, creating a collective impact and bringing large, unpredictable change over time - <a href="https://thedecisionlab.com/reference-guide/economics/the-butterfly-effect">The Butterfly effect!</a>

This understanding shaped my personal habits. Each choice, no matter how small, chipped away at the helplessness I once felt living in a sprawling megacity.&nbsp; Over time, Delhi&rsquo;s challenges became a call to action, echoing in my own journey toward making a difference.

&nbsp;

&nbsp;Lessons and Challenges&nbsp; 

Change has never been easy. Old habits are hard to break, and sustainable options aren&rsquo;t always the easiest or affordable. I&rsquo;ve found myself constantly debating: should I invest in solar panels, switch to organic foods, stick to public transport, or stick to the status quo. And while Delhi has taken commendable steps&mdash;like <a href="https://cleanmobilityshift.com/policy-regulation/how-delhi-government-was-able-to-achieve-an-ev-penetration-rate-of-nearly-20/#:~:text=Launched%20on%20August%207%2C%202020,approach%20has%20garnered%20widespread%20admiration.">promoting electric vehicles</a> and banning plastic bags&mdash;there&rsquo;s still a long road ahead.&nbsp;

Even so, it&rsquo;s the little moments of hope that keep me motivated. The joy of seeing clearer skies after a rainstorm, hearing fewer firecrackers during Diwali (happens rarely though), or simply watching a plant thrive in composted soil makes every effort feel worthwhile.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

The Heart of It All&nbsp; 

Eco-living isn&rsquo;t a checklist; it&rsquo;s a mindset. It&rsquo;s about slowing down, listening to the heartbeat of your city, the cry of the planet, and the whisper of your conscience. Delhi, with all its chaos and complexity, holds the promise of transformation&mdash;not just for itself but for all who call it home. My journey isn&rsquo;t a roadmap, but a story&mdash;one of small wins, inevitable missteps, and the belief that every little effort adds up. Just as Delhi&rsquo;s initiatives to reduce pollution and curb plastic use take time, persistence and hope, so does the journey to live more sustainably. We may not be able to rewrite the past, but we have the power to shape a future that&rsquo;s kinder to the planet&mdash;and ourselves.

The Rise of Eco - Conscious Living: How Small Choices Shape Big Features

&ldquo;...a lot of companies and company leadership believe that whether(e.g.) environmental issues are relevant or not to them, doesn&rsquo;t really matter. It&rsquo;s only about what the market requires from the company and how to satisfy it. So, if [a]&nbsp; big part of the market wants something or wants to see something, then let&rsquo;s give it to them.&rdquo;

- Tom Bangemann, Head of Data development and research for<a href="https://www.ssonetwork.com/customer-experience/articles/greenwashing-negative-consequence-of-poor-esg-management"> </a><a href="https://www.ssonetwork.com/customer-experience/articles/greenwashing-negative-consequence-of-poor-esg-management">SSON Research &amp; Analytics.</a>

This quote accurately captures the prevailing corporate attitudes toward environmental responsibility. But climate change is not a threat for tomorrow, it rather is an issue threatening human existence today. According to IBM, climate change presents<a href="https://www.ibm.com/think/insights/turning-climate-risks-into-business-opportunities"> </a><a href="https://www.ibm.com/think/insights/turning-climate-risks-into-business-opportunities">operational and financial</a> risks to organizations across various sectors. From damage to assets and infrastructure to disruptions in operations, displacement, and logistical challenges, climate risks pose a significant threat to all businesses. In this context, while it is crucial for companies to promptly acknowledge and address climate as both a risk and an opportunity, many instead resort to greenwashing, failing to confront these challenges effectively. The term &quot;Greenwashing&quot;,<a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-greenwashing#:~:text=The%20term%20was%20actually%20coined,conveniently%20save%20the%20hotel%20money."> </a><a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-greenwashing#:~:text=The%20term%20was%20actually%20coined,conveniently%20save%20the%20hotel%20money.">coined by</a> Jay Westerveld in the 1980s, refers to deceptive practices businesses use to falsely portray themselves as more sustainable. This involves creating misleading impressions or providing inaccurate information about the environmental benefits of a product or service.

The growing trend of greenwashing can be seen in the light of a report by the<a href="https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/esg-predicted-to-constitute-34-per-cent-of-indias-domestic-aum-by-2051-study/103948673?utm_source=tagListing&amp;utm_medium=tagListing"> </a><a href="https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/esg-predicted-to-constitute-34-per-cent-of-indias-domestic-aum-by-2051-study/103948673?utm_source=tagListing&amp;utm_medium=tagListing">Economic Times</a> which holds relevance. According to the report,&nbsp; the growth in assets under management (AUM)&mdash;a key factor shaping investment strategy, could result in ESG funds accounting for 34% of the total AUM in India by 2050, indicating the significant market value of these funds. In this context, it is of absolute importance for businesses to steer clear of greenwashing practices to derisk climate investments, build consumer confidence, ensure brand integrity, and eliminate &lsquo;greenhushing&rsquo;.&nbsp;

De-risking climate investments

According to the<a href="https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2024_en.pdf"> </a><a href="https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2024_en.pdf">world investment report</a> &nbsp;published by UNCTAD in 2024, greenwashing is the biggest obstacle to the sustainable fund market.&nbsp;&nbsp; This is because, on average, green funds have only around 20% net exposure to climate-positive assets (assets that aim beyond carbon neutrality) with less than 5% of these funds completely free of oil and gas assets. Consequently, new fund launches have declined, dropping from a peak of 240 funds in the fourth quarter of 2021 to 121 in the fourth quarter of 2023. Overall, 565 funds were launched in 2023, down from 682 in 2022.&nbsp; This trend indicates a declining trust in the sustainable fund market by investors.

As the government broadens its regulatory attention to sustainability, corporations must also create the capacity to comply with these legal targets. Greenwashing practices will create a<a href="https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/en/research/reports/2023/greenwashing-risks-in-investment-fund-disclosures"> </a><a href="https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/en/research/reports/2023/greenwashing-risks-in-investment-fund-disclosures">hostile investor environment</a> hindering a business&#39;s ability to meet government targets, consumer expectations, and resulting in missed growth opportunities.

Building consumer confidence &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Having healthy sustainable practices is essential for companies, as it contributes to building consumer trust. Companies can stand the risk of losing their significant consumer base. According to<a href="https://publish-ey-prod-cdn.adobecqms.net/en_in/news/2022/05/seventy-seven-percent-of-indian-consumers-expect-positive-changes-in-the-financial-situation-higher-than-the-global-outlook"> EY&rsquo;s Future Consumer Index</a>, 70% percent of Indian consumers prioritize sustainability in their purchasing decisions, significantly higher than the global average of 37%. In countries like the UK where similar trends prevail, more than half (54%) of the consumers would stop purchasing from a company if it was discovered to have made misleading sustainability claims, according to&nbsp; new research from<a href="https://kpmg.com/uk/en/home/media/press-releases/2023/09/over-half-of-uk-consumers-prepared-to-boycott-brands-over-misleading-green-claims.html#:~:text=minds%20over%20'greenwashing'-,KPMG%20research%20shows%20almost%20one%20in%20five%20(18,have%20already%20changed%20their%20minds.&amp;text=Over%20half%20(54%25)%20of,in%20the%20UK%20has%20found."> </a><a href="https://kpmg.com/uk/en/home/media/press-releases/2023/09/over-half-of-uk-consumers-prepared-to-boycott-brands-over-misleading-green-claims.html#:~:text=minds%20over%20'greenwashing'-,KPMG%20research%20shows%20almost%20one%20in%20five%20(18,have%20already%20changed%20their%20minds.&amp;text=Over%20half%20(54%25)%20of,in%20the%20UK%20has%20found.">KPMG UK</a>. Therefore, exercising conscientiousness and ensuring integrity in the products and services offered can earn business a great deal of trust from its consumers.

Brand Image

Recently, many greenwashing behaviors have been repeatedly exposed. For instance, Volkswagen admitted to installing &ldquo;<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772">cheating devices</a> &rdquo; in its diesel vehicles to manipulate emission tests. This led to a severe trust crisis for Volkswagen, resulting in a significant drop in its share price. Brand image plays a crucial intermediary role in the relationship between green marketing and brand trust. Brand image establishes the emotional connection between the consumers and the company. Therefore, it inevitably becomes the responsibility of the companies to respect these emotions in order to maintain their brand image.

Eliminates greenhushing

<a href="https://kpmg.com/us/en/media/news/greenwashing-esg-traps-2023.html">Greenhushing</a> refers to companies deliberately keeping quiet about their climate strategies, either by evading questions or refusing to disclose information. Large companies that emit the most pollutants are usually under tight scrutiny. For example, the<a href="https://cleartax.in/s/brsr-reporting"> BRSR framework</a> in India is only applicable to the top 1000 listed companies.Therefore, this phenomenon might be prevalent in small and medium-sized companies. Companies adapt these strategies to avoid being called out for greenwashing. Essentially, greenwashing acts done by large corporations and the<a href="https://www.corporateknights.com/leadership/here-are-the-nine-biggest-corporate-greenwashing-fines/"> </a><a href="https://www.corporateknights.com/leadership/here-are-the-nine-biggest-corporate-greenwashing-fines/">consequent punitive actions</a> taken by the regulators threaten small companies, as they fear being called to question by regulators for greenwashing for their genuine sustainability efforts. This, in turn, creates an<a href="https://www.sanctionscanner.com/blog/impacts-of-government-regulations-on-businesses-312"> </a><a href="https://www.sanctionscanner.com/blog/impacts-of-government-regulations-on-businesses-312">unhealthy environment</a> for businesses in the market to flourish and grow. Greenwashing by a few firms can have unintended consequences that might become detrimental for the market as a whole.

Way forward

Corporate leadership has a crucial role to play in avoiding many negative consequences caused by greenwashing. A research article published by <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10997-023-09683-8">Journal of Management and Governance</a> suggests that board independence is positively linked to greenwashing behaviors. That is to say, the presence of independent board members paradoxically tends to increase greenwashing. The rationale given is that independent directors may have a personal interest in the company appearing green, as this boosts the company&#39;s reputation among stakeholders and, in turn, enhances the directors&#39; reputations as ethical and responsible leaders. Therefore, democratizing the board process might help in tackling the challenge.

This needs to be clubbed with supply chain hygiene practices such as exercising green sourcing practices. Green sourcing or<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10997-023-09683-8"> </a><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10997-023-09683-8">green procurement</a> refers to the purchase of goods and services that cause minimal adverse environmental impact. This may facilitate supplier evaluation, supply chain resilience, and compliance with regulations.

In summary, Greenwashing can attract&nbsp; many challenges for the business.The strategies proposed are effective only when firms undergo a crucial shift in mindset &mdash; that ESG reporting and sustainability practices are not merely compliance requirements, but can serve as powerful drivers of value creation.

A Business case for steering clear of Greenwashing

The overall unemployment rate in India <a href="https://www.cmie.com/kommon/bin/sr.php?kall=warticle&amp;dt=20240701180501&amp;msec=110">was</a> 9.2 percent in June of 2024. A majority of economists <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/unemployment-biggest-worry-india-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-2024-04-24/">highlighted</a> unemployment to be the biggest worry of the world&#39;s fastest growing large economy. Analysis from a traditional perspective which focuses on macroeconomic issues may highlight lack of opportunity, skewed population and the fiscal situation as reasons to which this unemployment may be attributed. One of the key elements in the unemployment rate is the employability (crisis) of Indian graduates.

To eliminate any ambiguities, let&rsquo;s <a href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/employability">define</a> employability as possession of simple skills which are deemed to be necessary for obtaining, sustaining and excelling in a job. It has now become a fairly studied phenomenon with the current economic survey of India as released by the ministry of finance <a href="https://wheebox.com/assets/pdf/ISR_Report_2024.pdf">highlighting</a> an interesting trend in the employability rate, which refers to the percentage of graduates who are deemed employable. The employability rate currently stands at 51.3%, it was just 33.9% a decade ago. We must applaud the growth in the rate, yet a ratio of 51.3% is still alarmingly low. What are the causes that are driving this high unemployability rate?

&nbsp;Reports often <a href="https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/how-useful-is-your-degree-why-indian-graduates-remain-unemployed-12472502.html">blame</a> the quality of education in India, with a rising number of voices suggesting that college courses actually lack the training of any employable skills. The issues in quality of education is exacerbated in fields such as management and engineering where employers keep <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/tcs-has-80-000-open-job-positions-due-to-skill-gap-101718432455434.html">finding</a> their recruits under-skilled. The trend regarding the lack of skills crucial to employment is also critical when it comes to <a href="https://webapps.ilo.org/infostories/en-GB/Stories/Employment/barriers-women#intro">male-female disparity</a> as women are more likely to be unemployed than men, making their entry into the workforce even more difficult. We can tackle the unemployment rate by correcting these <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/main-challenge-facing-indian-youth-bridging-gap-skill-akhilesh-sharma-z3zpc?utm_source=share&amp;utm_medium=guest_desktop&amp;utm_campaign=copy">structural issues</a>: the lack of employability skills in the youth workforce. The same can happen through altering the higher education system and the pedagogy in it.

Another aspect of the same remedy is upskilling of the workforce and giving them hands-on <a href="https://cxotoday.com/press-release/national-engineering-day-indias-employability-in-crisis-only-10-of-indias-1-5-million-engineering-graduates-set-to-secure-jobs-this-year/#google_vignette">training</a> for industry-relevant skills. While the government has surely addressed this area of intervention, it is crucial that the intervention, its planning and implementation happens in a robust manner. A multidimensional approach, which integrates skill inculcation, tailors higher education course structure and aims to achieve the industry expectations, is the need of the hour as it will focus not only on skills training but also on improving the quality of education, both of which we shall explore further.

We must inculcate technical and vocational education in the domain of higher education in India. With rapid economic growth, most new employment opportunities that are being created have a huge demand for technical skills and employers are often found <a href="https://www.ndtv.com/feature/bengaluru-entrepreneur-slams-quality-of-freshers-defends-low-salary-packages-6337467">complaining</a> about the lack of skills.

Interestingly enough, the <a href="https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf">New Education Policy (NEP 2020)</a> actually attempts to tackle the crisis under the &ldquo;Reimagining Vocational Education and Skill-building&rdquo; section of the act where there are various provisions such as formalisation of <a href="https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/641638/1/141219.pdf">&lsquo;</a><a href="https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/641638/1/141219.pdf">LokVidya</a><a href="https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/641638/1/141219.pdf">&rsquo;</a> and making the National Skills Qualifications Framework more detailed in order to fit the growing demand. When it comes to the formalisation of LokVidya, the scheme aims to provide training to students with vocational indigenous skills, integrating training under local experts with internships. While it is too early to comment on the scheme, there exists a considerable gap in its idea of how to tackle the crisis with other technical skills, which are beyond the ambit of the scheme and when it comes to those skills within the scheme, there can be doubts if those skills are relevant to the modern, technologically superior world. While handling technical skill education, the industry-academia collaboration that has been <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200465462_Industrializing_knowledge_university-industry_linkages_in_Japan_and_the_United_States">advocated</a> for decades now, can focus beyond connections of the placement cells of university and rather give suggestions to the academic board that actually makes the curriculum and the pedagogy of the degree/course that the students pursue. This collaboration and implementation of the suggestions in itself might be a significant step as it ensures that the students turn out to be more employable and are not overburdened with industry-irrelevant workload.

Furthermore, the move of the government to <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/fresher/govt-rolls-out-internship-scheme-on-pilot-basis-aims-to-provide-1-cr-internship-over-5-years/articleshow/113907478.cms?from=mdr">introduce</a> more apprenticeship/internships also logically appears to be a great attempt at upskilling. Though it must be highlighted that the specifics of the government scheme, with the ambitious targets that the recent financial budget has set, are still unclear. By exposing the students to hands-on learning experiences, we allow them to not only interact with the realities of the workforce but also enable them to grasp the requirements to excel in the workforce and ultimately learn and acquire those skills. Additionally, the industry must enter into collaboration with the government and extend the platforms like <a href="https://swayam.gov.in/">swayam</a> for courses that the students can do simultaneously with the internship program.

While implementing the government scheme on internships, it is crucial to have scrutiny that the students as interns are actually given tasks that match or are congruent to a reasonable extent with the job description. Interns are often <a href="https://www.hrkatha.com/special/campus-connect-special/study-finds-that-most-millennial-interns-are-asked-to-do-menial-tasks/">given</a> menial work or tasks that are completely unrelated to their actual profile, with a majority of such tasks being marketing-related work. Since students are threatened with not receiving an internship certificate, they end up succumbing to such pressures and end up wasting precious time. Such practices might be counterproductive for the workforce and the government must ensure that such activities are avoided.

While the aforementioned strategies will play their role in solving the crisis, there are new challenges that we might <a href="https://earth5r.org/the-challenge-of-finding-internships-in-the-age-of-ai/">face</a> in the near future - the challenge of advancing technology and more particularly, artificial intelligence and the advent of large language models (LLMs). There exists an ongoing debate as to whether these advancements will <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/feature/Will-AI-replace-jobs-9-job-types-that-might-be-affected">replace</a> jobs, <a href="https://hrsea.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/85-million-jobs-under-threat-navigating-the-impact-of-ai-on-the-workforce/104911549#:~:text=Mumbai%20(Maharashtra)%3A%20The%20World,to%20meet%20future%20workforce%20demands.">reduce</a> jobs or <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/02/artificial-intelligence-ai-jobs-future/">add</a> jobs, with proponents of each possibility having their fair rationales. The debate will not end anytime soon, we must be prepared for either outcome. One of the potential plans is to equip the students with the ability to effectively utilise these LLMs and learn how to incorporate them in their work through training in <a href="https://www.scc.com/insights/it-solutions/why-prompt-engineering-is-the-new-must-have-it-skill/#:~:text=Bridging%20the%20Gap%20Between%20Humans%20and%20AI&amp;text=AI%20systems%20are%20powerful%2C%20but,can%20reach%20your%20goals%20faster.">prompt engineering</a>, without making them <a href="https://hbr.org/2023/06/ai-prompt-engineering-isnt-the-future">dependent</a> on these LLMs. This will not only boost their employability, but on a larger scale will act as a shock-absorber for the economy, if something drastic appears in the technology domain. This will require not only skilled trainers but also sound infrastructure to support these trainings along with considerable scope for increase in power demands as these technologies <a href="https://www.theverge.com/24066646/ai-electricity-energy-watts-generative-consumption">have</a> an intense use of energy. While this particular challenge may not be our top priority currently, we have to move in that direction soon.

To conclude, while the government has created plans to tackle the situation, there is a considerable scope for making the plan more detailed and sensitive to changes in the skill demand in the job market. It is in proper implementation of this plan that we hold the key to solve the issue of unemployment.

Phantom Factor behind Unemployment: Employability Crisis caused by Higher Education in India

&ldquo;Bangalore is not going to be liveable in the next five years. Just like Delhi isn&rsquo;t now. Which city are we planning to go to and make unliveable next?&rdquo;. This <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/bengaluru-news/bangalore-going-to-be-unlivable-in-the-next-5-years-just-like-delhi-iit-alumni-sparks-a-debate/articleshow/110205864.cms">recent tweet</a> by an IIT Madras alumni has sparked online discussion about the liveability of cities in India. According to <a href="https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/global-liveability-index-2023/">Global Liveability Index</a>, five Indian cities including Mumbai, Delhi and Bagalore, rank between 140 and 150 among 172 cities including Kyiv and Karachi. This means the average quality of life in cities like Bangalore, Delhi, Mumbai,etc, despite seeing huge economic growth, is not much higher than war torn and underdeveloped cities. These Indian cities are experiencing fundamental problems like lack of resources (water, housing, electricity), inflation, increased air pollution and income disparity. It almost seems like these cities are not able to manage such rapid growth.

The cost of mindless growth 

Growing cities have some obvious benefits like easier mobility of resources, more jobs and diversified sectors. Migration and the interchange of resources like capital, raw material,etc, has become an inevitable and defining character of the modern world. India has seen an urbanization rate of <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/271312/urbanization-in-india/">almost 4%</a> over the past decade. Growth is linked to a higher standard of living. This should make it desirable. However, such growth always comes at a cost. We can look at some of the fastest growing Indian cities like Delhi, Pune, Mumbai, which&nbsp; have become overburdened and congested. For example <a href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/08/01/indian-cities-are-utterly-unprepared-for-what-is-about-to-hit-them">Mumbai</a>, known to be home to the largest number of billionaires in the world, (after New York),&nbsp; faces huge amounts of problems like income inequality, flooding,etc. Urbanization can be directly linked to <a href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/08/01/indian-cities-are-utterly-unprepared-for-what-is-about-to-hit-them">38%</a> of warming in Indian cities. Social problems like violence and polarization have been found to be prevalent in such cities. Inflation, reduced savings and other <a href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/book-excerpt-indian-cities-have-a-cost-of-living-crisis-extract-from-the-indian-metropolis-by-feroze-varun-gandhi/article66789019.ece">economic problems</a> have also followed India&rsquo;s growing&nbsp; urban population, which was at&nbsp; almost&nbsp; <a href="https://mohua.gov.in/cms/urban-growth.php#:~:text=Scenario%20%2F%20Urban%20Growth-,Urban%20Growth,the%20country%20stands%20at%2031.6.">377.1 million</a> as per 2011 Census. This population is <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/7/2941">&ldquo;top heavy&rdquo;</a>- it is concentrated in a disproportionately few number of cities. Urban population is 35% of the total population which contributes to <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2024/01/30/gearing-up-for-india-s-rapid-urban-transformation#:~:text=India%20is%20urbanizing%20rapidly.,almost%2070%20percent%20to%20GDP.">70-75%</a> of the GDP. This disparity has only increased over the past decade. The lopsided nature of population distribution and economic activities leads to the kind of problems that these urban centers face.

The issues discussed in the preceding paragraph raise several questions for governance. Is this kind of growth manageable for governing bodies? It also raises the question of maintenance. Are systems equipped to maintain the additional infrastructure? The evidence paints a negative picture. Let us consider the <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-2022-bengaluru-how-to-ruin-indias-best-city-2541115-2024-05-19">case of Bangalor</a><a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-2022-bengaluru-how-to-ruin-indias-best-city-2541115-2024-05-19">e</a>,&nbsp; a&nbsp; few decades ago it was a quieter and&nbsp; more peaceful city. In the past two decades, the population in Bangalore has almost tripled. Many sectors in Bangalore have been adversely affected. Insufficient public transport and expensive housing have created great difficulties for the residents. For example, the city has a water supply shortfall of <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-2022-bengaluru-how-to-ruin-indias-best-city-2541115-2024-05-19">650 million liters</a> a day and people spend hours in traffic. According to a report, an average Bangalore commuter spends <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-drops-to-6th-place-in-2023-from-2nd-place-in-2022-in-global-traffic-congestion-ranking/article67808306.ece">257 </a>hours on the road out of which 132 could be attributed to road congestion. Previously known for its pleasant weather, the climate in the city has become <a href="https://www.bengalurusustainabilityforum.org/urban-climate-change/">erratic</a>. Bangalore recorded a temperature that crossed <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/May/01/bengaluru-sizzles-records-highest-temperature-of-418-degree-celsius">40 c</a><a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/May/01/bengaluru-sizzles-records-highest-temperature-of-418-degree-celsius">elsius</a> this summer. This is a consequence of<a href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/08/01/indian-cities-are-utterly-unprepared-for-what-is-about-to-hit-them"> heat</a> trapped by increased emissions from economic activities. A possible cause of all of these above problems might be that governance and systems are not able to manage the scale of the growth. The citizens are paying the cost.

Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA) as a prospective remedy

As the name suggests, <a href="https://www.cseindia.org/understanding-eia-383">EIA</a> is a tool to predict the impact that a project could have on the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the place.It is a scientific, multistage process that analyzes the potential impact on the society, economy and environment. Generally this process includes steps like screening, scoping, analysis, mitigation and decision making. <a href="#_msocom_1" id="_anchor_1" name="_msoanchor_1">[1]</a>&nbsp;<a href="#_msocom_2" id="_anchor_2" name="_msoanchor_2">[2]</a>&nbsp;It is a practice that has been prescribed by international organizations like the United Nations. India, under the Environmental (Protection) Act 1986, made <a href="https://www.sociolegalreview.com/post/from-2006-to-2020-the-ongoing-problems-of-the-eia">Environmental Clearance (EC)</a> mandatory for certain expansion activities. EIA takes into account all the stakeholders in a project and analyzes its impact on the environment of the place. Getting an idea of how the project will impact the economy of the place, how it will affect pollution or whether the people will accept or resist it helps build a more informed decision making process.

However, this EIA system has many limitations. For example, it defines categories of projects that require Environmental Clearance but the project that might fall out of these categories may burden the ecosystem in that region. Additionally, the system lacks an effective process of public consultations. They typically occur at a later stage in the study, ultimately&nbsp; hampering any meaningful contribution in the process. EIA also remains just a notification under the Environmental Protection Law, undermining the enforceability. Aside from this, the biggest indicator of the failure of EIA is how badly Indian cities are doing in terms of socio-economic and environmental problems.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;

Regardless of the specifics, the concept of EIA is extremely important. It is a decision making tool. It is meant to ensure that the decision made is optimal and favorable for the maximum number of people. Most countries like <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&amp;type=pdf&amp;doi=6124568cfebc77a6b68adae87fbd883748e04032">Sweden</a> and <a href="https://unece.org/DAM/env/eia/documents/Review_2006_2009/Questionnaire2006_09_Germany_en.pdf">Germany</a> have notable EIA frameworks that are applied to infrastructure projects. Similarly, a big part of <a href="https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/270397/1-s2.0-S1878029610X00032/1-s2.0-S1878029610000551/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHcaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCICI1%2FwETn3xi3EnBq5NIJR3GgRf8ebzMHhM8HwHZh5JkAiEAkZqYVhxT6Wv3uLrizcKFko8wX0wXFl7jZlgimsknN%2BAqvAUI0P%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDG21MKoaY6WQ2mgLNSqQBRccaKBbwurJixCgKvRwcxcmPmFVGMkKnb5Rqmg59gMxzSEicn87J9nYUXf1ZBiJAngrqVvhObR5%2BJ7o1aZHkcqq%2F8KQie0h09rBdioCuG0GamZfdrsjQf1UxL9cwhZD7Vh7Ep4hAjz1tcUj4kL4c3K2dCMfMMGZEiDgLx9ps8oiUv4G7yi1FKnDcPANuLtrrTRgmFGLC1PNxmUuBE7kerc4W4pNWUvkpvIGMlxzHum%2BCfReLVtZR5FtXaXPDL9fGpaxhMce1MdMs1oNVxN8t0KUvuclMxROH9ZV18IUCoF7zwMUB%2FF9IiU2DScrtryjF1mKtf0VBsUtTv763GQX5z5%2FpfPtGxjrpCJ6k6mFsZaUUMDjl6c9sOIh343ETJU%2FM9l%2BEegrVHgcAPpBliAw4QirzJM%2ByGWoJ6yW2MXrWcEC8LnOnSkzjaB%2BZcDSmtq0%2F1FSZDzOFzvUSPqN%2FNyfWunjLruyCK1hkfooobi7AcZkDb18m3lWXBtt7DyBfhDWQMSSqSIvw4I4hHq3ftuOrpbZpsQBvXmNIALLq3B2YG%2BUMA21xW%2Fy2ZEAWXRjNSA%2Be9r33vXmyIz2GlQuZkxNb16vTgOzDDgYwv49XCcdCfvb1dGN7b18zuVZ04dEht71LaEh5sMDLhCoHzG0W5W74hgxuaEnDng0bVbkCBnJuTKZGFnolKjTBtLNz%2FdavH1kaR9OzCBTf%2F9wY2abBvRAv6GLB4SanfHelAU8AgkA2jo5zjzCXJ9J2uYOdyhupaXI0K3JUc5G10sQbD8rm8%2Fa5xAPl9s8E%2FDwBMBqGRs0Ot9EvmqkZuImYWfa6Fk4oVveb6jkOeguiz2nNCopB9axqljJA%2FxN3UCjrGytKAMJsXVkMPv2srgGOrEB5CS58bDWwyd0wmR9jpRJF1cWUUNChn98HdkIaLCYrAHZmRErYvNEtKDEneTGiNN%2F%2FdmWuWCmK%2B4jKXh2vDiEtB6pYIELc10j7jHfPkQxxFYjDRVDeQcIkbDrZ%2FhzqgcOPAekBm8a4swZvtJwABkVLMXwG2QM%2FaLayCCHY8NdhQuj3V2bUoHvsTm%2FY0keEJbGb4O44O9LrDwYxeF76q21rHb6mZ7ByTdFMDZH2aGLP%2FYv&amp;X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20241014T072408Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=300&amp;X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY6UN6EV4C%2F20241014%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=41b6cfe75db313cc9ceebe750d3b65db599e36e804c7f53122e1eeb05b416b10&amp;hash=b49bc9e70b6fe078435451475ebf6b4a7a2d0b1d9eb4da4c4419a2c396beb8d2&amp;host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&amp;pii=S1878029610000551&amp;tid=spdf-c719824f-a5b5-491a-b0f0-7d62de95712f&amp;sid=af2596605e5c7846c42a5732674c52e72c93gxrqb&amp;type=client&amp;tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&amp;ua">Wuhan city planning</a> in China used this framework effectively.

Striking a balance

Big decisions have big consequences. These consequences need to be scientifically assessed. EIA is a prospective way to procedurally evaluate them. However, EIA systems in India are currently ineffective. Restructuring these systems to include more stakeholder consultation and recommendations by experts could help urban planners approach city planning strategically.Advocating to purposely slow down or stop growth would be unreasonable. As we have already discussed, urban growth is both beneficial and desirable. But with fundamental problems in the way, are urban citizens really able to reap the benefits? Urban growth that is unchecked can prove to be dangerous. Anyone would agree that buying something without looking at the price is a bad idea. It is essential to assess the full costs of something before proceeding with it. It is unwise to keep building infrastructure and expanding already saturated cities without thinking about the effect it will have on the socio-economic and environmental elements of that place.

It is good to have everything one might need. But considering where we are in terms of the global environment, it is important to weigh the costs against the benefits. It is not necessary for development and the environment to be pitted against each other. Tools like EIA will help us strike a favorable balance.

Development that is mindful: Challenges in Indian cities

Introduction:

Internet governance continues to be a contentious issue in the contemporary world. The primary challenge with enforcing any law or regulation on the internet comes from it being completely virtual and because there are no borders like we have in the physical world. But almost all major incidents in this &lsquo;cyberspace&rsquo; have almost always had real-world repercussions. Because of this, the internet remains without any kind of content moderation, which is not ideal and can have major consequences. Therefore, internet governance continues to be more important than ever with each passing day.

Estonian Cyber Attacks:

Take the case of what <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/39655415">happened in Estonia</a> in 2007 with the Bronze Soldier statue. For Russian speakers in Estonia, it represented the USSR&rsquo;s victory over Nazism. However, the ethnic Estonians perceived the statue to be an unwelcome reminder of Soviet oppression. The Estonian government decided to move the statue from the city center to the outskirts, which did not sit well with Russians everywhere.The state witnessed rioting for two consecutive nights. In response to the statue&rsquo;s removal, Estonia became the victim to a major cyber attack on the 27th of April which ended up crippling banks, media and government services.

This proved to be a watershed moment for Estonia as they understood just how malicious and crippling a cyber attack can be. What makes the situation worse when dealing with such attacks is that it is not easy to identify the attacker as you would in traditional methods of warfare. It was fairly obvious that the attacks were of Russian origins, seeing how the movement of the statue could potentially trigger such a response from them. A large number of the attacks were traced back to Internet Protocol addresses in Russia, along with many online forums containing instructions in Russia for launching the attack. However, Moscow <a href="https://www.cigionline.org/articles/doing-battle-cyberspace-how-attack-estonia-changed-rules-game/">continues to deny</a> that they participated. The incident proved to be a <a href="https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1105&amp;context=jss">crucial moment</a> for Estonia and other nations, underscoring the importance of cybersecurity and the need to build stronger network infrastructure. Following the attack, NATO and EU member countries started to create courses of action in the case of a cyber breach and even deemed appropriate punishments for states that indulge in cyber warfare. This is just one instance of many cyber attacks in recent years.

Chinese Cyber Policy:

Another interesting case study when it comes to the realm of governance in <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep07952?searchText=China%27s+cyber+sovereignty&amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DChina%25E2%2580%2599s%2Bcyber%2Bsovereignty%26so%3Drel&amp;ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&amp;refreqid=fastly-default%3A3bd3e07c6f7632ef6251481e72ef51b3&amp;seq=3">cyberspace is China</a>. Unlike other nations who realized the dangers of virtual warfare too late, China has taken a very aggressive approach to securing their network, which bears a resemblance to their foreign policy. In fact, their approach moves away from just securing the internet and instead focuses on the concept of &lsquo;cyber sovereignty.&rsquo; China also houses the world&#39;s <a href="https://www.cigionline.org/articles/doing-battle-cyberspace-how-attack-estonia-changed-rules-game/">largest online population</a>, with over 1.5 billion users, so it becomes imperative that some form of regulation is implemented. Their approach is also a result of wanting to counter Western influence in cyberspace and be more independent. With most key players such as Google, Apple and Microsoft all being of American origins, it <a href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/cff/2022/08/18/sovereignty-and-cyberspace-chinas-ambition-to-shape-cyber-norms/">becomes clear</a> why China has such a comprehensive cyber policy. The Great Firewall in China acts to block certain IP addresses and websites starting from the 90&rsquo;s. In addition to extreme filtering, they also <a href="https://itif.org/publications/2019/12/16/case-mostly-open-internet/">only allow</a> government-approved VPNs to function in the state, which users usually rely on to access banned content.

Apple takes a stand against the American Government:

China&rsquo;s cyber policy stands apart from that of the Western bloc which has a relatively unregulated approach to cyberspace. Although, the lack of an overly comprehensive policy does not necessarily mean that the government has no legal say in the virtual realm. For instance, in 2016, the US magistrate <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/the-time-tim-cook-stood-his-ground-against-fbi/">ordered Apple</a> to create software that would allow them to access the iPhone of a suspect in the December 2015 San Bernardino shooting. Apple CEO Tim Cook refused the government&rsquo;s demand to create an iPhone &ldquo;backdoor,&rdquo; citing privacy risks for users. This incident shows how a country that supposedly wants an unregulated cyberspace did not hesitate to abuse power to potentially create a dangerous piece of software. The creation of such software would ironically be equivalent to following in the footsteps of China&rsquo;s <a href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2018/rise-digital-authoritarianism">authoritarian internet regime</a>.

What is the right approach?

So far, we have looked at the cyber attacks in Estonia, China&rsquo;s harsh cyber policy and the FBI&rsquo;s attempts to break into an iPhone. It becomes clear that there is a lack of clarity about the stance that governments and other stakeholders want to take on regulating activities in the virtual realm. On one hand, we can see countries block websites, monitor the flow of data, and give out harsh punishments for anything that they deem unideal in their <a href="https://www.twobirds.com/en/insights/2022/china/china-to-toughen-penalties-for-cybersecurity-breaches">cyberspace</a>. At the same time, others support the idea of an open internet until a major incident occurs. How can we control threats while ensuring user safety? There seems to be an overwhelming leaning toward having a <a href="https://centr.org/news/blog/why-we-need-multistakeholder-internet-governance.html">multistakeholder approach</a> when it comes to Internet governance.

This approach initially came about as a legacy of the internet from its initial phases of development. Since the internet used to be something that was relatively unregulated, a multistakeholder approach seems to be the ideal way to regulate the larger cyberspace. But the fundamental problem with this mode of governance is that there can be too many stakeholders (private and government) with different priorities. This can lead to a lot of confusion and perhaps even make simple problems complex to solve. For example, a lot of companies continued to use Windows XP, even after its support ended in 2014. This led to a lot of computers being left vulnerable to <a href="https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/learning/security/ransomware/wannacry-ransomware/">WannaCry attacks</a> in 2017, when the solution was to just update the software on time. Another thing we need to account for is that cyberspace evolves much faster than legislation, which is why we need a proactive approach to its regulation. Therefore, the most ideal way is to modify the multistakeholder approach.

The Estonian cyber attacks highlight the importance of having proper cybersecurity measures, while China showcases the effectiveness of having comprehensive cyber policies. The American case is an example of how we also need to protect individual rights in cyberspace incidents. An effective mode of governance would be to empower governments to have more power while also ensuring transparency and accountability to avoid any notion of authoritarianism in regulating cyberspace.

Balancing National Security Concerns and Freedom on the Internet

Matia Transit Camp <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/countrys-biggest-detention-centre-matia-transit-camp-becomes-operational-in-assams-goalpara/articleshow/97405333.cms">became operational</a> as of January 2023, India&rsquo;s largest detention center in the Goalpara District of Assam, it is made on 2.5 hectare land and consists of facilities to hold nearly 3000 Foreigner&rsquo;s or illegal immigrants. Some of the &ldquo;declared foreigners&rdquo; out of the 1.9 million excluded from the NRC in Assam have already been imprisoned in the camp, including 21 women and 2 children. NRC ( National Register of Citizens) is a list consisting of Indians and is going to approve people who are bona fide Indian Citizens, while those being excluded from this list or failing to enlist in the register will be deemed illegal or &ldquo;declared foreigners&rdquo;. The criteria to be included in the list in Assam is not linked to a population census but to have at least one family member who appeared in the 1951 NRC in Assam or to be in the state&rsquo;s electoral roll before 1971 March 24 midnight. The Government of India plans to implement this throughout the country. Imagine being born and raised in India, or serving in the Indian army only to find yourself suddenly labeled as an &#39;alien&#39; This is the reality for <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-couple-in-bengaluru-jail-on-suspicion-of-being-illegal-migrants-8268742/">Palash Adhikari</a> and his family, who spent 10 months in prison and Mohammad Sana Ullah who served in the <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/5/30/humiliated-ex-indian-army-man-in-assam-declared-foreigner#:~:text=Mohammad%20Sana%20Ullah%2C%20a%2030,an%20Indian%20citizen%20on%20Wednesday.">Indian army for 30 years</a> has been sent to a detention center. The gravity of the problem could be assessed by thefact that among the excluded are family members of the <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nrc-final-list-released-family-members-of-former-president-fakhruddin-ali-ahmed-again-left-out-5956636/">former President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a>. These along with the 1.9 million excluded from the NRC have similar stories and concerns.

Background

As the clock struck midnight on 14 August 1947, two nations were born in the Indian subcontinent. The Radcliffe line divided two of the largest provinces of the British Raj, Punjab and Bengal. Freedom came to these two groups at the cost of losing their homes and rushing to the other side to avoid falling prey to a worser fate of death leading to one of the largest displacement and refugee crises during its time. Unplanned migration, mass riots and disease led to severe complications on both sides, in addition to the ever growing refugee camps and sprawling slums across Bengal. Refugees from East Bengal poured into the neighboring states of India in multiple periods, almost 3 million in the immediate aftermath and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090925052911/http://www.catchcal.com/kaleidoscope/people/east.asp">another 11.1 million till 1971</a> after waves of violence on the other side. The Indian Government setup border inspection who conducted a brief interview and assessment for the incoming refugees. If the individuals had satisfactory claims of fresh arrival, they were issued an interception slip which gave them the status of refugee. This continued and a new system of receiving migration certificates started in Bangladesh&rsquo;s Indian Embassy after 1952. These documents were enough at that time for the Bengalis to cross over to escape persecution and to cross the line which they had never wanted.

Problems &amp; Impact of NRC &amp; CAA

Citizenship is a marker which ensures an individual gets certain formal, legal rights and protection by the state as a member of the country. It gives a sense of belonging and freedom with certain responsibilities to uphold as the citizen of the country. These rights and freedom are not extended to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/citizenship">&ldquo;aliens&rdquo; or non-citizens</a> living in the country. With citizenship debates heating up globally, what&rsquo;s happening through the NRC should be on everyone&rsquo;s radar. The documents which helped the refugees attain the rights of being an Indian citizen are under threat. In an already <a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-s-poor-are-also-document-poor-11578300732736.html">document poor country</a> this has become an extremely difficult challenge. Xenophobia against the perceived infiltrators has already led to several instances of <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-where-killing-of-five-bengalis-has-led-to-another-language-flashpoint/article25464115.ece">violence against marginalized</a> Bengali communities in Assam and <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-mamata-odisha-workers-assault-9509308/">across the country</a>. NRC as an act is punitive in nature, where it is clear that the <a href="https://comparativemigrationstudies.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40878-024-00393-0#:~:text=The%20NRC%20process%20in%20Assam,state%20alone%20(CPIL%202020).">process is the punishment</a>. Malcolm Feeley, a public law professor and author popularized this term &ldquo;<a href="https://www.russellsage.org/publications/process-punishment-1">process is the punishment</a>&rdquo; to show functioning of the lower court and its impact on ordinary citizens as being harsh and punishing. The process itself is usually undermined and constantly delayed while trying to disguise it under equality, liberty and impartiality. It is also increasingly apparent that NRC &amp; CAA intend to &ldquo;weaponise citizenship&rdquo;, by using it as a tool to coerce or exclude individual&rsquo;s democratic rights. The punitive gap in the process of selecting which members to exclude has been targeted towards the Bengalis who are perceived as <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3718512">non-indigenous</a>. While being excluded from NRC does not mean you are a foreign national, since only the Foreigners&rsquo; tribunal can declare it,. A report from LokSabha shows that <a href="https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/175/AU4401.pdf?source=pqals">140,050 cases are pending</a> between 2016-2020 and the gap is only increasing as 1.9 million claimants now would have to appeal. If the slow legal process of the autonomous tribunals is any testimony to the justice, the fates of these people are now left in limbo. Additionally, othering of marginal communities and populations which have historically been a part of regions in Assam such as the Cachar district is detrimental to the harmony of the communities living there. Citizenship governance in the region along with the nation needs to be facilitated to become a fair process, instead of a regressive and oppressive one which weakens the civil rights of socio economically backward communities and deepens the inequities faced by 
them in the country. It also would lead to a large-scale statelessness crisis which would further exacerbate the declining relations with our neighboring country Bangladesh. This would also hamper our international branding as a proponent of &ldquo;Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam&rdquo;(the world is one family).

Alternative to NRC &amp; CAA

Using a rigid documentary system to prove their citizenship is again immensely hard in a nation with poor documentation of its citizens. Moreover, the suspicion that documents can be forged&nbsp;has also acted as a double edged sword as authorities use excessive scrutiny in judging these documents. A line which divided the fate of the Bengali people in India, and such punitive measures is a constant reminder of their statelessness. A fairer and more accountable approach can definitely address the issue of illegal immigration, but currently these populist laws act as a threat to the survival of about 20 million who are descendants of the people who came to India from the otherside of British India. India is not a <a href="https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/4cd96e919.pdf">signatory </a>of the 1951 refugee Convention nor the 1967 protocols for refugees. This leads to a bureaucratic problem as the government does not know how to classify the different people&rsquo;s living in India as refugees and to the issues in Northeast and other regions. In addition to the absence of these UN frameworks, India also lacks a national convention for the treatment of its refugees. While India hosts numerous refugees particularly from Tibet, Myanmar and Sri Lanka, they have to register <a href="https://www.indianbarassociation.org/indias-refugee-policy/#:~:text=Even%20though%20India%20is%20not,refugee%20issues%20and%20related%20matters.">with the UNHRC</a>. We need to design a policy such as &ldquo;temporary protection status(TPS)&rdquo; like the <a href="https://www.unrefugees.org/news/colombia-s-refugee-crisis-and-integration-approach-explained/#:~:text=How%20is%20Colombia%20integrating%20Venezuelan,migrants%20living%20in%20the%20country.">Colombian government</a> created for the Venezuelan refugees arriving in their country due to the high distress due to economic difficulty. This grants a refugee or a migrant 10 years of legal protection and authority to work in the country. Which also allows them to integrate into the society and they can apply for citizenship later on. This would not only help the people excluded from the NRC, but also several other refugee groups in the country to receive legal and work protection. In the meantime, the government can reframe its citizenship and refugee policy to whether to include or exclude them. It will also make it possible for several marginalized or persecuted groups like Tibetian, Bengali or Punjabi people to migrate out of these places or to integrate in the places they have settled. Additionally, the government can also design specialized zones in West Bengal, Tripura or other states, out of the state of Assam since they might not be perceived as much of a threat there. This was <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/208566">partially successful</a> in the exchange between Turks in Greece and Greeks in Turkey, where both the governments set up <a href="https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/">special zones</a> for the refugees to settle in. While this was done in India too for the earlier refugees from West and East Pakistan, it can be done as an interstate initiative to reach an equitable solution.

Citizen or Illegal? The Human Cost of India's NRC

&ldquo;Let China sleep, for when she wakes, she&rsquo;ll shake the world.&rdquo; This<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/8777228-two-centuries-ago-napoleon-warned-let-china-sleep-when-she"> prophecy</a> made by Napoleon Bonaparte two centuries ago is well on its way to attaining fruition. China has effectively transitioned from <a href="https://www.hoover.org/research/defending-taiwan-0">Deng Xiaoping&rsquo;s dictum</a> of &ldquo;hide your strengths and bide your time&rdquo; and is now guided by Xi Jinping&#39;s<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26773952"> ambition of reclaiming</a> China&rsquo;s rightful place in the world order. Two noteworthy events in the past 2 years stand testament to the fact that Xi&rsquo;s maxim has been set in motion.

In March 2023, China achieved a major <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/china-as-broker-of-peace-how-cold-war-2-0-is-heating-up-9478017/">diplomatic breakthrough</a> by mediating a rapprochement between arch-rivals of the Middle east-Iran and Saudi Arabia. One year later, China brought together 14 different factions of the Palestinian movement under the umbrella of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).<a href="https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/hamas-fatah-sign-declaration-on-ending-yearslong-rift-as-war-rages-in-gaza-124072300966_1.html"> </a>Termed the <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/hamas-fatah-sign-declaration-on-ending-yearslong-rift-as-war-rages-in-gaza-124072300966_1.html">&ldquo;Beijing Declaration&rdquo;</a>, it aims to form a national unity administration for Palestinian issues. What was particularly surprising for chancelleries across the world was the Chinese prowess to bring together bickering stakeholders like Hamas and Fatah, who have been bitter rivals due to their diverging positions on Palestinian statehood and its coexistence with Israel.

An immediate implication of Beijing positioning itself as a global mediator was<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYBr31BZBtk"> </a>Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba (July&rsquo;24) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYBr31BZBtk">reaching out to his Chinese counterpart</a> Wang Yi to put forth the following view &ndash;&ldquo;I am convinced that a just peace in Ukraine is in China&rsquo;s strategic interests and China&rsquo;s role as a global force for peace is important.&rdquo; This development implicitly places China as an important stakeholder in the Russia-Ukraine theatre of conflict, which can be seen as a favourable outcome for Chinese strategic policy practitioners.

This brings us to the question of what influences Beijing&rsquo;s recent moves on the geopolitical chessboard.This article tries to make an effort to decipher Chinese strategic thought to attain a better understanding of the Chinese mediation bids that are transpiring around us.

Understanding Chinese strategic thought-What drives Beijing&rsquo;s global ambitions?

To rival the US as a superpower, an aspiring nation needs to demonstrate superiority in key strategic domains. The first domain is the ability to not just be a passive participant in shaping global outcomes but playing a decisive role in executing multilateral agendas. Second is the symbolism of power projection, which involves mediating global conflicts to showcase a nation&#39;s comprehensive power to both allies and adversaries. With Iran and Saudi Arabia agreeing to restore diplomatic relations at China&rsquo;s behest, Beijing has walked the talk in implementing its strategic thought.

Extrapolating the attributes above with the two Chinese mediation gambits, presents an intriguing facet of China&rsquo;s modus operandi in the great power rivalry that we are witnessing. Beijing is<a href="https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/the-deep-foundations-of-chinas-mediator-role-in-the-middle-east/"> </a><a href="https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/the-deep-foundations-of-chinas-mediator-role-in-the-middle-east/">deploying a novel strategy</a> of vigorously publicising its mediation efforts without any inhibitions and in the process, salami slicing (practice of using a series of many small actions to produce a much larger action or result that would be difficult to perform all at once) the US&rsquo;s sphere of influence in West Asia.

In his book the<a href="https://academic.oup.com/book/39917/chapter-abstract/340178116?redirectedFrom=fulltext"> &ldquo;</a><a href="https://academic.oup.com/book/39917/chapter-abstract/340178116?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Long Game&rdquo;</a>, eminent American political scientist Rush Doshi, simplifies the Chinese strategic doctrine for theorists and practitioners trying to develop a counter strategy for the Chinese moves. The Chinese strategic doctrine rests on three pillars:&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Politically, China will project leadership over global governance and international institutions and weaken American alliances in Europe and Asia.</li>
	<li>Economically, concentrate industry expertise in emerging technologies like AI, quantum computing, semiconductors, strategic supply chains, critical minerals, etc.</li>
	<li>Militarily, expand the People&rsquo;s Liberation Army&rsquo;s presence with bases around the world and build a force adept in modern warfare.</li>
	<li>With a fundamental understanding of Chinese strategy, the pertinent question that arises is what does China aim to achieve as a mediator?</li>
</ul>

To answer this question, it is crucial to look at current developments from a historical perspective. China is no stranger to the Middle East. Its forays in West Asia go back a long way. In<a href="https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/the-deep-foundations-of-chinas-mediator-role-in-the-middle-east/"> </a>2002,it had appointed a &ldquo;<a href="https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/the-deep-foundations-of-chinas-mediator-role-in-the-middle-east/">Special envoy for Middle East Issues</a>&rdquo; and termed the Palestine-Israel conflict as the core source of tensions in the Middle East and sought active resolutions on the matter.

With the era of the US being the sole superpower behind us and America recalibrating its foreign policy attention from the Middle East to the Indo-Pacific, the Chinese are actively attempting to fill the power vacuum in the region. In light of this objective, the Chinese mediation activity in the Middle East is guided by two factors. First, their economic interests in the region. $242.78 billion is the <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/chinas-ambitious-efforts-to-expand-its-influence-in-the-israel-palestine-issue/">value of Chinese investment</a> in the Middle East, which makes it imperative for China to ensure that there is no threat to regional stability posed by actors like the Houthi rebels in Yemen or Hezbollah in Lebanon. The second plank is the geopolitical objective that China aims to achieve. China wants to <a href="https://knowledge.skema.edu/china-new-international-mediator-iran-ukraine/">position itself as a credible</a> international mediator and provide an alternative to the US-led &ldquo;rules-based order&rdquo;. The rationale behind such a move is to present an alternative framework of global governance to build a new world order, which is rooted in Chinese characteristics.

From a strategic vantage point, the two mediations are a<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYBr31BZBtk"> </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYBr31BZBtk">&ldquo;win-win situation&rdquo;</a> for Beijing because even if these rapprochements do not sustain, Beijing can take the moral high ground of at least making an effort to resolve enduring disputes in the Middle East and by extension, add brownie points to their optics portfolio. In addition, mediating between Iran and Saudi has earned Beijing the support of two important oil producers.

Although,the October 7 attacks have had an adverse effect on the potential success of the Chinese mediation efforts because of Iran and Saudi Arabia&rsquo;s differing positions on the two-state solution &amp; Saudi being an ally of the US and Israel by extension,still the diplomatic channels established during the initial rapprochement remain intact and once the broader regional upheaval subsides,Beijing can expect both parties to come back to the negotiating table.Beijing is committed to playing a long term role in the region by <a href="https://interpret.csis.org/chinas-strategy-in-the-middle-east/">institutionalising its diplomatic activity</a> which is aimed at conflict resolution in the Middle East which would yield positive outcomes in the long run.

Beijing on the move: The Road Ahead

<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/chinas-new-global-initiatives-mask-an-intrusive-agenda/articleshow/104360749.cms?from=mdr">Articulation by China of ideas</a> like the &ldquo;Global Security Initiative&rdquo;, &ldquo;Global Development Initiative&rdquo; and &ldquo;Global Civilizational Initiative&rdquo;, indicates a clear shift in Chinese foreign policy towards not just presenting Chinese frameworks on multilateral platforms but also positioning them as the go-to principles to address pressing global issues.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Rising powers like India, Japan, Germany, etc. and an entrenched power like the US, who is facing multiple challenges to its long-held hegemony, should add a new vector to their strategic calculus, on how to pushback against China&rsquo;s imposition of its world view on global governance platforms and devise a competing model to counter its mediation bids. The world cannot afford to be asleep at the wheel, as an unchecked dragon makes it play to achieve superpower status in a rapidly changing and tumultuous geopolitical landscape.

Fin.

Social Media Handles

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The dragon’s new frontier: Mediating global conflict issues

It is quite established that humanity has shown utter disregard for the living world. Consequently, we have to face the music which is, indubitably, the result of our actions gradually catching up with us. In an alarming twist, these consequences have also given rise to security threats across regions of Africa and the Indian subcontinent, as will be discussed in this essay.

Climate change is not a new phenomenon. It <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change">refers</a> to long-term shifts in weather patterns as well as temperatures. While these shifts can occur naturally, through large volcanic eruptions or solar activity, they are increasingly exacerbated by human activities, predominantly the burning of fossil fuels. Although there has been ample evidence of climate change since the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change">1800s</a>, which can be traced back to the period of the Industrial Revolution (1760&ndash;1840), discussions of the phenomenon only gained traction in <a href="https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/stockholm-kyoto-brief-history-climate-change#:~:text=In%201988%2C%20global%20warming%20and,public%20debate%20and%20political%20agenda.">1988 and 1989</a>. This was when the first notable global efforts towards delaying, mitigating, or limiting climate change were implemented through the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Ever since, climate change as a theme has gained prominence, and rightfully so. How then, does the question of a security threat arise?

Climate change has been cited as the reason behind several natural catastrophes, including <a href="https://wmo.int/content/climate-change-and-heatwaves#:~:text=With%20every%20additional%20increment%20of,heatwave%20intensity%2C%20frequency%20and%20duration.">extreme heatwaves</a>; <a href="https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal">frequent floods</a>, <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2023/09/11/what-you-need-to-know-about-climate-change-and-drought">droughts</a>, and <a href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-probably-increasing-intensity-tropical-cyclones">intense cyclones</a>; <a href="https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15199.doc.htm">sea level rise</a>; <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-020-0648-y">stronger disease vectors</a>; and <a href="https://iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/marine-heatwaves#:~:text=Due%20to%20increased%20greenhouse%20gas,and%20are%20becoming%20more%20severe.">extreme marine heatwaves</a>. These natural catastrophes can be termed &ldquo;risk factors&rdquo;. This connection can be attributed to the greenhouse effect, wherein the rising global average temperature and the rising atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide are accelerating at an <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/?intent=121">alarming rate</a>. <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change#:~:text=Changes%20in%20the%20climate%20and,of%20people%20are%20at%20risk.">Further connections</a> can be made between these risk factors and damage and destruction to humans, infrastructure, crops, and ecosystems (which can be termed &ldquo;primary impacts&rdquo;). The primary impacts, in turn, lead to a series of collapses: the <a href="https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2019/06/20/climate-change-economy-impacts/">industrial economy collapse</a>, the <a href="https://www.economicsobservatory.com/how-are-agricultural-economies-affected-by-climate-change">agricultural economy collapse</a>, and the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/ocean-impacts#:~:text=Rising%20temperatures%20increase%20the%20risk,the%20water%20could%20be%20cooler.">marine system collapse</a>. These systemic collapses then result in the loss of livelihood, triggering migration and socio-political unrest, thereby leading to a rise of violent extremism. These climate risks which are possible triggers for State failure can be applied to various instances occurring or that have occurred across the globe, as will be elaborated over the next few paragraphs.

One of the main insurgent groups in the African continent, Boko Haram&rsquo;s terrorism and expansion in the region can be attributed to climate change, as a result of the gradual depletion of Lake Chad which is spread across the countries of Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Niger. Traditionally, the lake has been the <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/climate-change-conflict-what-is-fuelling-the-lake-chad-crisis-75639">primary source</a> of freshwater, fishing, and irrigation, nourishing livestock and providing livelihoods for a population of almost thirty million settled along its shores. However, over the past six decades, several factors have contributed towards the shrinking of the lake&rsquo;s surface by over <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/climate-change-conflict-what-is-fuelling-the-lake-chad-crisis-75639">ninety per cent</a>. Climate change and environmental degradation, coupled with a ballooning population and the subsequent over-use of water, have been attributed to the decrease in the lake&rsquo;s surface. Turmoil has gripped the populace owing to higher temperatures (which have been increasing <a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/climate-change-conflict-what-is-fuelling-the-lake-chad-crisis-75639">one-and-a-half times</a> faster than the global average) and the drastically changing rainfall patterns which have resulted in crop failure as well as food and water insecurity. Further, the depletion of natural resources in the region means there is a dearth of opportunities to earn livelihoods, driving the purposeless youth towards anti-social activities, including joining groups like Boko Haram, which may reward them monetarily along with a sense of purpose (however appalling the said purpose may be).

The Horn of Africa is notorious for its pirate-infested waters, chief among the actors being Somali pirates. Somalis have been <a href="https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-piracy-marine/causes-of-piracy-in-somalia-waters/">struggling</a> through prolonged periods of desertification, droughts, and soil erosion, leaving them vulnerable to food insecurity and unemployment, given the inability of the land to yield crops. While the country has the longest coastline in Africa, its Somali citizens have <a href="https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-piracy-marine/causes-of-piracy-in-somalia-waters/">not been able to harness</a> its potential due to illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing by foreign fishing trawlers, wherein the country loses almost <a href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/roots-somalias-slow-piracy-resurgence">$300 million annually</a>. These trawlers have depleted fish stocks and polluted Somali territorial waters by dumping toxic waste. Left with no better alternative, several Somali fishermen and unemployed youth have turned to piracy in order to earn their livelihoods, hijacking vessels, kidnapping crew members and demanding ransom. Meanwhile, local fishermen are <a href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/roots-somalias-slow-piracy-resurgence">left in the lurch</a> as their livelihoods face serious threats, as pirates harass them in territorial waters and the government provides no safety net. Attempts to defend themselves have even resulted in their arrests &mdash; mistakenly accused of being the very pirates they hate.

Climate change has gripped India in its tight embrace, impacting the country both directly and indirectly. For instance, Bangladesh faces <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/bangladesh-country-underwater-culture-move">terrible risks</a> as a result of sea level rise in the near future, which could mean an influx of millions of &ldquo;climate refugees&rdquo; into India, thereby impacting the latter&rsquo;s internal security as well. Additionally, the emergence of blue bioluminescence blooms, although beautiful and harmless on the surface, has its own perils. Melting Himalayan glaciers, eutrophication, as well as the Arabian Sea&rsquo;s expanding Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) have created an <a href="https://maritimeindia.org/implications-for-india-of-noctiluca-scintillans-in-the-maritime-domain/">ideal environment</a> for Noctiluca to thrive. The invasive phytoplankton Noctiluca Scintillans species in the western coastal shores of the Indian Ocean has <a href="https://maritimeindia.org/implications-for-india-of-noctiluca-scintillans-in-the-maritime-domain/">serious implications</a> for India&rsquo;s holistic maritime security &mdash; both non-traditional and traditional. These blooms affect the food chain of the marine ecosystem, thereby impacting the catch of artisanal fishermen and contributing to food insecurity. The blue bioluminescence could also compromise the location of naval submarines, increasing their chances of detection by potential adversaries.

While the doomsday projections of the new-age &ldquo;climate warriors&rdquo; might seem far-fetched at times, the second-order consequences of climate change are undeniable. The safety and security of people grappling with the various climate change-sponsored anti-social elements, be it in the Indian subcontinent or regions of Africa, are at stake. Indifference is a luxury we no longer can afford.

Climate Change: A Looming Security Threat

As search engines become essential for navigating the vast amount of information on the Internet, a key question arises: Are these search engines rigged? That may, perhaps, turn out not to be such a simple question after all in light of the forthcoming antitrust case against Google. Search engines, once democratizing tools of information, have come under scrutiny for practices to tip the playing field in favour of the biggest players.

Google&rsquo;s Dominance: A Brief Overview

Google has not only changed how we view information but has now emerged as the <a href="https://lsj.com.au/articles/google-gatekeeper-of-the-internet-under-scrutiny/">gatekeeper</a> of the internet. The last twenty years, Google has become the single <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1381664/worldwide-all-devices-market-share-of-search-engines/">defining factor</a> for online search. With a mammoth market share in the search engine sector, the omnipresence of Google is so continual that at times it seems like the Internet itself runs through its servers.

But how has it managed to hold&mdash;or achieve&mdash;and then maintain this really dominant position? Well, the answer is strategic partnerships and <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-paid-apple-20-billion-to-be-default-search-engine-in-safari-2534310-2024-05-02">exclusive deals with technology giants like Apple</a> and <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2023-05-05/why-google-keeps-paying-mozilla-s-firefox-even-as-chrome-dominates">Mozilla</a> to make it the default search engine on billions of devices worldwide. In fact, such moves have further tightened Google&#39;s tight grip on the market, begging questions about its implications for competition and innovation.

The Case Against Google: Anticompetitive Practices

In October 2020, The Department of Justice (DOJ) and the attorneys general from 11 states <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-monopolist-google-violating-antitrust-laws">accused</a> Google of violating Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act, which aims at ensuring fair competition with no monopoly practices. The <a href="https://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/legal/glossary/exclusion-clause">exclusionary contracts</a> that Google had with manufacturers, like Apple and Samsung, placed Google as the default search engine on those devices and excluded its competitors from the market.

In a significant development, Judge Amit Mehta ruled that Google is indeed <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/05/technology/google-antitrust-ruling.html">monopolistic</a> in internet search and that it cemented its more than 90 percent market share through the exclusive contracts. He plans to impose remedies for Google&#39;s search monopoly by August 2025, as the case enters its next phase that might redefine the company. There is also another <a href="https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/google-faces-new-antitrust-trial-after-ruling-declaring-search-engine-a-monopoly/113182104#:~:text=One%20month%20after%20a%20judge,time%20over%20its%20advertising%20technology.">antitrust case</a> pending against Google that might compel it to divest its advertising technology business.

At the very core of the DOJ&#39;s case are exclusivity agreements. For example, its agreement with Apple places its default search on Safari for iPhones and iPads. These are <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2024/5/3/24147682/google-closing-arguments-search-distribution-trial-day-1">multibillion-dollar deals</a> that arguably give the impression of Google having bought its way into market share rather than having earned it through innovation.

Google argues that if users find these deals unattractive, they are free to move away from using its search facility with ease. Google says people use it because it&#39;s best; they don&#39;t because they are compelled to do so. DOJ contradicts this by pointing out the idea of &quot;<a href="https://www.goodwinlaw.com/en/insights/publications/2024/08/alerts-technology-antc-google-is-an-illegal-monopoly-federal-court-rules">choice friction</a>&quot;&mdash;that even the slightest obstacle to changing default settings, the friction, keeps the users locked inside the Google ecosystem.

Winning an antitrust case is difficult, especially in the tech world. Typically, classical antitrust law looks at protecting consumer welfare, which is largely assessed by an increase in price. Many tech services, such as Google&#39;s search product, are free and so very difficult to prove direct harm to consumers.

DOJ would need to prove that Google&#39;s conduct has exerted detrimental foreclosure on competition, which would likely result in an inferiorly innovative and less varied market. Some of the potential remedies should the DOJ win would range from requiring Google to stop offering its search engine as the default to the extreme of breaking the company up.

Is Google Too Powerful? Drawing Parallels with Microsoft&#39;s Past

This will not be the first time that one of the titans of the tech industry has been placed under this kind of scrutiny. The case against Google is drawing&nbsp; comparisons to the antitrust charges brought against <a href="https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/management/microsoft-antitrust-case/">Microsoft in the late 1990s</a>. At that time, Microsoft was accused of using its Windows operating system to make it difficult for users to install competing browsers and giving itself an unfair leg-up in the browser market by bundling Internet Explorer.

The verdict? Microsoft was guilty of violating antitrust laws, but the company escaped being broken up and entered into a settlement that curtailed how it ran its business. While the case didn&#39;t shackle Microsoft, the new, more careful atmosphere it created did allow new competitors like Google to take off. Now, with the case brought against Google, the DOJ says it is in the same position, acting in a way that might prevent <a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/1xY3ER7oqZ2y9ePW7nev0H">the &quot;next Google&quot; from ever rising</a>.

The Microsoft Precedent: A Cautionary Tale for Google?

The Microsoft case set another major precedent for holding big techs accountable for anti-competitive behaviors. Microsoft&#39;s remedy, though short of a breakup, forced the company to change its practices in a way that would allow its competitors, like Google, to prosper.

Google stands at an identical crossroads today. The tech giant is very aware that losing this case could seal its fate, like Internet Explorer did&mdash;a once-dominant product laid low by its company&#39;s legal issues. Perhaps this awareness might explain why Google has invested so heavily in securing its market position, fearing a rapid decline once its monopoly is challenged.

What Could this Mean for the Indian Market?

Should Google end up losing the case, the fallout would be far from merely domestic. It could redefine markets worldwide, including in India. Google holds an even more significant sway in India, as the search engine comes by default on nearly all Android devices that form the <a href="https://www.gizmochina.com/2023/01/26/google-announces-changes-indian-android-device-makers/">major share</a> of the Indian smartphone market. &nbsp;

If Google loses the lawsuit, that could open up India&rsquo;s technology market to more competition and innovation. Global companies such as Bing, Yahoo &amp; Duckduckgo could expand, while ambitious local Indian startups could also seize an opportunity to build AI-powered search engines. However,none are universally considered&rdquo;equivalent&rdquo; in scale or reach to Google, although the shift might offer more choices for consumers, pressing existing companies to innovate their services to stay ahead in the market.

The Future of Big Tech and Fair Competition

The result of the Google antitrust case may well set in place the future course for the technology sector as this legal drama unfolds. But, for that matter, considering if it has been actually breaking antitrust laws or not, the very case is an outgrowth of a wider debate pertaining to Big Tech&#39;s power and the need for regulations that could go fast enough with technological change.

In the end, it is really not so much a case against Google as it is an issue of allowing room for innovation while forestalling possible monopolistic practices. This is really about ensuring that the next Google, the next big idea, will have its fair shake at developing in an open and truly competitive market.

Google's Monopoly Under Fire: The Antitrust Case That Could Reshape Tech

Considering its level of GDP and natural resources, has India adequate long-term emission strategies? Following PM Narendra Modi&#39;s <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59125143">pledge</a> at COP26 in Glasgow to achieve

net-zero emissions by 2070, the government has also outlined its intentions and its achievements regarding the same. However, can India realistically achieve such a huge target without hurting its developmental prospects? In this essay we are going to enumerate several steps that India&rsquo;s planned to achieve its Net-Zero goals.

India&rsquo;s Measures so far:

In the light of India&rsquo;s net zero goal, India aspires to promote a balanced, healthy lifestyle that is grounded in customs, conservation, and moderation. This includes promoting the global movement known as <a href="https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-11/Mission_LiFE_Brochure.pdf">LIFE</a>, or lifestyle for the environment. This can be attributed to India&rsquo;s commitment in 2015 with her <a href="https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDIA%20INDC%20TO%20UNFCCC.pdf">Nationally Determined Contribution</a> (NDC) to the UNFCCC outlined a target of 50% non-fossil capacity by 2030 in terms of renewable energy. The government established a variety of <a href="https://www.reccessary.com/en/reccpedia/renewable-energy-policy/india-renewable-energy-purchase-obligation-policy">regulations</a>, including the Captive Power Plants, Open Access Consumers, and Renewable Purchase Obligation for Power Distribution Companies. Development of solar parks, exemptions from transmission fees, and capital subsidies for rooftop solar panels on homes and agricultural solar pumps are examples of policies and financial incentives. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/tech-blog-1000/indias-initiative-to-promote-sustainable-hydropower-pump-storage-project-54044/">Promotion of hydropower</a> through several legislative initiatives are done to harness the nation&#39;s hydropower potential and encourage it through hydro purchase commitments. India also aims to increase its nuclear installed capacity of <a href="https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-targets-for-nuclear-energy-moving-closer">three times by 2032</a>. Market competitiveness and <a href="https://www.roedl.com/renewable-energy-consulting/markets/countries/marketing-models-india">marketing for green electricity</a> is being carried out for more seamless renewable energy integration.

In Focus: Domestic Energy Consumption

In this context, the government has also introduced programs like <a href="https://www.ibef.org/government-schemes/ujala-yojna">UJALA</a>. As of <a href="https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/business-sustainability-opportunities-india#:~:text=India's%20efforts%20at%20promoting%20LED,gas%20emissions%20and%20household%20bills.">November</a>

<a href="https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/business-sustainability-opportunities-india#:~:text=India's%20efforts%20at%20promoting%20LED,gas%20emissions%20and%20household%20bills.">2021</a>, more than 367 million LED bulbs had been deployed, saving 38 million tons of CO2. LPG cover increased under a different program, <a href="https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana-1">PMUY</a>, from 62% in 2016 to 99% in 2021, replacing coal-based cooking. By 2030, India wants to add 2.5&ndash;3 billion metric tons of CO2 equivalent to the global carbon sink. Additionally, by 2030, 26 million hectares of degraded land are to be restored. With forests and <a href="http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/forests.pdf">tree cover covering</a> 26.2% of the land area, the estimated carbon stock in those woods is 7,204 million tons. India&#39;s efforts may also be measured thanks to the Climate Equity Monitor (CEM), which projects its equitable portion of the remaining carbon budget at 89.4 gigaton CO2 and 241.3 gigaton CO2, respectively, given a 50% chance of staying within 1.5&ndash;2 degrees Celsius. As of July 2023, India has an installed power generation capacity of roughly 404 GW, of which 168 GW (or 41%) came from non-fossil sources.

In Focus: Transportation:

India wants to <a href="https://vikaspedia.in/energy/policy-support/renewable-energy-1/biofuels/ethanol-blended-petrol-programme#:~:text=The%20Government%20has%2010%25%20blending,2030%20to%20ESY%202025%2D26.">blend 20% ethanol</a> into gasoline in the transportation sector. It also aims to

immediately attain <a href="https://www.iea.org/policies/7454-bharat-stage-bs-vi-emission-standards">Bharat Stage VI</a> emissions by bypassing Bharat Stage V emissions.

Additionally, Indian railways aim to achieve net-zero status by 2030, which would result in an annual reduction of 60 million tons of CO2. According to the MOEFCC

(2021), the transportation sector accounts for 9.7% of all greenhouse gas emissions in India and 12.1% of energy-related CO2 emissions. With the <a href="http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/254905/national-urban-transport-policy-2006/">National Urban Transport Policy</a> of 2006 and the <a href="https://mohua.gov.in/upload/whatsnew/59a3f7f130eecMetro_Rail_Policy_2017.pdf">Metro Rail Policy</a> of 2017, it also sought to increase and improve rail transportation in order to make the switch from fuel-based to electricity-based transportation. It has also laid out a thorough plan specifically for electric cars. India has also declared that end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) must be <a href="https://globalpccs.com/2024/02/15/india-announces-draft-on-end-of-life-vehicles-rules/#:~:text=Beginning%20in%20April%202025%2C%20the,is%20different%20from%20%E2%80%9Csold%E2%80%9D.">replaced</a> and that obsolete, unsafe, polluting cars must be scrapped. Corporate average fuel economy standards were also implemented, leading to requirements placed on automakers to guarantee fuel-efficient design throughout their product line. India now has a low overall automobile <a href="https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/maruti-suzuki-expects-small-car-revival-next-fiscal#:~:text=The%20car%20penetration%20in%20the,a%20stepping%20stone%20in%20between.%22">penetration rate</a> of 32 per 1000 inhabitants. Therefore, the widespread adoption of EVs by customers will aid in the reduction of emissions by citizens. <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/indian-railways-on-course-to-100-per-cent-electrification-becoming-worlds-largest-green-network/articleshow/109136156.cms?from=mdr">Railway electrification</a> is already under way; as of March 2022, 80% of the broad gauge network was electrified

Evaluation of India&rsquo;s Measures:

The nation&#39;s renewable energy sector has <a href="https://scroll.in/article/1041018/did-india-really-achieve-its-goal-of-175-gigawatt-of-renewable-energy-by-2022">expanded significantly</a>, rising from 39 gigawatts in 2015 to 110 gigawatts in 2022. Through the <a href="https://mnre.gov.in/production-linked-incentive-pli/">production-lined incentives (PLI) program</a> for solar gadgets, electric vehicles (EVs), and battery storage, manufacturing in the renewable sector is also encouraged. Since current nuclear power generation levels save 41 million tons of CO2 emissions a year, we can also see the impact of nuclear energy. India is also taking proactive measures to <a href="https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-news-analysis/retiring-old-thermal-power-plants">shut down inefficient thermal plants</a>, thereby reducing emissions and electricity generation. 241 units with a combined capacity of 17281 MW were retired as of September 2021. India pledged in the 2015 UNFCCC to <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1885731">cut its GDP&#39;s emission</a> intensity by 45% by 2030. It also sought to achieve, by 2030, an installed capacity of electric power that is approximately 50% derived from non-fossil fuel sources. MoEFCC (2022). At 75% of the total generation, coal currently plays a major part in India&#39;s electrical system. Since the most recent CoP 28 conference, India has been hesitant to phase out coal. Its goal

was to gradually phase out coal. Currently, <a href="https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-04/StateEnergy-and-ClimateIndexRoundI-10-04-2022.pdf">75% of greenhouse gas</a> (GHG) emissions in India

come from the energy sector, with electricity accounting for more than half of these emissions.

But there are certain gaps between the reality on the ground and this policy&#39;s design. First of all, the funding source is still unknown. The next three are adaptation and financing; the last three are increasing expenses and fiscal losses as a result of the low-carbon transition. The federal government and state governments clearly do not have a lot of money to spend, and the cost of financing will go up even more because operational delays will make costs rise even more. Additionally, we see that people resist change when the cost of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629623001202">transitioning to a low-carbon state</a> is still high. Take, for instance, the price difference between an EV and a fuel-powered vehicle. As a result, we can see that India has made significant progress in reducing emissions over the long run. Its current policy actions suggest that India is headed in the right direction, but there are still certain gaps that need to be filled.

India's Race Towards Net-Zero Emissions

<a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-economic-potential-of-generative-ai-the-next-productivity-frontier#introduction">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a>, a technology that enables computers and machines to mimic human intelligence and problem-solving abilities, has advanced to an unprecedented level, affecting practically every aspect of human life. AI is utilised everywhere, including cell phones, hospitals, transportation, elections, corporations, and government. According to a PricewaterhouseCoopers<a href="https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/data-and-analytics/publications/artificial-intelligence-study.html"> (PwC) estimate, it might contribute USD 15.7 trillion to the world economy by 2030</a>. When the world considers the yet-undiscovered potential of AI in various aspects of life, marketing is one of the areas where AI appears to be transforming all traditional marketing methods, such as print advertising, which includes brochures, or broadcasting, which provides for TV or radio commercials.

AI Transforming Marketing Industry:

<a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketing.asp">Marketing</a> refers to the activities a company undertakes to promote the buying or selling of its products or services. Marketing includes advertising and allows businesses to sell products and services to consumers, other businesses, and organisations. The use of AI and machine learning have revolutionised the field of marketing and engaging with the audience. For example, <a href="https://digitaldefynd.com/IQ/ai-marketing-campaigns/">Nike&#39;s&#39; Never Done Evolving&rsquo; Campaign</a> used AI and machine learning which led to significant growth in viewership and audience engagement. Furthermore, have you ever thought of a movie on Netflix and it just appeared on your recommendation list or thought of a product to purchase and you have started getting advertisements all over the platforms. These all are pervasive uses of AI to personalise the experiences of users.&nbsp; The personalisation and targeted advertisement is done through various ways:

<ol>
	<li>Data analysis and insights: AI can analyse huge social media, consumer, and industry data to gain insights. Marketers can analyse consumer behaviour and adjust their strategies.</li>
	<li>Predictive Analytics: AI algorithms can predict future trends and outcomes from the past data that facilitates marketers to forecast customer needs and accordingly adjust their approach.</li>
	<li>AI automates email, content, and social media marketing. Marketers can focus on essential efforts while promptly communicating with customers.</li>
	<li>AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants: improve customer service by delivering timely support. Virtual assistants can book appointments, answer queries, and recommend products.</li>
	<li>Content Generation: AI uses data and criteria to generate articles, product descriptions, and adverts. AI-powered content generators can help marketers create high-quality content faster without replacing creativity.&nbsp;</li>
</ol>

A Technology disrupting Society:

While we cannot deny the benefits of the AI for marketing and humanity, the potential dangers associated with the usage of this relatively new and disruptive technology are equally concerning. The capability of AI as a tool to manipulate human behaviour and choices knows no boundaries which can prove harmful to the society. The data collection and targeting the consumers in the quest of profit may sometimes push the companies to exploit the vulnerabilities of the consumers. This might sometimes lead the consumers to purchase things which might be harmful to them. If past precedence is evidence of the misuse of data and AI, the political realm has also not remained untouched by it. An example of it can be taken from the Cambridge Analytica scandal in which political behaviour of the American voters was influenced by misusing Facebook data of millions of voters posing a threat to freedom of speech and expression which is a quintessential for a democracy.

Experts are raising ethical concerns about the impact of AI on human behaviour, as well as its potential to challenge diversity and inclusion in society. There is a growing discussion surrounding the potential for<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/elijahclark/2024/03/14/the-ethical-dilemma-of-ai-in-marketing-a-slippery-slope/"> AI to contribute to exclusion and discrimination</a>. One concern is that AI relies on data, which can contain biases and stereotypes about certain communities. If marketing strategies are built upon these prejudiced data, it has the potential to reinforce and worsen existing stereotypes, ultimately perpetuating inequalities.

AI has demonstrated its benefits in various areas including the marketing industry by reducing the human burden of collecting data. AI has revolutionised conventional marketing style by enabling marketing strategists and companies to use&nbsp; data insights, automate tasks, and provide personalised experiences leading to better results. However the technology is still in its nascent stage and many fear its ill effects on human behaviour and society in large as the personal data is being used to target the consumers. There are various measures that can be taken to save the humanity from the potential threat AI poses, some are: a) need to come up with an ethical code for the usage of data of the consumers; b) the consumers should be aware of how their data is being used c) though many countries have come up with the law for data protection, but there is a need to regulate, a leaf can be taken f<a href="http://europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence">rom first ever AI regulation by European Union.</a> AI is a disruptive technology but the path AI takes is to be monitored cautiously in order to prevent it from disrupting society.

Artificial Intelligence: A disruptive technology or a technology disrupting society?

World leaders&rsquo; 2030 <a href="https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/6321b2b2-71c3-4c88-b411-32dc215dac3b/content">Agenda</a> sets 17 ambitious Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), spotlighting gender equality and empowering women and girls. Among them, SDG 11 envisions vibrant, inclusive, and sustainable cities, brimming with accessible green spaces and transport systems that caters to everyone, especially women, children, the elderly, and people with disabilities. These SDGs aim to create dynamic urban environments where everyone can thrive and actively participate in city life.

Despite this widespread recognition of the fact that in order to make our cities sustainable, it is important to ensure that everyone, irrespective of their gender, can easily access cities and have their social, economic, and political needs met, the way our cities are planned and organized seem to work better for <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/publication/handbook-for-gender-inclusive-urban-planning-and-design">heterosexual, able-bodies, cisgender men</a> than they do for women, girls, sexual and gender minorities, and people with disabilities. Urban planning and design quite literally shape the environment around us, and this very environment, in turn shapes how we live, work, play, move, and rest. The purpose of this blog is to bring readers&rsquo; attention towards this planning failure and makes a humble attempt to provide with some policy solutions that can be explored to fix this problem.

As our cities are exclusively designed to cater to the needs of able-bodied men and sometimes even from a gender neutral lens, overtime has led us to believe and come to terms with this distorted reality that cities are meant to be the way they are now. We seem to accept that public washroom facilities for women will be shut down post 9 pm or would be <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/public-toilets-remain-inaccessible/article33644846.ece">highly inaccessible</a> because women are expected to be in their homes post their curfew time of 7 pm, that parks would be built in a way that have ideal ground for playing football and not the sports that girls enjoy playing, that it normal to experience one incident of sexual violence against women while traveling in public buses, and so on. These instances are easy to capture under different rubrics of the built urban environment around us. The first one is the problem of <a href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/363451579616767708/pdf/Handbook-for-Gender-Inclusive-Urban-Planning-and-Design.pdf">access</a> as when residential areas are often built at the periphery of cities and often with very little or no access to public transport, it becomes difficult for women to venture out for work. Most of these women do not own private cars which further aggravates the problem and they are stuck doing unpaid caregiving work at home while men venture out in order to provide for the family. Other challenges include health and hygiene facilities or the lack thereof. Women are often about using public toilets that are located in <a href="https://www.qeios.com/read/XFBJ7K">secluded, unsafe spots</a> and they are often unsanitary. Hygiene is also a cause of great concern among women, especially when menstruators have to consider accessing a clean bathroom when it comes to changing their menstrual products. Non-gender-responsive water, hygiene, and sanitation or <a href="https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/female-friendly-public-and-community-toilets-a-guide.pdf">WASH policies circumvent the economic </a>and social implications of hygienic sanitation facilities on women and women&rsquo;s access to public toilets is also a part of their larger access to public spaces.

There is no one policy antidote that can fix these issues other than a systemic change in the manner our cities are planned. Cities have to be looked at through a gendered lens and this understanding has to develop that women experience cities differently than men and their needs will also have to be taken care of if we are serious about increasing women labor force participation.

This calls for a participatory approach while planning transport routes, reconfiguration of public spaces like streets and parks and other urban spaces. One has to bear in mind that this is not a women specific problem, but this should be addressed as a larger question around inclusion and equal access to opportunities for everyone.

While it is a well-recognized fact ULBs lack the mandate of performing a lot of municipal functions that were supposed to be devolved to them under the <a href="https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/74amend.pdf">74th constitutional amendment</a> and even if they have the mandate to perform certain functions, they lack the resources to do it. Under circumstances like these, providing for basic amenities becomes a challenge and takes precedence over quality of life and safety and this gender based experience of people is often overlooked, it is important to realize full potential of organizing ward committee meetings and this could in some ways allow women, who otherwise remain underrepresented politically, and other minority gender groups to air their concerns and voice their opinions on what they think an ideal city should look like. As mentioned above, initiatives like ward committees and even area sabhas are some of the initiatives that the 74th amendment has equipped us with but these are not utilized as they should be.

Many have pitched for the need of having compact cities that are characterized by transit-oriented development (TOD), an urban planning strategy that focuses on locating residential, business, and leisure spaces within walking distance of public transportation. According to the <a href="https://itdp.org/library/standards-and-guides/tod3-0/what-is-tod/">Institute for Transportation and development policy</a>, planning strategy like this would bring people, activities, buildings, and public space together, with easy walking and cycling connections between them and the nearest transit service in the city. This idea goes against urban sprawl where residential areas are generally located at the periphery of the city and one has to travel to the city in order to work. Urban sprawl requires the regular usage of private vehicles like cars and near the nearest transit facilities are located at a considerable distance. In this case, it becomes difficult for women to travel for work or even for caregiving activities. Women are known to make multiple trips the day for the said purposes and in most cases they are more likely to use transit, cycle or they would rather walk to fulfill their travel needs and their travel patterns are strongly influenced by considerations like density, mix of land uses and urban design and the existing environmental, social and land-use conditions make it very for women to commute to the city without cars. In this case, TOD looks like an ideal strategy as it has a dense development with land use diversity (mixing residences with commercial and other facilities) and a walkable/ cyclable urban design. This way we can at least ease the travel burden on women.

Re-imaging Indian cities as a space of inclusion 

&quot;Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.&quot; - Nelson Mandela

India has been progressively towards Inclusive Education. According to <a href="https://dashboard.udiseplus.gov.in/#/reportDashboard/sReport">UDISE 2021-22</a> data 5533 schools have been recorded working towards the Differently abled students. National Education Policy primarily aligns towards Sustainable Development goals 4 by integrating differently abled students into the mainstream classroom. The policy also ensures teacher training and an evolved curriculum in order to promote inclusive education. The <a href="https://www.ungeneva.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/Disability-Inclusive-Language-Guideli%20nes.pdf">Sustainable Development Goal 4</a> aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. This goal supports the reduction of disparities and inequities in education, both in terms of access and quality. It recognizes the need to provide quality education for all, and most especially vulnerable populations, including poor children, children living in rural areas, persons with disabilities, Indigenous people and refugee children. The SDG 4 has been ensured through <a href="https://nhrc.nic.in/sites/default/files/DisabilityRights.pdf">Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016</a>, ensuring necessary support and accommodations (admitting differently abled children &ndash; Private or Public Schools).

<a href="https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/publication/otherpublications/SpecialNeeds.pdf">National Curriculum Framework 2023</a>, addressing the requirements of students with a disability, provided suggestions such as Teachers are required to identify students needing special assistance primarily through concrete observation and assessments. Bridge courses at the start of the year to give a concrete conceptual foundation, adequate resources, and regular peer-to-peer sessions could ease the teaching process. Teachers need to be in constant touch with parents and schedule one-on-one conferences with students. Exemption boards need to provide leverages or exemptions. Some of the exemptions would be based on second-language; students with disabilities recognized by CBSE can opt for one language and provision of concrete understanding of other subjects as an alternative for board (Class X) Examinations and online platforms for students with disabilities to access facilities and exemptions during Class 10 and Class 12 Board exams 2023. State boards have also started to adopt similar exemptions.

Maharashtra established <a href="https://repository.education.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/revised-a-report-on-the-best-practices-in-inclusive-education-for-cwsn-in-mah.pdf">Multipurpose Resource and Training Centers in Urban and Semi-Urban Block</a>. The document of MPRTC tends to support schools by assisting teachers by conveying the needs of CSWN. The needs mentioned have been training and assistance, which include inclusive education and ensuring infrastructure accessible to students with physical disabilities, which include ramps, modified classrooms, and other infrastructure facilities.&nbsp;

Above mentioned are positives, but Inclusive Education also faces challenges. Parents are reluctant to seek help for their child who requires special care in certain aspects. This reluctance is primarily due to social constraints. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367071/">Mro K</a> said, &ldquo;I know my son has less intelligence, maybe some degree of intellectual disability, but I do not want to become a member of the disability self-help group because I have two more daughters who need to get married, my association with disability self-help group would be self-certifying of my son&#39;s problem.&rdquo; Some of the families chain their differently abled children due to helplessness, or under pressure. There is also a lack of inclusive policies. <a href="https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/research/beyond-reasonable-accommodation-making-karnatakas-cities-accessible-by-design-to-persons-with-disabilities/">Vidhi Center for Legal Policy publication</a> , terms like reasonable accommodation, full inclusion have not been defined. Probably one of the barriers why full inclusion has not been possible is due to social stigma and outdated attitudes towards differently abled. India has not progressed with infrastructure facilities for differently abled students whether in Urban or Semi Urban areas.

Policy Recommendations:

Training and Professional Development:

Collaboration with Educational institutions and organizations in order to formulate pre-service and&nbsp; in-service training programs. The module should include Inclusive Education Principles and diverse learning learners. The institute needs to provide adaptive learning materials and assistive technologies.

Advocacy Campaigns:

Campaigns should be structured with campaigns structured with the objective of advocacy of differently abled by showcasing their achievements and emphasizing the capabilities of the Children. For the campaign it is essential to identify the audience, which includes teachers, parents, students and organizations in efforts for the welfare of the children. a multi-channel approach can be utilized encompassing television, radio, social media and community outreach.

Parental Engagement.

Engagement strategies can be effective through workshops, Seminars and interactive sessions to directly involve stakeholders. Insights from parents in matters regarding simplification of the process and to raise opinions on what facilities as parents they want for their Children. Alliances formed with Parents being an important part are committed to advancement in inclusive education goals and support sustainable initiatives.

Hutchinson and Specht have framed an inclusion strategy called &quot;<a href="https://roam.macewan.ca:8443/server/api/core/bitstreams/9f3e62e1-2dfb-4c5b-9451-811f4442178c/content#:~:text=Hutchinson%20and%20Specht%20(2020)%20developed,maintaining%20an%20inclusive%20classroom%20environment.">ADAPT</a>,&quot; a five-step tool for educators to assist students. The plan includes developing a comprehensive IEP system (Individualized Education Plans) for students with special needs. Extensive collaboration is required between teachers and specialists (Psychologists, therapists, and pathologists) to ensure the holistic development of students with disabilities. The strategy could also provide access to assistive technology and tools for academic materials. They could facilitate coordination among teachers to ensure adequate resources and lesson plans. The Government of India could consider implementing strategy through open communication between educators and students and understanding the adaptive strategies initiated by institutions. Regular assessments by educators could help analyze the effectiveness of adaptations by matching the students&#39; capability with the classroom demands.

National Education Policies align with Sustainable Development Goal 4 is a significant step towards an inclusive and equitable education system in India. Integrating differently abled students into the mainstream education system. The models from states like Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh mainly portray implementation of inclusive education. Inclusive approach requires consistent collaboration between educators, parents and policymakers along with investment for an equitable society.The major challenge includes lack of acceptance and superstitions attached regarding differently able students due to which parents are unable to take right and accurate decisions for their children. The policy recommendations would enable differently abled students to develop holistically through ADAPT strategy and campaigns could provide diverse perspectives and opportunities for all.

Inclusive Education: A Beacon of Hope for Children with Disability

Indian cuisine, often stereotyped as spicy and richly seasoned, is incredibly diverse. Yet, when the world thinks of Indian food, it is often limited to butter chicken, naan, samosas, and biryani. However, Indian culinary heritage extends far beyond these dishes encompassing a variety of rich and unique dishes such as Paror Mangxo (Pigeon meat curry), Hanhor Mangkho (Duck Meat Curry), baanhgajor Lagot Kukura (Chicken with Bamboo Shoot), Lai Xaak Gahori (Pork with Green Mustard) and Patot Diya Maas (Fish cooked in Banna/ Turmeric/Phrynium pubinerve leaves).

Assam has always remained relatively unexplored in the global gastronomic conversation. For many, Assamese cuisine remains a hidden gem. Tucked away geographically, its distinct flavors haven&#39;t quite reached the national, let alone global, spotlight. Assamese cuisine, with its unique flavors and traditional methods, is now finally gaining the spotlight, thanks to a new generation of food vloggers who are passionately promoting Assamese culinary culture.

The COVID-19 lockdowns served as a catalyst for the rise of food vloggers across India. Confined to their homes, many individuals turned to social media to share quick recipes, culinary tips, and food trends. This period saw a significant increase in the number of Assamese food vloggers, who utilized this opportunity to introduce a wider audience to the flavors of Assam. Platforms like Instagram and YouTube, with their visual emphasis and features such as reels, hashtags, and stories, have become essential tools for these creators. They provide a space for both homecooks and professionals to share content, making it accessible and 
engaging for viewers worldwide.

Beyond Recipes: Cultural Storytelling

Prominent vloggers like <a href="https://www.instagram.com/leena_mili_/?igsh=azlkajl6ODBybDY0">Leena Mili</a>&nbsp;take us beyond the mainstream, showcasing the culinary treasures of the Mising tribe of Assam. Her videos are a vibrant exploration of their unique dishes and traditions. The YouTube channel &lsquo;&rsquo;Amar Gaon&rdquo; on the other hand, offers a glimpse into the very essence of Assamese cooking. Their detailed videos follow the journey from garden-fresh vegetables plucked straight from the soil to steaming dishes prepared in a traditional &quot;juihal&quot; kitchen. Assamese food vloggers are more than just culinary guides; they are cultural ambassadors.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/meram_leenamili/?igsh=eGJwbm9jNnM0eGsx">Shyamalima Tamuly</a>, with her stunning Instagram feed showcasing the Assamese thali, doesn&#39;t just present a platter of food. She dives deeper, explaining the significance of each element &ndash; from the tangy &quot;masor tenga&quot; (fish curry) to the local leafy vegetables and &quot;pitika&quot;. Her explanations foster a deeper understanding of the traditions behind the food.

MasterChef <a href="https://www.instagram.com/the_travellercook/?igsh=MWFjMXRtZnVucmJheg%3D%3D">Nayan Jyoti Saikia</a>&nbsp;also showcases a variety of Assamese dishes, bringing professional expertise to traditional recipes.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/@chefbbskitchen">Chef BB&#39;s Kitchen</a> demonstrates how Assamese dishes can be prepared even while living in the US, making the cuisine accessible to the international audiences.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/@taruphukan">Taru Phukan</a>, apart from showcasing different dishes, focuses on various types of pithas, traditional Assamese rice cakes, explaining their preparation and cultural significance.&nbsp;

These culinary influencers feature both common dishes and exotic delicacies like &lsquo;leta polu&rsquo; (silkworm pupae), &lsquo;aamlori tup&rsquo; (red ant eggs), &lsquo;hukoti&rsquo; (fermented dry fish), &lsquo;xaaj&rsquo; &rsquo;rice beer and many more. They not only share recipes but also dive into the cultural context of each ingredient. By showing the preparation of dishes like &lsquo;khar&rsquo; (a dish made from sun-dried banana peel ashes), smoked meat and fish, pitika (mashed vegetables like potatoes, brinjal, tomatoes) and chutneys, these vloggers provide a window into the cultural fabric of Assam. They explainthe significance of ingredients and the traditions behind the food, thus educating their audience about Assamese heritage. Their work is not just about food but about storytelling, preservation, and promotion of Assamese culture in an engaging and profound way. For instance, during the festival of Rongali Bihu, vloggers share recipes for pitha (rice cakes) and laru, explaining their importance in the celebrations and how they are prepared.

Food ofcourse acts as a universal language, offering insights into traditions, values, and histories that might otherwise remain unexplored. As anthropologist Claude L&eacute;vi-Strauss noted, <a href="https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1155236/opinion/oman/food-for-cultural-communication">food conveys a society&rsquo;s values and beliefs</a>&mdash;these vloggers are the custodians of Assamese heritage.&nbsp;

The rise of Assamese food vloggers has exciting implications beyond just foodies. As interest in the cuisine grows, so does culinary tourism. This influx of visitors has significantly boosted the local economy, supporting local farmers, restaurants, and businesses. As a result many local&nbsp;establishments have come up like Xaj (a local rice beer company), Manxho (a company that sells smoked meat), Khaisua (offering ready-to-eat dishes) and many more. They are experiencing a surge in interest thanks to the increased visibility generated by food vloggers.

The rise of Assamese food vloggers is more than just a delicious online trend; it&#39;s a cultural and economic revolution. As interest in the cuisine explodes, a fascinating question emerges: will Assamese food take the international stage, or will it remain a hidden gem? Unlike the ubiquitous butter chicken or the familiar comfort of palak paneer and paratha, Assamese cuisine boasts unique ingredients and subtle flavors. Fermented fish, bamboo shoots, and silkworm pupae might raise eyebrows at first glance, but their depth of flavour and cultural significance could be the next big culinary adventure for national as well as international audiences.

Cook, Click, Culture: How Assamese Food Vloggers are promoting  the Assamese Culinary Culture?

Among the institutional arrangements that an MPP student must untangle early is the relationship between governments and the market.

It is not uncommon to come across TV pundits or online influencers speaking of regulation &ldquo;stifling&rdquo; the free market. So what is this species, a free market? An inattentive student might be forgiven for assuming that what a market is supposed to be free from is regulation itself. Worse, the more they hear this framing, casual observers begin to compartmentalize regulation and markets as a dichotomy, two forces that are mutually at odds. If you are for one, you are against the other. It is one of those sad cases of dogma that arises in a fallacy and then propagates that fallacy.

Markets are not a primeval Garden of Eden into which Adam and Eve are airdropped, a pristine system that they are obliged to forever tend without interfering with the fruit. Rather, think of grand witches and wizards gathering in a holy place, mumbling ancient, coded enchantments and conjuring a magical contraption. That is what our elected representatives do for us in a parliament &ndash; they conjure&nbsp;<a href="https://x.com/JonnyGeller/status/847170397581795329">useful fictions</a>&nbsp;into being.&nbsp;For a less tortured metaphor, saying, &ldquo;I like markets, but I don&rsquo;t like regulation&rdquo;, is like saying, &ldquo;I love watching tennis, but we could do without all those pesky white lines on the court!&rdquo;

Back to first&nbsp;Principles, market is regulation. You cannot have the former without the latter. In fact, the former is just a specific case of the latter. The tennis rulebook is not as shackles on the hands and feet of players. It exists to specify those white lines. Serena Williams would never need to develop her level of skill in the game if you just removed the net and asked her to play a talented opponent on an unmarked court. (I would love to see someone make the suggestion to her face!) In all likelihood, she would quit the game altogether. There are people in this world who would love to play tennis without the net or lines. You would not pay to watch that match.

Sports events are competitions, and each sport has a rulebook to ensure two things in equal measure: that the competition is fair and that it is fun. The fun bit has to do with a challenge. If the basket were much larger or lower, basketball would be much less fun &ndash; to play or watch. The width of the basket&rsquo;s rim and its height off the ground are the very definition of basketball as a game. That width and height and every other rule are carefully calibrated to make the game fair and fun. Over time, as societies progress, better nutrition becomes widely available, excluded groups overcome barriers, and as technology advances, all sports adjust their rulebook and adopt new rules to keep the games fair and fun.

The &lsquo;free&rsquo; in the free market does not refer to something scary outside that markets need protecting from. It refers to the freedom that agents get to exercise in a market. A free market is one where enterprise is free, where firms are free to engage in economic activity that society values. Who ensures that firms are free to enter the playground and that there are no bullies there? How do values elected by society mark and shape the playing field? If you tentatively guessed, &ldquo;Uh&hellip;regulation?&rdquo; congrats, you are now in the game! Within the bounds that society so sets, the price mechanism smoothly ensures that all available resources are most efficiently converted into goods and services to satisfy the maximum number of people, all without the need for a single committee, plan or meeting expressly towards that aim. Magical contraption, indeed.

What, then, does threaten such freedom? Even better than the sports metaphor might be to just ask a firm that is in the business of games. The creator of the sensationally popular online game Fortnite&nbsp;is called Epic Games. By any measure, that is not a small business. As it happens, the company itself plays in an <a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/05/04/993273526/the-epic-versus-apple-trial-has-begun-heres-what-you-need-to-know">uneven arena</a>.&nbsp;The Apple App Store is a market within a market. When Apple decides to charge an exorbitant cut on all sales made on its platform, that market is less free. When Google&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240524-how-googles-new-algorithm-will-shape-your-internet">tweaks its algorithm</a> such that it changes the internet traffic landscape overnight for thousands of firms, several other online marketplaces are less free. It is rather like Rafael Nadal blocking the entrance and charging exorbitant tickets at some tennis tournament where Carlos Alcaraz is trying to make his own name.

That is entirely different from society at large saying they would like to have clean air at a certain standard. Yes, accounting for that &lsquo;externality&rsquo; will raise the costs of production. And yes, it is the government&rsquo;s job to minimize the burden of every regulation. Most governments could work harder and apply more imagination when designing new rules. But those rules are simply white lines on the game court. If all the firms compete fairly within the court as outlined, the market remains very free. Of course, societies rarely stumble upon instant consensus on anything. Four or five years later, adifferent party may win enough votes to control parliament. The new parliament may decide that they want to give maximum industrial output explicit primacy over clean air and water for children in the next generation, after all. That party recognizes that, even for children as end consumers themselves, maximum production of toys and sweets occurs in an economy where firms are not burdened with such meddlesome trifles as ensuring that there are no toxic materials in either. The older regulation is rolled back, and the market reverts. Nothing in the above conception of the free market deems that filthier, riskier, larger economy illegitimate. Nothing in this conception says that industries must by default defer to environmental or health standards at all costs.

In another jurisdiction, technology may advance to a level where the same clean air and water standards are now achievable with higher levels of industrial output. Sports amend rules to accommodate new technology all the time, as <a href="https://www.ittf.com/history/documents/historyoftabletennis/">table tennis did</a>&nbsp;when televisions became ubiquitous. Note also that <a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/greening-household-and-firm-behaviour.html">such innovation</a>&nbsp;is more likely to occur in a jurisdiction with <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665972722000204">high environmental standards</a>&nbsp;to begin with, compared to a counterfactual world where there were no costs to polluting whatsoever. Again, you see, it is the challenge that makes the game fun. If we faced no constraints, we would never innovate.

If you are a firm that operates in a market where the voters do not consistently challenge you, fair play to you and may the best firm, regardless, win!

How Free Was My Market

Strategic Intervention for Green Hydrogen Transition –(SIGHT)

With the vision of developing a sustainable future, lithium-ion batteries have become the backbone to support innovations such as electric automobiles and renewable power storage systems. Promising many benefits over traditional lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries are being used for marketing since they have high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge characteristics. However, the following question arises: Are such batteries actually safe for the environment, or are they useful but have negative sides?

The Bitter Pill of Lithium Mining

Nevertheless, it is equally necessary to consider the adverse effects of <a href="https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/hardware/environmental-impact-lithium-ion-batteries-how-green-are-they-really" target="_blank">lithium-ion batteries</a> in terms of production and recycling. Lithium, a vital component in these batteries, is mostly <a href="https://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/battery-metals-investing/lithium-investing/lithium-production-by-country/" target="_blank">mined</a> in areas such as Australia, China, Chile, and Argentina, requiring substantial water extraction. This can exert pressure on already limited water supplies in these regions.

For instance, mishaps also occur in mining and processing other materials used in the construction of lithium-ion batteries, including cobalt, nickel and manganese, which impacts the environment and communities. Some of the most shocking examples include <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/mining-of-cobalt-copper-in-drc-leading-to-human-rights-abuses-report" target="_blank">cobalt mining</a> in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where child labor and human rights abuses are well documented.

A concern attributed to lithium-ion batteries is the disposal of the spent batteries. If the batteries are not disposed of or used in another way conceivable, they release hazardous elements into the environment, thus polluting the ground and water. The improper removal of certain materials poses significant safety risks, as scientists have identified fire and explosion hazards as major threats resulting from such mishandling.

Lithium-ion Battery &ndash; A Greener Alternative

In light of these challenges, lithium-ion batteries remain one of the most <a href="https://www.battrixx.com/environmental-and-economic-benefits-of-using-lithium-ion-batteries-for-electric-two-wheelers.php#:~:text=These%20batteries%20do%20not%20pollute,internal%20combustion%20engine%20vehicles%20do.&amp;text=Electric%20two%2Dwheelers%20that%20run,efficient%20than%20their%20gasoline%20counterparts." target="_blank">efficient and sustainable technologies</a> for energy storage today. The environmental performance of a lithium-ion battery is notably better than that of a lead-acid battery for the battery&rsquo;s useful life.

Another major asset regarding lithium-ion batteries is that they provide a high energy density, which equals greater driving distance and power output in the case of electric automobiles. This consequently increases the market for EVs and puts more focus on the use of those vehicles rather than those powered by gasoline and their carbon emissions.

In addition, lithium-ion batteries are also beneficial for supporting the increased utilization of various renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Since these batteries can store the excess energy produced at some random times of the day or night, they reduce the intermittency issues of renewable power sources, making them the most suitable for storing large amounts of energy on the scale of electricity provision.

While the production and disposal of lithium-ion batteries have environmental impacts, these can be mitigated through responsible mining practices, improved recycling efforts, and the development of more sustainable battery chemistries.

The Path Forward: Transition, Not Dramatic Shift

It&rsquo;s important to recognize that the journey towards a truly sustainable energy future is a gradual transition, not a dramatic shift. Just as the transition from wood to coal, and then to gasoline, was seen as a revolutionary step forward in its time, the adoption of lithium-ion batteries represents a significant stride in the right direction.

However, the ultimate goal should be to continue pushing for even more sustainable and environmentally-friendly technologies. Ongoing research into solid-state batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and other emerging battery chemistries holds promise for further reducing the environmental impact of energy storage systems.

Sodium-ion batteries are a prospective replacement for lithium-ion, as sodium is much more accessible and naturally does not require water extraction. Organizations are using them to store renewable energy; however, domestic batteries for electric cars currently have a relatively low density, which will require future corporate research and development efforts. <a href="https://www.nationenergie.com/" target="_blank">Faradion&rsquo;s sodium-ion batteries</a> power utility company Nation Energie in Australia&rsquo;s Yarra Valley, while China&rsquo;s HiNa has piloted sodium battery EVs.

Additionally, efforts should be made to improve the efficiency of lithium-ion battery production, increase recycling rates, and promote responsible mining practices. By addressing these challenges head-on, we can maximize the benefits of lithium-ion batteries while minimizing their negative impacts.

While lithium-ion batteries are not without their environmental concerns, they currently represent one of the most sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions available. As we continue to transition towards a greener future, these batteries play a crucial role in enabling the adoption of electric vehicles and renewable energy sources, ultimately reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating the impacts of climate change. However, it&rsquo;s essential to address the challenges associated with lithium-ion battery production and disposal while simultaneously investing in developing even more sustainable technologies for the future.

Lithium-Ion Batteries, Sustainability & the Future of Electric Vehicles

Verna Myers, vice president of inclusion strategy at Netflix, eloquently summed up the distinction between diversity and inclusion with her famous quote: &ldquo;Diversity is being invited to the party; Inclusion is being asked to dance.&rdquo; Diversity focuses on an entity&rsquo;s representation and makeup, while inclusion is about how well different groups&rsquo; contributions, presence, and perspectives are valued and integrated into the environment.

A diverse workplace without an inclusive culture is like having a room full of talented musicians who are never given the opportunity to play their instruments. True inclusion means creating an environment where everyone feels equally involved, supported, and empowered to contribute their unique talents and perspectives regardless of their background.

A diverse and inclusive workplace is one in which everyone, regardless of who they are or what they do for the company, feels equally included and supported in all aspects of their job. The phrase &ldquo;all areas&rdquo; is significant.

Do you have diversity in your recruitment, departments, and leadership? Or do you have a diverse workplace where half of your employees are women, but none are managers? Do you have a strong representation of employees of colour overall, but they all work in the same department? (<a href="https://www.greatplacetowork.com/resources/blog/why-is-diversity-inclusion-in-the-workplace-important" target="_blank">0</a>)

Why are diversity and inclusion important in the workplace?

1. Greater Innovation and Creativity: A diverse workforce brings a wealth of different backgrounds, skills, experiences, and knowledge, fostering an environment ripe for innovative and creative ideas. This can propel businesses to new heights, helping them stand out in an increasingly competitive market. (<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/biancamillercole/2020/09/15/8-reasons-why-diversity-and-inclusion-are-essential-to-business-success/?sh=283232f31824" target="_blank">1</a>)

2. Range of Skills: By hiring people from diverse backgrounds, organizations tap into a broader pool of talents and skills, enhancing their ability to tackle complex challenges and adapt to changing market conditions.

3. Boosted Business Performance: Companies that prioritize Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) are more likely to attract and retain top talent, as many job seekers today value an inclusive and diverse workplace culture. This, in turn, can lead to increased productivity, higher employee engagement, and, ultimately, improved business performance.

4. Understanding Customers: A diverse and inclusive team better reflects the diverse customer base businesses serve, enabling them to understand better and cater to the needs and preferences of their diverse clientele.

5. Higher Revenues: Research has shown that companies that successfully manage a diverse and inclusive workforce tend to experience higher revenues as employees feel more engaged, innovative ideas flourish, and productivity increases. (<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/biancamillercole/2020/09/15/8-reasons-why-diversity-and-inclusion-are-essential-to-business-success/?sh=283232f31824" target="_blank">2</a>)

The State of DEI in India:

While India has made strides in promoting DEI in the workplace, challenges persist, as evidenced by the country&rsquo;s ranking of 135th out of 146 nations in the World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Global Gender Gap Index 2022. However, initiatives such as SEBI&rsquo;s mandate for women&rsquo;s representation on corporate boards and the decriminalization of homosexuality in 2018 signal progress.

According to a recent report by talent platform Foundit, there has been a 26% increase in diversity hiring over the past year, with the IT-software sector leading the charge, accounting for 40% of available employment opportunities. The recruitment and staffing industry also contributed significantly, comprising 19% of the job market. (<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/hr-policies-trends/diversity-hiring-is-rising-but-indian-companies-have-a-long-way-to-go/articleshow/103050550.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">3</a>)

Sectors like technology and services are pioneering the intentional employment of people with disabilities (PwD), but overall, PwDs account for less than 0.5% of the total workforce strength in organizations. Similarly, while major corporations are enacting policies to promote equality for LGBTQIA+ individuals, representation in this community remains minimal, with much ground to be covered.

The Journey Towards True Inclusion

Building a truly inclusive workplace is an ongoing journey, not a destination. Even with the best intentions, DEI initiatives can falter if organizations don&rsquo;t actively cultivate a deep sense of belonging among all their employees.

You see, it&rsquo;s not enough to just have diversity in terms of representation. People need to feel valued, respected, and like they are vital to the bigger organizational picture. Only then can you unlock the full innovative potential of your diverse talent.

That&rsquo;s why I&rsquo;m such a big proponent of Employee Resource Groups (ERGs). These employee-led groups give underrepresented communities a powerful platform to connect, share their experiences, and work together to address workplace challenges. ERGs provide critical development opportunities and foster that open, inclusive environment we all crave. (<a href="https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/workplace-4-0/diversity-and-inclusion/what-diversity-and-inclusion-should-look-like-in-india/89847485" target="_blank">4</a>)

But we have to think even bigger than the workplace itself. The reality is that our personal lives profoundly impact our work experience. So progressive companies are extending their DEI efforts to the &ldquo;spheres of influence&rdquo; that shape their employees&rsquo; daily lives.

This means offering specialized benefits that support families, promote holistic financial well-being, and cater to specific needs like maternity management or fertility treatments. It&rsquo;s about seeing the whole person, not just the employee.

Look, embracing true diversity, equity, and inclusion isn&rsquo;t just about checking some moral box. It&rsquo;s a wise strategic investment that unlocks unrealized innovation, creativity, and the ability to attract top talent. An inclusive culture that empowers diverse perspectives is a powerful competitive advantage.

India has made some good strides on this DEI journey, but we have a long way to go. It will take sustained commitment over the years, continuous education to overcome biases, and a willingness to dismantle systemic barriers. (<a href="https://www.ibef.org/blogs/the-diversity-equity-inclusion-de-i-landscape-in-india" target="_blank">5</a>)

But the rewards make it all worth it. A genuinely inclusive workplace isn&rsquo;t just good for business metrics. It catalyzes a more equitable society where every voice matters, every talent thrives, and everyone has an unbridled opportunity to contribute at their highest level.

From Diversity to True Inclusion: Unlocking India’s Talent Through Organizational Belonging

In a world woven with social constructs that affect and influence human behaviour, both collectively and individually, &lsquo;Gender&rsquo; is an aspect that is often brought to light in the context of the inequalities that arise in the course of the evolution of the plethora of social paradigms. Gender based evils, as prevalent as they are, must be uprooted from their source, and this will come from the true understanding of the social constructs that largely influence human behaviour in gender based issues.

Before we dive into the nitty gritty of this topic, it is very important to season our preview, which can be understood through the following example:

We are all aware of the concept of farming and weeding as part of it. In a field spread with a potentially rich harvest, the possibility of weeds growing is inevitable. These weeds have no use, yet grow from the nutrition that is much needed for the crops around. The farmer, however, &lsquo;uproots&rsquo; the weed and doesn&rsquo;t just cut it away; this will ensure it doesn&rsquo;t grow again.

What is gender sensitization? Why do we need it?

*The Kautilya School of Public Policy (KSPP) takes no institutional positions. The views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the author(s) and do not reflect the views or positions of KSPP.

It is an undisputed truth that Indian society is largely uncomfortable and most often avoids discussing issues related to sexual intercourse, the possibility of genders beyond the conventional binary, and prejudices and stereotypes attached to genders and gender roles, to name a few. While it is important to recognise that sensitization is required, it is all the more important to declassify this social construct around gender in order to transform the Indian psyche.

Gender Sensitization is the greatest portal to declassify and shock the historically existing Indian psyche in the context of &lsquo;Gender&rsquo; based issues. It is a clears concept that aims to feed into the mind of an individual an objective and prudent response to the social inequalities surrounding gender and thereby instils behaviour that contributes to building a healthier society where evils like &lsquo;sexual assault&rsquo;, &lsquo;rape&rsquo;, &lsquo;domestic violence&rsquo; are phased out and one day can be termed as a thing of the past.

According to a survey by the National Crime Records Bureau (<a href="https://ncrb.gov.in/" target="_blank">NCRB</a>), 34,033 cases of rape were reported, yet the issue that arises with this very numerical value is how there is no classification and inclusion of rape against other genders. This reflects the importance of gender sensitization to dispel the inequalities faced by Men and the LBGTQ community.

The main question is how we can address it. How can this be tackled at the individual level?

The average Indian adolescent aged around 13-14, sitting in a biology class, is taught about the biological process of reproduction and its associated topics, such as the male and female reproductive organs. In simple terms, reproduction is &lsquo;sex&rsquo;; however, as prevalent as this term is, it isn&rsquo;t discussed in class, thereby creating curiosity around this entire concept, which isn&rsquo;t addressed in context to social reality and thereby leads to a vicious cycle of one&rsquo;s thought processes which leads to evils and misunderstandings thereby leading to birth of social evils around gender!. The infused education of biological and social understanding of sex (biological), gender and sex at the tender age of adolescence will help build a society where individuals know how to be sensitive to other genders, including their own, thereby leading to building healthier social constructs for the future Indian society where &lsquo;sexual abuse&rsquo; and other gender based violence are left as mere issues of the past.

At the school level, gender sensitization sessions that discuss <a href="https://vidhyashram.edu.in/educating-your-child-about-good-touch-and-bad-touch/" target="_blank">good touch, bad touch</a>, <a href="https://lens.monash.edu/@medicine-health/2021/05/17/1383207/redefining-anatomical-language-in-healthcare-to-create-safer-spaces-for-all-genders?amp=1" target="_blank">sex</a>, and <a href="https://www.gooroo.com/blog/tips-for-respecting-the-opposite-gender/" target="_blank">healthy behaviour with the opposite gender</a> must be emphasized and introduced, if not already done, in order to equip young minds to completely eradicate unnecessary thoughts that might not be addressed leading to misunderstandings resulting in odd behaviours. A deep understanding and awareness of legal systems and frameworks, particularly the <a href="https://nhrc.nic.in/sites/default/files/10_PROTECTION%20OF%20CHILDREN%20-%20SEXUAL%20OFFENCES.pdf" target="_blank">POCSO</a> Act, must be introduced to dispel further the stigma associated with gender based issues.

At the undergraduate level, wherein one becomes a young adult, gender sensitization must be revisited and understood in the context of the various biological and social understanding changes that one goes through. It is important to note that the legal system in India encourages gender sensitization in undergraduate education, which can be seen in <a href="https://naac.iem.edu.in/criterion-7-1/?amp=1" target="_blank">criteria 7.1 of NAAC</a>. Since this criterion contributes to the ranking and accreditation of colleges, it is all the more a positive direction towards building an informed and healthy society for all genders.

May the exclamations filled with dread like &ldquo;Teach your sons how to behave&rdquo; or &ldquo;Teach your daughters how to dress&rdquo; be out of existence on the pure fact that young Indians of all genders are sensitive, respectful and honourable in their interactions and combined behaviour in the future Indian society.

Gender sensitization: Reforming the Indian Psyche

Resilience in supply chains has become a buzzword today in the global political economy, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID exposed modern-day supply chains to unprecedented disruptions and vulnerabilities. In this era of global interconnectedness, disruptions in one region can ripple worldwide, impacting production and consumers everywhere. Supply chains become vulnerable to disruptions when centred physically or economically in and around one country. A resilient supply chain manages to respond and recover quickly to unexpected disruptions caused by pandemics, wars, and any other major event in any part of the world. The priorities of companies and countries have shifted from &lsquo;efficiency&rsquo; to &lsquo;resilience&rsquo; in the past few years due to disruptions worldwide.

In a phase where wars, conflicts, and public health emergencies are difficult to foresee, it becomes important for a country to keep its supply chains safe, diverse, and not too vulnerable. According to <a href="https://www.investmentmonitor.ai/A/supply-chain-vulnerability-index-2022/?cf-view" target="_blank">GlobalData</a> from Comtrade, almost all countries are vulnerable. The USA, which has a trade deficit with many other countries, is one of the most vulnerable, and China, which has the highest trade surplus of US $890 Billion, is one of the least vulnerable countries. This shows us how China keeps countries dependent on itself, not majorly on any one country. If any country keeps its supply chains resilient and agile, it is China.

While recovering from a pandemic, the world is facing additional consequences of two major geopolitical conflicts between big players like Russia and Ukraine (supported by the West) and the situation between Israel and Palestine, with Iran now officially joining the conflict. The geopolitical tensions mirror the economic conditions around the world. Be it the war in Ukraine, which led to obstruction in the movement of goods, increased costs, and inventory shortages, with oil prices rising higher with the sanctions put on Russia by the West, or the situation in Gaza, which has arisen an <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-23/red-sea-news-how-yemen-s-houthi-attacks-impact-the-global-supply-chain" target="_blank">alarming situation in the Red Sea</a>. The Houthi rebels of Yemen, who are allies of Hamas and Iran, have started attacking cargo ships in the Red Sea that were bound for Europe or Israel through the Suez Canal. This situation is alarming as the Suez Canal handles 12% of global trade and 30% of global container traffic. The supply chains can be adversely affected by this as any alternative would cost way more as this is the shortest route between Southeast Asia and Europe. Both situations add to supply chain disruptions, but the major vulnerabilities are due to the world&rsquo;s over-dependence on one country, China.

Most supply chains or stages in supply chains are centralized in China today due to its strong business ecosystem, skilled and cheap labour, and world-class infrastructure. Chinese have taken over the supply chains in the last two decades, starting from cheap manufacturing and dominating almost all the stages of supply chains. While the China-centric supply chains may be efficient, the world has understood the hard way in COVID that they might not be resilient. China&rsquo;s zero COVID policy was one of the contributing factors to the world hurtling towards recession in recent years. The world was left vulnerable during COVID-19 when China locked its doors, hurtling various supply chains like critical minerals, intermediate goods, etc.

Another factor why the world&rsquo;s overdependence on China is a threat is how China weaponizes the supply chains. China&rsquo;s economic coercion poses a serious threat to international trade. China&rsquo;s debt trap policy is also seen as a threat to the sovereignty of various developing nations. This is one of the concerns of middle powers like Australia, Taiwan, Japan, India etc.

China&rsquo;s share in the Global Supply Chains of Intermediate Products has increased over time, and China has been the world&rsquo;s largest exporter of intermediate goods for <a href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202401/1305317.shtml#:~:text=Public%20data%20shows%20that%20China,the%20growth%20of%20foreign%20trade." target="_blank">12 consecutive years</a>. This asymmetric dependence means that any attempts to de-risk the intermediate goods supply chain might harm other manufacturing countries like the US more than China. On the other hand, China&rsquo;s manufacturing does not experience any asymmetric dependence as most of the intermediate goods are made in the country. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-20/critical-minerals-china-s-dominance-as-supplier-is-a-problem-for-the-west" target="_blank">China is a big exporter of industrial goods and critical minerals</a>, and it leads in critical mineral processing, such as copper, nickel, lithium, cobalt, and around 80% of rare earth metals. Data for BloombergNEF shows that China leads majorly in the refined supply of these critical and rare earth minerals. In a shift to green and clean energy, China processes 80% of lithium, used in ion batteries, and 80% of polysilicon, used for manufacturing solar panels. This shows how the energy transition of the future is also asymmetrically dominated by China, which has a monopoly on critical minerals used to make semiconductors, wind turbines, electric vehicles, and solar panels.

The world has reacted to this situation by adopting some de-risking strategies like <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/international/what-is-the-china-plus-one-strategy-122072600052_1.html" target="_blank">China+1</a>, which companies and countries use to diversify supply chains away from China, reducing reliance on one source. Reshoring, friend shoring, and nearshoring are some examples of de-risking strategies. These strategies come up with their own challenges as the cost of derisking is too high, infrastructure and connectivity in other countries may not be as good as in China, and navigating regulatory and legal considerations also becomes challenging. Political responses to this include the QUAD, which is the <a href="https://crawford.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publication/nsc_crawford_anu_edu_au/2023-11/curtis_-_energy_final_pdf.pdf" target="_blank">&lsquo;Quadrilateral Security Dialogue&rsquo;</a> including India, the United States, Australia and Japan, the <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1714362" target="_blank">Supply Chain Resilience Initiative</a>(SCRI) formed by India, Japan and Australia and similarly, <a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=G7%27s+commitment+to+strengthen+resilient+supply+chains&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholart" target="_blank">G7&rsquo;s commitment to strengthen supply chains</a>. While several steps have been taken and resilient supply chains have become a part of dialogues worldwide, it remains a challenge for the world to diversify the overdependent supply chains.

Resilient Supply Chains and Overdependence on China

While extensive research has been conducted on &ldquo;Women&rsquo;s Safety&rdquo; from various perspectives, there is no clear definition of the concept in academia, including gender studies. The necessity to theorize the concept of women&rsquo;s safety arises from the need for a clear understanding of what falls outside its boundaries. Only by establishing a basic theoretical framework for &lsquo;women&rsquo;s safety&rsquo; can we effectively address its sociological, philosophical, moral, ethical, and political dimensions.

Defining women&rsquo;s safety becomes pertinent as the interaction of technology, society, and governance presents new challenges to regulatory frameworks. To put it briefly, in the private sphere, women face significant threats from domestic violence, including marital rape and abuse by family members. In the public sphere, they encounter harassment, eve-teasing, and serious crimes such as kidnapping and rape. The cybersphere introduces additional challenges, including online trolling, cyberstalking, and hate campaigns, contributing to a toxic online environment for women. The word &ldquo;sphere&rdquo; refers to the idea of avenues of social interaction.

In contemporary literature, a comprehensive definition of Women&rsquo;s Safety emerged in the report titled &lsquo;<a href="https://www.preventionweb.net/files/13380_7380832AssesmentFinal1.pdf" target="_blank">The Global Assessment on Women&rsquo;s Safety</a>,&rsquo; published by UN-Habitat. This report identifies aspects such as safe spaces, freedom from poverty, financial security and autonomy, self-worth and acceptance, policies to safeguard against violence and patriarchy, and healthy community discourse as key facets of &lsquo;women&rsquo;s safety&rsquo;. This definition is echoed in reports produced by women organizations like Jagori&rsquo;s <a href="http://www.jagori.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/01/Handbook1.pdf" target="_blank">Handbook</a> on Women&rsquo;s Safety Audits. The same definition keeps appearing in later academic literature from time to time.

In the Indian Constitution, <a href="https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI...pdf" target="_blank">Article 21</a> guarantees the Right to Life and Personal Liberty, encompassing the right to live with dignity and security. The judiciary has interpreted this right broadly, extending it to include safety and protection from violence for all individuals, including women. Notably, the Supreme Court of India, in its <a href="https://gptsoraba.in/english/doc/vishakaguidelines.pdf" target="_blank">Vishaka judgment of 1997</a>, established guidelines to prevent sexual harassment of women in the workplace. These guidelines are founded on principles of equality and non-discrimination, aiming to ensure the safety and dignity of women in their professional environments.

Furthermore, the Directive Principles of State Policy, as outlined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution, place a duty on the state to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women in securing livelihoods and receiving equal pay for equal work (<a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/169871995/" target="_blank">Article 39A</a>). Additionally, <a href="https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-42-provision-for-just-and-humane-conditions-of-work-and-maternity-relief/" target="_blank">Article 42</a> mandates the state to provide just and humane working conditions and maternity relief for women. <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/women-and-justice/resource/the_criminal_law_(amendment)_act_2013#:~:text=The%20Criminal%20Law%20(Amendment)%20Act%2C%202013%20was%20passed%20in,and%20the%20Criminal%20Procedure%20Code." target="_blank">The Nirbhaya Act</a>, officially termed the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, provides provisions that collectively aim to foster a safer environment for women. Instead of directly defining safety, the act focuses on delineating sexual offences, imposing enhanced penalties for offenders, specifying police duties, safeguarding witnesses, and providing compensation and rehabilitation for victims. Consequently, while the act addresses crucial aspects related to women&rsquo;s safety, it does not offer a comprehensive legal exploration or definition of the concept.

Furthermore, the concept of safe public spaces originates from the notion of an inclusive public sphere. Women&rsquo;s safety is a matter that spans both the inclusive public, private and digital spheres, as violence against women, whether physical or psychological, occurs in both realms. Noted German philosopher Habermas posited that in classical societies, while private space denoted a lack of power, public space symbolized the power of citizens to actively participate in political life. Therefore, defining women&rsquo;s safety solely within the context of the public sphere is problematic, as scholars like Anna Levi have pointed out. Unfortunately, women have limited control over the increasing forms of violence perpetrated against them across all spheres: public, private, and digital.

Let us also talk about the heterogeneity and diverse population across India. Women are not a homogenous community. Often, their issues and challenges are not unitary but conform to layers of social barriers and challenges. Thus, addressing the issue of women&rsquo;s safety in India should consider the intersecting factors of gender, class, caste, religion, and demography.

The understanding of what is safe and unsafe for an Indian woman is often influenced by deeply ingrained cultural, social, and economic dynamics, which may or may not always align with pre-established Western or global north notions of safety and empowerment. This lack of understanding and representation of our women worth mentioning Indian subaltern women in mainstream discourse further marginalizes their voices and experiences. The narratives surrounding women&rsquo;s safety often centre on urban, middle-class perspectives, neglecting the unique challenges faced by marginalized women. As a result, the discourse may not resonate with or adequately address the needs of all the women&rsquo;s communities, leaving them feeling alienated, unsafe, and disempowered.

Hence, defining women&rsquo;s safety necessitates the consideration of safe spaces across all three realms: private, public, and digital. Discussions on enhancing women&rsquo;s safety through handheld device-based platforms or mobile applications must comprehensively ensure the safety of all these spaces. The North-South divide has also contributed to a lack of alignment between feminist movements in South Asia and those in other regions. India&rsquo;s unique demographic and social landscape, existing across different ages simultaneously, further complicates these dynamics.

Thus, more inclusive policy initiatives for Indian women, especially about their safety, require the idea of fixing a frame when it comes to providing constitutional and legal definitions of women&rsquo;s safety.

Defining Women’s Safety – What’s in the definition?

A big challenge lies at the crossroads of climate finance- meeting the <a href="https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/54307_2%20-%20UNFCCC%20First%20NDR%20technical%20report%20-%20web%20%28004%29.pdf" target="_blank">estimated annual requirement</a> of USD 6 trillion until 2050. Despite increasing private sector investments, the present allocation of USD 630 billion falls significantly short. <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/green-bond.asp" target="_blank">Green bonds</a>, constituting less than 3 percent of global bond markets, sharply highlight the financial gap. Looking at the landscape of climate finance, the fiscal year 2021-2022 marked a substantial leap, reaching an annual average of USD 1.3 trillion. This surge, primarily fueled by increased investments in mitigation finance, signals a check into the important role played by private sector climate finance instruments. Urgent policy considerations are required to bridge existing gaps.

The <a href="https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Executive-Summary-l-Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-2023.pdf" target="_blank">annual average of USD 1.3 trillion</a> in 2021 is a substantial increase from USD 653 billion in 2019. This surge is primarily attributed to increased investments in mitigation finance, particularly in the renewable energy and transport sectors. Despite this positive trajectory, growth is uneven across sectors and regions. The surge in global climate finance predominantly stems from significant increments in clean energy investments, concentrated in a handful of geographies. Surprisingly, China, the US, Europe, Brazil, and Japan absorbed 90% of the increased funds. While these signals encourage advancement, substantial climate finance gaps persist even in these key regions. Furthermore, nations grappling with high emissions and climate vulnerability show sluggish progress in meeting their climate finance requirements.

The ever-changing framework in which climate finance takes place complicates problems. Concurrent crises compete for political and financial attention, driving up the cost of capital. However, pressure from both the public and private sectors to transform climate commitments into concrete deployed funding is increasing worldwide. This emphasises the importance of deliberate and planned initiatives to overcome existing gaps and enable comprehensive climate finance mobilisation in the face of complex obstacles.

Conventional bank lending is critical, accounting for around 100% of global GDP each year. However, climate-related issues are not yet incorporated into loan choices, which limits conventional bank financing for climate projects. While some banks recognise climate threats, general acceptance is inconsistent. To bridge the financial gap, a number of instruments can be used by the private sector to address these climate-related challenges:

Green bonds, a popular financing option, have surpassed the USD 600 billion mark in 2021, governed by the <a href="https://www.icmagroup.org/sustainable-finance/the-principles-guidelines-and-handbooks/green-bond-principles-gbp/" target="_blank">Green Bond Principles</a>. While green bonds account for a sizable fraction of climate-related bonds worldwide, their presence in emerging economies is limited, leaving tremendous expansion possibilities. Green loans, which are generally privately transacted and smaller in size, also help finance green projects, with active engagement from organisations such as the International Financial Corporation (IFC) and other development banks.

<a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/sovereign-green-social-and-sustainability-bonds-mobilizing-private-sector-capital" target="_blank">Social and sustainability bonds</a>, which fund projects with beneficial social and environmental consequences, have experienced significant issuance, exceeding USD 200 billion by 2020. These bonds address issues ranging from poverty and gender inequality to environmental challenges, demonstrating a commitment to overall sustainability.

<a href="https://www.msci.com/research/climate-esg-funds-in-focus" target="_blank">ESG funds</a> and venture capital both contribute to climate finance. ESG funds, especially climate-labeled funds, have seen significant inflows, which might cut financing costs for companies with good ESG and climate scores. Venture capital, which has invested over USD 200 billion since 2013, provides high-risk finance but is restricted to smaller private firms, affecting initiatives with considerable social and environmental advantages.

Climate financing faces many difficulties in attracting and expanding private sector involvement. A well-designed carbon price is critical for effective emission-reduction plans, but its implementation necessitates additional policies such as laws and financial sector interventions. Emerging and developing economies (EMDEs) like India confront various challenges, including macroeconomic difficulties such as inadequate carbon pricing and national risk. Microeconomic difficulties include long timescales, high upfront costs, and project hazards, which limit mitigation and adaptation expenditures. These constraints result in a small pool of specialised investors for initiatives that require large returns. Despite new funding sources such as green and social impact bonds, dedicated investment vehicles, and insurance, the returns on such projects remain uncertain.

Governments can use a variety of policy tools to encourage private-sector climate investment. The <a href="https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/IMF-Surveillance#:~:text=The%20IMF%20monitors%20regional%20and,countries%20and%20the%20global%20economy." target="_blank">IMF&rsquo;s monitoring</a>, capacity building, risk assessments, and climate diagnostic tools can all play an important role. The Rapid Support Tool (RST) can serve as a catalyst, with advanced economies underlining the significance of public equity investments as part of their annual $100 billion commitment to EMDEs. Policy goals include reducing data gaps, stimulating R&amp;D, and resolving carbon price gaps. Public sector leadership is critical for investing in low-carbon infrastructure, enhancing data quality, and developing climate information architecture. Robust greenhouse gas accounting and coordinated efforts with the private sector are required. Furthermore, addressing social implications through equitable transition policies and redistribution measures is critical to effective climate finance.

Climate finance led by the private sector is critical to achieving developing economies&rsquo; sustainable development goals. The partnership of the public and commercial sectors, aided by supportive policies, is critical for releasing green capital. It is essential to emphasise the partnership&rsquo;s urgency in order to achieve genuine change. Harnessing the potential of private investment is critical for addressing climate concerns and promoting a transition to a sustainable and resilient future for poor countries. Although annual climate investment demands are huge, the amount required is a fraction of the predicted losses that will occur if we continue with business-as-usual investments that result in global temperature increases well above 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Unlocking Private Sustainable Finance

Since the genesis of the world, the composition of matter has been a harmonious pool of elements and their differential types. These coexist in a potpourri of compounds exhibiting different properties and scattered throughout usage and industries.

Lifeforms are predisposed to absorb materials from the environment. These absorption measures function without sieving the elemental soup and occur through pathways in lifeforms, which may be external or internal. Amidst the vast inferences of these elements exist those termed Radionuclides (or Radioactive Elements), whose properties prove disastrous for lifeforms. Their direct consumption being even more detrimental.

Radionuclides are not a concept of today&rsquo;s time and age. Their low-level contamination has been observed throughout junctions scattered around the world. These reports may be traced as far back as the Roman times when concepts such as industries existed in the local household settings. These elements consist largely of around 1300 forms, originating from natural sources but largely anthropogenically produced.

The question thereby arises to quantify the general mapping of these Radionuclides against the trend of the global historical quotient. Following that are the mitigating factors from the perspective of states to formulate legal implications that control the propagation of these elements at an industrial scale and laws that curate specific departments that regulate and check the imports and market outflow of commodities. On a primary note, Radionuclide prevalence and creation almost always occur through industrial practice.

In a top-down approach, <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es3037498" target="_blank">regulatory limits for radioactivity are in place to prevent potential health hazards that might occur due to the consumption of contaminated food by the public</a>. To observe the larger trend of academic discussions in this field, the ringbearer has been the State of Japan, known largely in the field of radiation studies due to the Fukushima-Daichi tragedy. The Fifth Montevideo Programme for the Development of Periodic Review of Environmental Law under the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) controls the larger ambit of these regulations internationally.

The programme functions jointly with multiple other international collaborations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), under which Nations function independently to formulate their own locally substantiated plans. The US government, in 1998, under the WTO Appellate Body, released an import prohibition of certain Shrimp and Shrimp products in countries of South Asia (inclusive of India, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Thailand). The ban was contested by the appellees under the appellant&rsquo;s claim of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and contentions with the scavenging of materials by these nations <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/case/95" target="_blank">violating basic international regulations set in place</a>. Incidents of this manner are largely unfocused by the media and general academic discourse.

More national incidents include the <a href="https://leap.unep.org/en/countries/in/national-case-law/mc-mehta-vs-union-india-uoi-and-ors-0" target="_blank">2004 M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India (UOI) and Ors.</a> Case, wherein environmental degradation due to mining activity in an area up to 5 km from the Delhi-Haryana border was explored. What is interesting to observe and corroborate is the fact that the existence of Radionuclides is never an isolated event that wholly requires the foundational discourse to be based on the same, but rather a byproduct of state measures.

The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board of India is primarily responsible for managing internal checks and balances for the nation&rsquo;s local data on radionuclide prevalence. Functioning alongside its vertical of the Committee on Safety Research Programme (CSRP), it has evolved a robust procedure for safety review and issue of consents at various stages of setting up facilities in line with the best international practices and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelines.

The procedure for the safety regulations follows examination under a Multitier review based on the radiation hazard potential (which is also carried out for radiation facilities). Proposals having greater radiation hazard potential undergo a second-tier safety review by the Safety Review Committee for Application of Radiation (SARCAR) and finally by the Board of AERB.

Whilst the greater backdrop for these institutions has been set up. Layman&rsquo;s knowledge of radioactivity detection is still wholly lacking in the local Indian setting. Countries like the USA corroborate soil contamination checks before individuals move into construction procedures. As a comparison backdrop, such checks are largely absent in a National setting like India. It probes discussion over the general nuanced permeation of such facilities and seepage into common jurisdictional structures like land registrations to allow such facilities to be used for the public&rsquo;s benefit.

In conclusion, it is our understanding that the constant mingling of matter has consistently produced a mix of elements, each with its characteristics, utilized across various industries. While international collaborations and national initiatives strive to monitor and regulate radionuclide prevalence, challenges persist. The public&rsquo;s awareness and understanding of radioactivity detection remain inadequate, particularly in regions like India, where comprehensive soil contamination checks are lacking. Moreover, incidents such as the 2004 M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India case underscores the ongoing need for broader discourse and proactive measures to safeguard against the adverse effects of radioactive materials on environmental and human health.

As we navigate the complexities of radioactivity, it becomes increasingly clear that ensuring public safety requires not only regulatory measures but also ongoing vigilance, cooperation, and education at all levels of society. By addressing gaps in detection, regulation, and public awareness, we can better mitigate the risks associated with radionuclides and foster a safer environment for all.

Radionuclides: A Layman Quandary

Eternal Struggle of the Spotless Minds

For over a century, the U.S. dollar has reigned as the world&rsquo;s dominant reserve currency. From commodities trading to international debt issuance, the greenback has been the go-to currency for facilitating global transactions. However, geopolitical shifts and economic forces may be chipping away at the dollar&rsquo;s supremacy. The rise of alternative currencies, particularly the Chinese renminbi, has reignited talks of potential de-dollarization.

What is De-Dollarization? De-dollarization refers to the move away from using the U.S. dollar as the primary reserve currency and medium for international transactions. This can involve central banks diversifying their currency reserves, countries settling trade in other currencies like their own rather than dollars, and businesses issuing debt denominated in non-dollar currencies.

While still the preeminent global currency, the dollar&rsquo;s share of allocated foreign exchange reserves has dropped from over 70% in 2001 to around 59% as of early 2023. Nations are seeking to reduce their dependence on the dollar amidst rising U.S. interest rates, punitive economic sanctions, and general geopolitical tensions. (<a href="https://www.orfonline.org/research/de-dollarisation-is-it-a-gateway-to-rupeefication" target="_blank">1</a>)

At the forefront of the de-dollarization movement is China and its renminbi currency. The renminbi currently accounts for only around 2.3% of global payments through the SWIFT system. However, its use has been rapidly expanding, nearly doubling in 2022 as countries aimed to sidestep the dollar in response to sanctions on Russia. (<a href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2000/03/pdf/berg.pdf" target="_blank">2</a>)

China has been actively promoting the renminbi&rsquo;s international adoption through policies like renminbi clearing banks, bilateral currency swap lines, and its Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS). The renminbi&rsquo;s share of foreign exchange reserves held by many countries has grown. For instance, it accounted for over 5% of Brazil&rsquo;s reserves by the end of 2022. (<a href="https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/global-research/currencies/de-dollarization" target="_blank">3</a>)

The Ukraine conflict served as a catalyst, with countries like Russia and India turning to the renminbi for trade to avoid dollar-based sanctions from the West. Data indicates the renminbi&rsquo;s use in Russian export and import invoicing climbed significantly in 2022. 
While the renminbi&rsquo;s footprint is spreading, the dollar still utterly dominates global finance and trade. The greenback was involved in around 90% of all foreign exchange transactions in 2022. It remains the most widely traded, liquid, and stable reserve currency. (<a href="https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/global-research/currencies/de-dollarization" target="_blank">4</a>)

For the renminbi to be a true alternative, China will likely need to relax its capital controls, further open its markets, and promote greater currency liquidity. The renminbi&rsquo;s lack of full convertibility, government oversight, and opaque legal system remain barriers. Beyond the renminbi, the potential use of other currencies like the Indian rupee, Brazilian real, and Russian ruble is still relatively limited globally. Volatility, liquidity constraints, and inadequate financial infrastructure currently restrict their widespread adoption.

Most analysts don&rsquo;t foresee a rapid upheaval but a partial, gradual de-dollarization where multiple reserve currencies co-exist. A more regionally siloed international financial system with distinct spheres of influence could take shape. Within the BRICS bloc of major emerging economies, there are active efforts to facilitate trade using local currencies. However, the dollar remains deeply entrenched even among these nations due to its stability and ubiquity in global markets.

For the U.S., although de-dollarization could increase borrowing costs and drain markets, its effects are difficult to quantify. The dollar&rsquo;s unmatched global networks, market depth, and use in vital commodities trading underpin its central role.

While unlikely to be dethroned imminently, the U.S. dollar&rsquo;s dominance faces its most serious challenge in decades. Sustaining its global reserve status will require the U.S. to maintain both economic strength and financial system credibility on the world stage. American policymakers must remain attuned to macro forces encouraging de-dollarization.

Though still a bit player, the renminbi has emerged as the dollar&rsquo;s principal challenger thanks to China&rsquo;s economic clout and policies aimed at increasing its currency&rsquo;s globalization. Whether the renminbi or a multipolar system of reserve currencies takes greater hold remains to be seen. However, the growth of options appears to signal a gradual power redistribution in the making within international finance and monetary affairs. Nonetheless, countries like India and Brazil are actively exploring bilateral agreements and local currency settlement mechanisms to reduce their reliance on the dollar. (<a href="https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/global-research/currencies/de-dollarization" target="_blank">5</a>)

Despite the growing calls for de-dollarization, the dollar remains the undisputed king of the global financial system. Data from 2022 revealed that the dollar was involved in a staggering 90% of all foreign exchange transactions globally. The dollar&rsquo;s dominance is reinforced by its widespread acceptance as a medium of exchange, store of value, and standard of deferred payment. Its liquidity and stability continue to attract central banks, with 59% of disclosed global foreign exchange reserves held in dollar assets in 2022.

While de-dollarization is an ongoing process, experts predict that it will be a gradual shift rather than a rapid upheaval. The advantages of a ubiquitous currency like the dollar, coupled with the U.S.&rsquo;s global alliances, make a complete dethroning of the greenback unlikely in the near future. A more plausible scenario is &ldquo;partial de-dollarization,&rdquo; where alternative currencies like the renminbi assume specific functions, leading to regionalism and distinct economic and financial spheres of influence.

As the battle for currency supremacy rages on, one thing is certain: the global financial landscape is undergoing a seismic shift, and the outcome will have far-reaching implications for economies, markets, and the balance of power among nations.

Beyond the Greenback: Understanding De-Dollarization Dynamics

What If India Implements Moneyball Military?

ONOE: One Voice, Many Concerns

Imagine going into a supermarket, purchasing three shopping bags of food, and then tossing one in the trash right away. Statistically, this is the current situation with our food. Approximately 33% of all food produced for human consumption goes to waste. Wasting food means squandering valuable resources like land, water, and fuel used in production and transportation without reaping the benefits of nourishing people. Food waste in landfills also leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Food waste continues to be a significant challenge in Europe and globally.

In France, around 10 million tonnes of food are wasted annually, costing about 16 billion euros. Everyone in the food chain plays a role when it comes to waste. Losses are a common occurrence at every stage of food processing. According to a study carried out by <a href="https://www.ademe.fr/" target="_blank">ADEME</a> in France, the distribution of food losses is as follows: 32% during production, 21% during processing, 14% during distribution, and 33% during consumption. These losses directly affect our natural resources. The production of all this surplus merchandise has required extensive farmland and significant amounts of water. Moreover, the surplus food production results in substantial greenhouse gas emissions.

France remains at the forefront of the Food Sustainability Index, a research project involving 34 countries by The Economist Intelligence Unit and the Barilla Centre for Food &amp; Nutrition Foundation. This is a result of the strict policies on food waste, sustainable farming methods, and the nutritious diets of the people. The French government is working on implementing solutions and plans to address food waste.

The government is dedicated to promoting awareness at every stage of the food chain and across all industries. Various organisations, associations, and companies, regardless of their size, including start-ups, are adopting various strategies. One such strategy involves donating surplus food to charities and food banks, which helps provide millions of meals to those in need. There are several noteworthy initiatives and organisations in France that are dedicated to addressing the issue of food waste. <a href="https://www.toogoodtogo.com/en-gb" target="_blank">Too Good To Go</a> is an app connecting consumers with restaurants, bakeries, supermarkets, and hotels with surplus food. It enables users to buy meals at discounted prices before they are discarded. Le Pain Quotidien has introduced a surplus food donation initiative, where any remaining food is gathered and distributed to local organisations or made available at discounted prices through collaborations with apps like Too Good To Go.

Les <a href="https://www.instoremag.it/companies/les-gueules-cassees-la-lotta-antispreco-che-arriva-dalla-francia/20150610.76287" target="_blank">Gueules</a> Cass&eacute;es is an association that focuses on reducing food waste by encouraging the consumption of fruits and vegetables that may not meet cosmetic standards but are still perfectly good to eat. They work together with supermarkets and farmers to offer these products at discounted prices.

These are just a few examples of the numerous initiatives and organisations that address food waste in France. With the help of various policies and organisations, France has become the first nation to prohibit the disposal of unsold non-food items. Companies are now required to find alternative solutions for their unsold goods instead of disposing of them in landfills or incinerating them.

The supermarket&rsquo;s involvement in the fight against food wastage:

<a href="https://newsroom.sialparis.com/topics/news/food-waste-news/" target="_blank">Carrefour</a>, a prominent participant in the French grocery retail industry, has recently been awarded the national anti-waste label by the French government. Furthermore, it demonstrates the company&rsquo;s commitment to adopting new regulations to reduce food waste. Carrefour plays a vital role in supporting the Consumer Goods Forum&rsquo;s objective of reducing food waste by 50% by 2025. Carrefour&rsquo;s efforts to address food waste have garnered attention across Europe, highlighting their significant impact. Carrefour is implementing a comprehensive waste management strategy at its stores. This includes optimising stock levels to align with customer demand, offering discounts on products nearing expiration, exploring opportunities to repurpose items, collaborating with food charities and discounted grocery stores, and prioritising waste recycling. By working closely with suppliers, Carrefour aims to enhance the longevity of its private-label products.

The emergence of solidarity-based Anti-waste:

A minimum-wage worker at a supermarket in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/22/france-to-force-big-supermarkets-to-give-away-unsold-food-to-charity" target="_blank">Marseille</a> in 2011 was nearly fired when a coworker reported him for stealing six melons and two lettuces from a container. The man was 59 years old and a father of six. In the past, authorities have apprehended individuals and prosecuted them for stealing yoghurt, cheese platters and pre-made pizzas from the trash. Many low-income families, students, and the homeless have taken to secretly rummaging through store trash cans at night, hoping to find edible items that have passed their best-before dates.

To address this problem, in 2016, a new law was implemented requiring large grocery stores in France to donate their edible food rather than discard it. Only grocery stores larger than 4,300 square feet are exempt from the law, meaning it applies to approximately 2,700 stores nationwide. The government is unafraid to take action against those who break the rules. Stores violating this law may be fined, and managers could be imprisoned for up to two years.The French Federation of Food Banks, which facilitates the transfer of food from <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/france-to-require-large-grocery-stores-to-give-unsold-food-to-charities-1.3083422" target="_blank">grocery</a> stores to charities, is optimistic about the progress of the legal initiatives aimed at reducing food waste and hunger.

Conclusion:

Food waste has been a significant concern for certain groups and countries for years. Based on a recent report by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, it is alarming to note that approximately one-third of all food produced is lost or wasted every year. Food waste is a global issue that affects many countries. France actively engages in a comprehensive strategy encompassing legal actions, partnerships, educational initiatives, and a strong dedication to reducing waste. The country&rsquo;s goal is to establish a more sustainable and responsible system for resource utilisation by considering both food and non-food items. Countless groundbreaking ideas and solutions are being continuously developed, all to reshape the future by 2025.

France fights against food waste

As India takes rapid steps towards a digital economy, the protection and security of personal data becomes inevitable. Every time you scroll through social media, shop online or use a government service, you leave your digital footprint. This trail, containing your personal data ( i.e. your name, address, AADHAAR number, etc), paints a detailed picture of who you are. But do we know who controls the picture? Who can access it? Where is it stored? These important questions had long been left unanswered. <a href="https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Digital_Personal_Data_Protection_Act,_2023.pdf" target="_blank">The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023</a> was an attempt to answer these.

The Central Government (CG) withdrew the earlier <a href="https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-personal-data-protection-bill-2019" target="_blank">Personal Data Protection Bills of 2019</a> &amp; <a href="https://prsindia.org/billtrack/draft-the-digital-personal-data-protection-bill-2022" target="_blank">2022</a> due to multiple modifications that included several concerns about data localization, transparency, compliance requirements, etc. The current Bill was created following the <a href="https://www.scobserver.in/cases/puttaswamy-v-union-of-india-fundamental-right-to-privacy-case-background/" target="_blank">Supreme Court&rsquo;s 2017 ruling in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India</a>, which upheld the &ldquo;<a href="https://www.scobserver.in/journal/sco-shorts-right-to-privacy/" target="_blank">Right to Privacy&rdquo; as a component of the fundamental right &ldquo;Right to Life&rdquo; guaranteed by Article 21</a> of the Indian Constitution. The Court also recommended that the Central Government establish a law or other framework to protect personal data. The principal aim of the Act is to institute a thorough structure for safeguarding and handling personal information, which is defined below: 
&ldquo;The Act provides for the processing of digital Personal Data in a manner that recognizes both the rights of the individuals to protect their Personal Data and the need to process such Personal Data for lawful purposes and matters connected therewith or incidental thereto&rdquo;.

To understand the key areas of concern, it is important to analyze some contentious features of the Act. The first is related to the entity that determines the purpose and means of processing, known as the &ldquo;data fiduciary,&rdquo; which is required to ensure data accuracy and erase data when no longer needed, along with other duties. In certain situations, the data principal&rsquo;s rights and the data fiduciaries&rsquo; duties (apart from data security) will not be applicable. The central government may notify specific activities that are not subject to the Act&rsquo;s provisions. These consist of (i) processing carried out by governmental bodies for the aim of maintaining public order and state security and (ii) processing for statistical, archival, or research reasons.

Also, there are issues with the creation of the Data Protection Board. As per the Act, the government will establish procedures for the appointment and selection of the board members. The board is an autonomous body with a restricted mandate. The Act does not specify the number of members that must be on the board, or that one must be a legal expert. Given that one of the board&rsquo;s primary responsibilities is to impose penalties and directives for noncompliance, this final clause seems problematic.

However, the implementation of these features of the DPDP Act raises concerns and doubts. To start with, in the <a href="https://www.scobserver.in/cases/puttaswamy-v-union-of-india-fundamental-right-to-privacy-case-background/" target="_blank">Puttaswamy ruling</a>.the Supreme Court ruled that any interference with one&rsquo;s right to privacy must be commensurate with the need for it. The State may collect, process, and retain more data than is necessary if it is granted exemptions. This might not be appropriate and could go against the privacy rights that are fundamental.

The Act gives the Central government the authority to waive any or all of the requirements about processing carried out by government agencies in the interest of maintaining public order and state security. Moreover, it does not mandate that government organizations destroy personal information once the processing goal has been satisfied. Under the aforementioned exclusions, a government agency may gather information about a citizen in order to compile a 360-degree profile for monitoring purposes on the grounds of national security.

Retrospectively, internet outages have been employed as a tactic to quell dissent and stop the dissemination of information during <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/01/asia/india-internet-cut-farmers-intl-hnk/index.html" target="_blank">farmer protests</a> and demonstrations in <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/kashmir-internet-shutdown-continues-despite-supreme-court-ruling/" target="_blank">Kashmir</a>. Opponents see this as an infringement on the right to free speech and information access, but the government says keeping the public order is important. Also, the national identity program Aadhaar gathers demographic and biometric data and many questions using the data for mass monitoring.

Another point of concern is the risks of injury resulting from the processing of personal data, which the Act does not regulate. On this issue, <a href="https://prsindia.org/billtrack/digital-personal-data-protection-bill-2023" target="_blank">The Srikrishna Committee</a> noted that processing personal data may result in different harms, such as monetary loss, identity theft, etc.

The national government may, by notification, limit the flow of personal data to specific nations. Data held outside of India may be more susceptible to breaches or unauthorized sharing with foreign governments and business companies if that country does not have strong data protection regulations. An instance would be the 2021 <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/air-india-data-breach-personal-info-of-45-lakh-people-leaked-sophisticated-cyberattack-1805528-2021-05-21" target="_blank"> Air India data breach, where the personal data of passengers was leaked, and the data was stored in a US-based company&rsquo;s servers.</a>

However, the DPDP Act does provide support for India&rsquo;s progress <a href="https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/in/pdf/2023/08/decoding-the-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023.pdf" target="_blank">toward the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI)</a> and other future technologies while protecting personal data. The Act also establishes the framework for several additional legislations and other industry-specific rules regarding privacy and data protection. Notably, the Act is the <a href="https://telanganatoday.com/india-uses-she-and-her-to-refer-to-all-genders-for-the-first-time-ever" target="_blank">first central statute in India to refer to individuals using she/her pronouns</a>. However, it is believed that several implementation-related elements need to be clarified, which could happen if the <a href="https://www.barandbench.com/law-firms/view-point/digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023-a-brief-analysis" target="_blank">Data Protection Board of India is established and the Act&rsquo;s rules are published</a>. The Act, in its totality, attempts to promise data protection and privacy but also has loopholes that could be manipulated and exploited, thereby infringing the fundamental right to life and personal liberty (Article 21).

Balancing Act or Power Play: An Analysis of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023

&ldquo;Low scepticism can lead to blind adherence to leaders or ideologies, while high scepticism can undermine the belief in the potential for social change.&rdquo;- D. Pritchard

Politics is often a source of conflict and division, especially in a country like India, where diversity of language, religion, and culture can create barriers and mistrust among people. How can we overcome our tendency to divide the world into &ldquo;us&rdquo; and &ldquo;them&rdquo; and foster a sense of common humanity and shared goals instead?

One possible answer is to adopt a more sceptical attitude towards our beliefs and opinions and focus more on the policies that affect our lives rather than the personalities and ideologies that dominate the political discourse. This is not to say that we should be cynical or indifferent about politics, but rather that we should be critical and curious about the evidence, arguments, and consequences of different policy proposals.

Dr. Robert Sapolsky, a neuroscientist and author of Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst, has explored the biological and psychological roots of human behaviour, including our propensity to form in-groups(us) and out-groups(them) based on various factors, such as ethnicity, religion, or even sports teams. He argues that this tendency is partly driven by hormones, such as oxytocin, which can strengthen our attachment and cooperation with group members and increase hostility and suspicion towards out-group members. It also suggests that the reward system in our brain, which is influenced by dopamine, may make us addicted to waiting for rewards, such as social approval or validation. These mechanisms can make us susceptible to confirmation bias, tribalism, and extremism in politics.

However, Sapolsky also emphasised that human behaviour is determined not only by biology but also by environmental and social factors, such as stress, education, culture, and institutions. He emphasised that we can overcome our biological impulses and demonstrate rationality, empathy, and morality in our decisions. He advocates a deeper and more compassionate understanding of human behaviour, a way of seeing the best and the worst in us.

One way to cultivate such an understanding is to adopt a policy-oriented rather than individual-oriented approach to politics. Policy refers to a set of rules, plans or actions aimed at achieving certain goals or outcomes in society. Politics refers to the process of making policy decisions, often involving power, conflict, negotiation and compromise between different actors. Although politics is inevitable and necessary in any democratic society, it can also be corrupted by personal interests, prejudices, emotions and ideologies. On the other hand, politics can provide a more objective and rational framework for weighing the pros and cons of different options. 
For example, instead of asking whether we support or oppose a certain political party or leader, we can ask whether we agree or disagree with their policy proposals on various issues, such as education, health care, environment, economy, security, etc. Instead of relying on slogans or rhetoric to form our views, we can consider the evidence and arguments for or against different policy options. Instead of dismissing or demonising those who disagree with us on political issues, we can engage with them in constructive dialogue and debate on political issues.

This does not mean we should abandon our values ??or principles when discussing policy. Rather, it means we need to be more transparent and consistent about how our values ??inform our policy priorities. It also means that we must be open and willing to reconsider our views in the face of new information or perspectives. This scepticism is not a sign of weakness or indifference but of strength and commitment. It is a way of being responsible and accountable for your choices and actions. It is a way of being respectful and tolerant of the choices and actions of others.

Professor Duncan Pritchard, a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Irvine, explores both the pros and cons of scepticism by challenging outdated notions and how it can have unnecessary social consequences by creating suspicion. He distinguishes between moderate scepticism, which targets only specific claims, and radical scepticism, which questions everything. He argued that moderate scepticism, as opposed to extreme scepticism, promotes the good life and can contribute to scientific progress. It also shows how scepticism can turn into relativism if it becomes too broad or pervasive. In the Indian context, where diversity is both a strength and a challenge, scepticism can play a positive role in promoting critical thinking, dialogue and cooperation among different groups. However, it can also become a negative force if it leads to indifference or intolerance. Low scepticism can cause us to become authoritarian and dogmatic, blindly following the dictates of charismatic leaders or rigid ideologies. High scepticism can wash away optimistic values ??in policy implementation, making us doubt the possibility or desirability of social change.

What we need is a healthy balance between scepticism and trust, between doubt and hope, and between criticism and appreciation. We must be sceptical of our assumptions and biases but also trust our reason and experience. We must be sceptical of the claims and promises of politicians and the media but also hope for the best results and solutions. We must criticise the errors and failures of policies and institutions but also appreciate the achievements and improvements.

As citizens, we must participate in the political process, but we also have the right to question that process. We have a responsibility to inform ourselves about issues that affect us but also have the freedom to express our opinions about them. We have a role to play in the development of society but also a role in the future of society.

The question we should ask ourselves is not whether our role as citizens is to think about politics or policy but how we can think about both in an informed, reasonable, respectful, and constructive manner.

Policy Over Politics: Embracing Policy-Centric Dialogue for Collective Progress

<a href="https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2023/249053.pdf" target="_blank">September 28, 2023</a> will go down in history as an important turning point for the world&rsquo;s largest democracy. On this day, India took a significant step towards achieving <a href="https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/53966/1/Unit-7.pdf" target="_blank">substantive democracy</a> by receiving the President of India&rsquo;s assent to the <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/president-murmu-gives-nod-to-womens-reservation-bill-nari-shakti-vandan-adhiniyam-becomes-an-act/articleshow/104044749.cms" target="_blank">Nari Shakti Vandana Adhiniyam Bill.</a> The approval of the President paved the way for the 106th Constitutional Amendment Act, resulting in the reservation of 33% of seats for women in the Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and the National Capital Territory Delhi. The Act is a step in the right direction considering India&rsquo;s appalling performance in the <a href="https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2023.pdf" target="_blank">Gender Parity Index (127 out of 147 countries)</a> by the World Economic Forum. India&rsquo;s political empowerment index performance is notably poor, with just over a <a href="https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2023.pdf" target="_blank">quarter parity compared to Bangladesh, a neighboring country that has achieved over 50% parity.</a>

The passage of the Bill is the culmination of decades-long advocacy for the women&rsquo;s reservation in the Parliament, aiming for the true realization of democracy that gives fair representation to 50% of its population. If the history of the fight for political gender equality is any indication, women have suffered greatly when it comes to gaining political rights. <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/10/05/key-facts-about-womens-suffrage-around-the-world-a-century-after-u-s-ratified-19th-amendment/" target="_blank">Until 1893,</a> when New Zealand became the first nation to provide women the right to vote as equal citizens, women were regarded as second-class citizens and were not even allowed to vote, let alone political representation. Despite the Indian Constitution guaranteeing equal political rights to its half of the population since the time it attained independence, achieving political parity still seems like a distant dream. Exploring the development of women&rsquo;s political rights and their representation will provide further insight into the issue.

Evolution of Women&rsquo;s Reservation in Political Space

Global organizations such as <a href="https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/focus-areas/governance/political-participation-of-women" target="_blank">UN Women</a> and <a href="https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/SDPB%202019-03_Political%20Participation_1.pdf" target="_blank">UN ESCAP</a> promote women&rsquo;s political representation, stating that the presence of women in Parliament directly correlates to the attention given to women&rsquo;s issues, and that gender equity and substantive democracy depend on the presence of women in Parliament. There is a consensus on the importance of women&rsquo;s political participation, but the strategies to tackle underrepresentation are still a topic of debate. The discussion around women&rsquo;s reservation in Indian politics dates <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-on-reservation-for-women-in-politics/article66624358.ece" target="_blank">back to 1931</a>, when prominent figures such as Sarojini Naidu opposed giving women preference in the political sphere, arguing that this would violate their demand for absolute political status for women. Later, the issue was also brought up in the Constituent Assembly, and the founding fathers left it to a <a href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/gentleman-s-agreement" target="_blank">&lsquo;gentlemen&rsquo;s agreement,&rsquo;</a> convinced that the <a href="https://www.scobserver.in/journal/the-womens-reservation-bill-has-a-long-history-of-arguments-and-stakes/" target="_blank">system would ultimately guarantee women&rsquo;s political representation</a>.

The agreement between the gentlemen has clearly not been successful in fulfilling its promise, as only <a href="https://prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/vital-stats/women-in-parliament-and-state-assemblies" target="_blank">15% of women in the 17th Lok Sabha</a>, compared to nearly <a href="https://prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/vital-stats/women-in-parliament-and-state-assemblies" target="_blank">45% in Scandinavian countries</a>, serves as evidence. Despite this, not everything is hopeless; the Indian Constitution, as amended by the <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/73-74-amendment-reservation-women-elected-bodies-8947255/" target="_blank"> 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts</a>, granted women a 33% reservation in local government. However, the reservation of seats at the national and state levels was greatly awaited following <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/the-long-journey-of-the-women-s-reservation-bill-in-india-explained-123091900371_1.html" target="_blank">several setbacks in Parliament in 1996, 1999, 2003, 2004, and 2010</a>.

Optimism But Not Without Apprehensions

The Women&rsquo;s Reservation Act seems to excite proponents of gender parity on the surface, but the devil is in the details. <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/nari-shakti-vandan-adhiniyam-womens-reservation-bill-house-of-inequality-9024205/" target="_blank">The Act&rsquo;s implementation</a> depends on a successful conclusion of the delimitation exercise slated for 2026, postponing the implementation timeline to 2029. Moreover, while the Act promises representation for women, it cannot guarantee decision-making power being held by women. Based on the experiences of the reservation of women in local government, there have been cases where <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/sarpanch-pati-madhya-pradesh-women-representatives-oath-reservation-8084346/" target="_blank">Sarpanch Pati</a> had taken on the role of Sarpanch instead of the women representatives. The challenges ahead could impede the Act&rsquo;s success; nevertheless, on the other hand, having more women in positions of power in politics can lead to increased focus on women&rsquo;s issues in policymaking and implementation.

Despite concerns and flaws, the implementation of women&rsquo;s reservations in political leadership positions is crucial at the present moment.<a href="https://www.weforum.org/press/2023/06/gender-equality-is-stalling-131-years-to-close-the-gap/" target="_blank">WEF, 2023 reports</a> that the world would require 131 years to eliminate the gender gap. However, implementing affirmative actions such as reservations in politics could accelerate this process. Empowering women requires multiple key steps. First and foremost, as highlighted by Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, building capability is crucial through promoting gender equity in education.

Moreover, it is essential to raise political awareness among women regarding their political rights. Lastly, raising awareness among males about the importance of gender equality in society, including students, through the school curriculum. There was a time when emphasizing women&rsquo;s education, the first Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru stated that educating a woman educates an entire family. It is now critical to apply this concept to the political realm. Empowering women politically can lead to securing social justice for marginalized women and ultimately strengthening democracy.

Women’s Political Participation: A Long Way to Substantive Democracy

Recently, the Indian Supreme Court <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-refuses-pil-menstrual-pain-leave-female-students-working-women-8464057/#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20Friday%20refused,headed%20by%20Chief%20Justice%20D%20Y" target="_blank">declined to consider a Public Interest Litigation (PIL)</a> last year that sought menstruation leave for workers and students across the country. The whole debate started as a reaction to remarks made by a priest at the <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sc-questions-rationale-behind-fixing-age-group-for-womens-entry-into-sabarimala/articleshow/65058726.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">Sabrimala temple</a> restating the establishment&rsquo;s policy of prohibiting women of reproductive age from entering due to possible menstrual cycles. Menstruation is a natural biological process, but it has long been associated with stigma and other taboos. However, there has been a growing awareness in recent years of the importance of addressing the basic needs associated with menstruation and the difficulties it presents. This blog will examine the arguments for and against India&rsquo;s menstrual leave laws while also outlining a potential solution.

The Significance of a Menstrual Leave Policy

Menstruation has implications that go beyond biological factors. It affects billions of women globally in both social and economic ways. Menstrual leave is justified, in part, because <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/nonpartisan-perspectives/an-argument-for-menstrual-leave-in-india/?source=app&amp;frmapp=yes" target="_blank">research</a> by the Endometriosis Society of India shows that <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/nonpartisan-perspectives/an-argument-for-menstrual-leave-in-india/?source=app&amp;frmapp=yes" target="_blank">25 million Indian women have endometriosis</a>. This results in extreme pain during a woman&rsquo;s menstruation, inefficiency, and exhaustion both physically and mentally. Even women without chronic illnesses can experience significant discomfort, but it can be managed with rest, over-the-counter painkillers, and home remedies. Nations <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26536484" target="_blank">like South Korea, Japan, and Indonesia have come to understand the significance of menstruation leave policies</a>. Some Indian states, such as <a href="https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/explained-what-is-indias-stand-on-menstrual-leave-policy-594889.html" target="_blank">Bihar in 1992 and Kerala in 2022, through their Act of &ldquo;The Right of Women to Menstrual Leave and Free Access to Menstrual Health Products Bill,&rdquo; have implemented menstrual leave policies</a>. Nevertheless, there is a severe lack of a unified national policy, which may prevent widespread access. Similarly, The positive effects of menstrual leave include helping women become more focused and capable by enabling them to handle better the emotional and physical symptoms associated with their periods. For instance, some <a href="https://medium.com/@soumitri/menstrual-leave-a-balancing-act-between-equity-and-productivity-37b4b4d90480#:~:text=Improves%20productivity%3A%20By%20allowing%20women,when%20they%20return%20to%20work." target="_blank">articles</a> highlight that women who took menstrual leaves felt more productive when they returned to their offices, Also reducing absenteeism.

Challenges and Concerns.

Menstrual leave policies need to be promoted more than ever, but there are also some obstacles. Opponents of the idea assert that there is fear that offering women different types of paid leave will incite <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-menstrual-leave-could-be-bad-for-women-199568" target="_blank">men to be hostile </a>. Furthermore, the idea of menstruation leave could be seen as a pathological illness rather than a physiological occurrence (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGBz4tAuk4Y" target="_blank">as noted in a group discussion on the &ldquo;Menstruation Benefit Bill 2017,&rdquo; a private member&rsquo;s bill that former MP Shri. Ninong Ering introduced in the Indian Parliament</a>). Consequently, it fostered the notion that menstrual leave ought to be decided upon based on a doctor&rsquo;s recommendation. The policy was strongly opposed by well-known journalist <a href="https://www.thequint.com/voices/blogs/why-is-someone-wanting-period-leave-a-sign-of-disrespect-to-feminist-movements" target="_blank">Barkha Dutt</a>, who described it as &ldquo;paternalistic&rdquo; and &ldquo;goofy.&rdquo; She claimed to have covered the 1999 Kargil war while on her period. She said that the policy would hurt and cause backlash for women who are trying to enter fields like military combat, which women have historically not been allowed to enter. A feminist would build on Dutt&rsquo;s argument by arguing that the policy maintains biological essentialism, which has been used to marginalize women in the social and economic spheres. The same potential for abuse exists with sick days and menstruation leaves, which could result in a dysfunctional workplace. In <a href="https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/lifestyle/the-first-day-of-period-leave-policy-where-do-people-really-stand" target="_blank">Zambia,</a> women may lose their jobs if it is discovered that they &ldquo;misused&rdquo; their menstrual leave by going shopping or working on the farm. Addressing any potential gaps in an organization&rsquo;s legal compliance may become necessary as the menstrual leave policy is put into effect.

The Legal Conundrum

The <a href="http://164.100.47.4/billstexts/lsbilltexts/asintroduced/2651LS%20As%20In.pdf" target="_blank">Menstruation Benefit Bill was presented in 2017</a> to improve menstrual hygiene and offer paid leave to women in India. It also sought to grant two days of leave to female employees and students. Nonetheless, there is still uncertainty surrounding the bill&rsquo;s passage. The idea of a menstrual leave policy is also proposed in the <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/a-draft-menstrual-hygiene-policy-at-long-last/article67438825.ece" target="_blank">Draft National Menstrual Hygiene Policy 2023</a>, which is still in the works and has not yet been finalized and passed. Consequently, a few startups, such as <a href="https://www.startuphrtoolkit.com/menstrual-leave-in-india/" target="_blank">Zomato and Gozoop</a>, have implemented menstrual leave policies in their offices and have observed positive outcomes.

Way Forward

The introduction of <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325593572_Menstrual_Leave_Debate_Opportunity_to_Address_Inclusivity_in_Indian_Organizations" target="_blank">wellness leave</a>, which recognizes that all employees may occasionally need time off for reasons other than illness, is the solution to the aforementioned issue. Menstrual awareness programs need to be made available. One such program is <a href="https://www.tatasteel.com/media/newsroom/press-releases/india/2013/tata-steel-aims-to-empower-women/" target="_blank">TATA Steel</a>, which offers female employees counseling services for their overall health. To implement evidence-based policies on menstrual leave, it is recommended to encourage further research and dialogue on menstrual health. Organizations such as the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2021.1911618" target="_blank">Menstrual Health Research Initiative</a> are disseminating their findings to support advocacy efforts.

In conclusion, even though menstrual leave has a positive influence on women&rsquo;s lives, there is a severe issue with the absence of a national policy on this subject. The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has collaborated with relevant stakeholders to draft <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/health-ministry-draft-menstrual-hygiene-policy-wcd-minister-smriti-irani-9067241/" target="_blank">the &ldquo;Menstrual Hygiene Policy</a>,&rdquo; which is a positive move and a first step towards acknowledging women&rsquo;s rights; it will also encourage debate and have a long-term impact on the policy&rsquo;s viability. Similarly, India&rsquo;s legislative implementation of a menstrual leave policy will advance inclusive workplaces and uphold an individual&rsquo;s dignity and well-being.

Inclusivity at the Workplace : The Case of Menstrual Leaves 

In their <a href="https://archive.org/details/how-to-rig-an-election-nic-cheeseman/page/n115/mode/2up" target="_blank">book</a> &ldquo;How to Rig an Election,&rdquo; Nic Cheeseman and Brian Klaas talk about how, In numerous nations across the globe, the art of holding onto power has evolved into the art of manipulating elections. With such trends prevailing, the people must scrutinize this democratic process and spot the tools that aid in electoral tampering. In 2023 itself, <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65775996" target="_blank">Zimbabwe</a> enforced limits on campaign spending and altered registration fees to the detriment of the opposition, along with a mysterious ballot paper shortage. These tactics are a few subtle methods by which the results are swayed and the facade of democracy maintained.

Combating harmful online content is crucial now more than ever. With <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/12/2024-elections-around-world/" target="_blank">over 2 billion people in more than 50 countries</a> heading to the polls in 2024, the worry is the use of emerging technologies like AI for misinformation. Recently, <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kbc-fake-video-amitabh-bachchan-election-madhya-pradesh-2463407-2023-11-15" target="_blank">doctored videos</a> featuring Amitabh Bachchan&rsquo;s iconic TV show &ldquo;Kaun Banega Crorepati&rdquo; surfaced in Madhya Pradesh that fueled anti-incumbency feelings through clips that showed the actor posing political questions about the state. The threat to elections is slowly becoming the ingenuity of information and the inability to hold anyone accountable due to a lack of <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2023/10/indias-ai-regulation-dilemma/" target="_blank">regulations.</a>

<a href="https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-risks-report-2024/" target="_blank">The Global Risks Report 2024</a> identified misinformation and disinformation as a top risk. Concern over AI making election rigging easier comes in the <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-ai-will-transform-the-2024-elections/" target="_blank">form</a> of precise message targeting and democratization of disinformation. The volume and authenticity of fabricated videos showing opposition leaders engaging in heinous acts could rise in 2024. A testament to the same is India getting ranked the sixth most vulnerable nation to deepfakes, according to Deeptrace&rsquo;s <a href="https://regmedia.co.uk/2019/10/08/deepfake_report.pdf" target="_blank">report</a> titled &ldquo;State of Deepfakes&rdquo; and the rising cases that are being documented. Such disinformation has the power to influence voters, particularly in countries with <a href="https://www.erpublication.org/published_paper/IJETR2739.pdf" target="_blank">low literacy levels</a> and a growing <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1885962" target="_blank">digital- connect</a> like India. During elections, which are already characterized by intense emotions and partisan divisions, the effects of misinformation escalate. Take, for example, how misinformation during the Delhi riots regarding CAA was <a href="https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-riots-misinformation-radicalisation-social-media" target="_blank">linked</a> to radicalization. <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-62696-9_13" target="_blank">Academic work</a> has also been done to understand this phenomenon in the Indian electoral landscape via case studies.

In 2019, Facebook conducted an interesting <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/23/technology/facebook-india-misinformation.html" target="_blank">experiment</a> to understand how the social media site is experienced by a person living in Kerala if they are to follow the algorithm recommendations. As a result, there was a deluge of hate speech, false information, and celebration of violence. AI gives the masses access to easy creation of content that can be put on these platforms and influence the nation. The uptake of such content can be understood with ease. In April 2023, Tamil Nadu Finance Minister Palanivel Thiaga Rajan claimed that a popular <a href="https://twitter.com/annamalai_k/status/1648929109257637889?s=20" target="_blank">audio clip</a> of him asserting that the son of DMK&rsquo;s president had accumulated significant amounts of illicit wealth over the years was generated using AI. Even police in Gujarat got reports of <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/deepfakes-or-poll-weapons-gujarat-cops-worried-over-morphed-videos/articleshow/98287670.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">manipulated videos of politicians</a> during the peak of political campaigning for the polls in December 2022. This phenomenon is not new and is not limited to one nation.

Up until now, we have addressed the increased accessibility of AI that is leading to misinformation. What about a scenario in which the positives of AI are contorted to fulfill selfish agendas? <a href="https://politicalmarketer.com/ai-powered-voter-sentiment-analysis/" target="_blank">Voter sentiment research</a> driven by AI is a powerful tool for political campaigners, pollsters, and policymakers since it can quickly and correctly assess enormous data sets from multiple sources. This data and the inferences can revolutionize how political mandates are structured. Now imagine if this positive (data collated and used by AI) is fed into a political campaign inside a <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/black-box-AI" target="_blank">black box</a> (basically it is an AI system that arrives at conclusions and decisions without explaining how or why they reached).

<a href="https://medium.com/@szymielewicz/black-boxed-politics-cebc0d5a54ad" target="_blank">Black-Boxed Politics</a> fuels various concerns: lack of transparency, undue influence, and voter suppression. While full public scrutiny of every AI design isn&rsquo;t feasible, demanding transparency in key decisions is crucial. This allows us to see and challenge potential biases and political agendas lurking behind the algorithms, especially in the public sector. Without such transparency, informed political participation becomes impossible, leaving controversial decisions shrouded in secrecy.

Voters can be sent varying messages according to estimates about how receptive they would be to different arguments, all because of big data and machine learning. The NaMo app collects data through their <a href="https://www.firstpost.com/india/namo-app-survey-narendra-modi-seeks-accountability-commitment-from-bjp-leaders-takes-communication-strategy-to-next-level-4485009.html" target="_blank">surveys</a>, which gives the political party an edge in the electoral process because disaggregated data is used to understand voter sentiment and shaping strategy. Advertisements that appeal to fear will be shown to the paranoid, while those who lean conservative will shown arguments based on custom and community. In a time where 2023 is being called the <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/view-hop-on-the-bus-of-democracy/articleshow/107174937.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">&ldquo;year of elections&rdquo;</a> and we have the <a href="https://www.theceomagazine.com/business/innovation-technology/fifth-industrial-revolution/" target="_blank">&ldquo;fifth industrial revolution</a>,&rdquo; I believe an informed discourse on the impact of AI in politics is imperative. Achieving democratic progress against the negative consequences of such technologies will require vigilance in the form of regulation and transnational solidarity among all who cherish freedom. 2024 will test us, but it does not have to defeat us.

The Looming Threat of AI in Elections

Back in 2017, the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, wrote on Twitter, &ldquo;<a href="https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/832708293516632065?s=12" target="_blank">The FAKE NEWS media is not my enemy; it is the enemy of the American People.&rdquo;</a> The message was clear, highlighting the use of propaganda by various consulting firms to polarize voters. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/17/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-trump-campaign.html" target="_blank">&ldquo;How Trump Consultants Exploited the Facebook Data of Millions.&rdquo;</a> This was the headline published by The New York Times on 17 March 2018.

Did Trump&rsquo;s consulting company really exploit millions of Facebook users&rsquo; data? Yes, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/12/technology/mark-zuckerberg-testimony.html" target="_blank">Cambridge Analytica, a political consulting firm</a>, harvested private information from the profiles of over 50 million users without their consent, marking the most significant data leak in social media history. This data was then used to manipulate voters&rsquo; minds. Every user&rsquo;s behaviour was analyzed, and content was tailored based on their preferences, watch history, and choices, pushing it into their feeds.

What you see on social media isn&rsquo;t 100% true. If the content relates to any political party or figure, the message is likely manipulated to create a perception that may not align with reality. Have you ever noticed that when you move from one place to another, your Facebook and Instagram feeds change based on your geographical location? Even YouTube shorts behave similarly. This happens due to algorithms.

Have you ever planned to buy a specific brand of shoes, and suddenly, your Facebook feed is flooded with ads for that exact brand? This is the power of social media. What appears in front of you is strategically placed, as you&rsquo;re among the target audience. Similarly, the news you see in your feeds is specially designed for you, thanks to the Facebook algorithm. Remember that news? The one claiming that when the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1Lw53W_AkM" target="_blank">Modi government comes to power, everyone will receive 15 lakhs in their hands free of cost.</a> In reality, Prime Minister Modi never said this. It was an example presented by him to illustrate what a stable government can do and its vision for the country. That snippet was cut from a different angle and presented in a way that innocent people believed they would receive 15 lakhs in their accounts.

Now, can you differentiate between what is real and what is fake?

Consider the example of a video featuring Congress leader Rahul Gandhi, where it seems he&rsquo;s talking about a star nation and a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DryQsX7SWs" target="_blank">revolutionary idea of turning potatoes into gold</a>. Did you see that video? Do you know how badly a single snippet from the video tarnished his image? In reality, it was a response statement at a political rally. He was trying to convey that the BJP can manipulate votes by making imaginary statements. Both the clips of Mr Modi and Rahul Gandhi were manipulated multiple times and presented in a way that compelled us to believe what news agencies wanted to portray was true.

In today&rsquo;s era, we can&rsquo;t even imagine how a group of people controls our ideas and thought processes by using AI and deepfake. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6C4mXzHJ84" target="_blank">Prime Minister Modi has even raised this concern, highlighting its significant impact on our society.</a>

The <a href="https://sharechat.com/post/4ne9Xa7?referrer=whatsappShareAMP" target="_blank">hyper-local</a> entertainment platforms such as Moj and <a href="https://sharechat.com/post/bvNpmyra?referrer=whatsappShareAMP" target="_blank">ShareChat</a> are also used to manipulate voters. Most parties utilize precise location-oriented content mechanisms to reach grassroots voters in blocks and mandals. Their Facebook pages are filled with content specially designed for them, making fact-checking difficult as everyone is discussing the same topic. The chances of debunking false information become next to impossible when popular opinions dominate the news space. Here, views become news.

During the American election, Trump stated that fake news is not his enemy but the enemy of America. This approach is mirrored in present-day India, where every political party has its social media army. You, knowingly or unknowingly, have become part of that social media army by consuming content.

Don&rsquo;t believe me? Try a quick exercise. Go to Twitter, open any random politician&rsquo;s account, and check the comment section. You&rsquo;ll see how unknown individuals engage in battles over topics that may not even be relevant to them. That&rsquo;s the power of social media.

Now, let me conclude with an appeal. With elections approaching, it&rsquo;s crucial to <a href="https://www.altnews.in/methodology-for-fact-checking/" target="_blank">fact-check</a> messages in our inboxes before forwarding them. Otherwise, we might find ourselves arguing with unknown persons over topics that don&rsquo;t even concern us.

Beyond the Feed: Exploring How Social Media Drives Voters Polarization

Developing grassroots democracy in cities through Democratic Empowerment and Accountability of City Governments is essential in bridging the disparities for achieving sustainable urban development, which simply means living smartly and wisely, creating a better world for the upcoming generations. Cities aspire for sustainability i.e. the ability to maintain the level of needs, but social and economic disparities prevent them from achieving it. Grassroots democracy holds the key, where powerful communities choose their own future essentially through citizen involvement and devolution of authority. Imagine locals creating accessible green areas, repairing playgrounds, and determining budgets. Government transparency is required for this shift, and public forums such as&nbsp;<a href="https://www.participatorybudgeting.org/" target="_blank">participatory budgeting</a>&nbsp;in Mumbai,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.policingproject.org/cab" target="_blank">Citizen Advisory Boards</a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="https://indonesia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/YAP%20Issue%20Briefs%20on%20-%20Youth%20Participation.pdf" target="_blank">Indonesia</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dilg.gov.ph/" target="_blank">Development Councils</a>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/04/25/philippines-more-opportunities-for-citizen-participation-in-promoting-good-governance" target="_blank">Philippines</a>. Not only are current demands satisfied when local voices direct urban development, but also long-term environmental, social, and economic effects are also taken into account. Aare Forest Case in Mumbai and&nbsp;<a href="https://hsheikh7.medium.com/a-streamlit-project-for-visualizing-air-quality-in-india-476387308af0" target="_blank">Green Warriors</a>&nbsp;in Delhi are a few excellent examples.

The state governments were initially given the responsibility for urban development. After that, the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-fourth-amendment-act-199" target="_blank">74th Constitutional Amendment of 1992</a>&nbsp;formally gave the duty to urban local bodies as the third tier of government and charged the state government to transfer a set of 18 functions under the 12th schedule to local governments. This would include giving the urban local bodies the power and means to deal with the difficulties and roadblocks, so empowering them to undertake the required action. Current urban models are structured but not adaptable. Decentralized governance may strengthen frontline participants, foster local creativity, and inspire civic engagement. Local governance institutions require long-term considerations in addition to survival. These groups must grow into autonomous entities capable of recognizing and meeting the needs of their surrounding communities. This change calls for a comprehensive strategy that includes structural and legislative changes, encouraging local government entities to adopt an innovative, accountable, and responsive culture. It&rsquo;s essential to empower the local bodies and the mayor to achieve a balanced and inclusive urban governance structure in the city. This should not merely be done as a formality but with the vision to build a strategic, robust, and citizen-centric governance system. To highlight a few examples of such efforts would be the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-operation-of-the-participatory-budget-in-Porto-Alegre_fig1_253206845" target="_blank">Community Land Trusts in the United States,</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.legalbites.in/local-self-government-in-india-panchayati-raj/" target="_blank">Village Governance In India</a>, or the model of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248023796_Decentralisation_and_Efficiency_of_Local_Government" target="_blank">Decentralised Governance</a>, which is in Barcelona, Spain.

Although India has experimented with many forms of governance, a national plan is currently required. This reform will institutionalize and deepen the major advances already taking place, ensuring a more unified and significant future for our cities. A comparative examination of international best practices, as demonstrated by mayors&rsquo; considerable powers in cities like&nbsp;<a href="https://thediplomat.com/countries/indonesia/" target="_blank">Jakarta</a>, Singapore, London, and New York, offers important insights toward attaining a comprehensive and empowered viewpoint in local administration. For example, decentralized governance in Singapore empowers town councils: community-led urban management boosts resident engagement, drives hyperlocal solutions, and nurtures vibrant neighbourhoods.

Beyond symbolic representation, the mayor&rsquo;s function in these cities establishes them as proactive leaders attending to the many needs of their people. One prominent example is the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/03/23/executive-order-city-hall-00088329" target="_blank">Mayor of New York</a>, who is comparable to a chief executive and has the authority to make choices that significantly affect the entire city. Mayors can be proactive leaders by using their degree of authority to address the many needs of their communities in a methodical and all-encompassing way.eg-&nbsp;<a href="https://use.metropolis.org/case-studies/the-sharing-city-seoul-project" target="_blank">Seoul, South Korea</a>.

The inability of the Urban Local Body level to plan and carry out developmental initiatives is a significant disadvantage that was even summarized by the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359715989_Problems_of_Urban_Self-governance_in_India" target="_blank">Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Goal (JNNURM)</a>&nbsp;, a national goal for urban renewal and rejuvenation. One of the&nbsp;<a href="https://praja.org/praja_docs/praja_downloads/UGI2020.pdf" target="_blank">reports</a>&nbsp;published by the Praja Foundation also gave a detailed overview of our country&rsquo;s urban governance. It attempted to map out the status of the transfer of the eighteen functions to the urban local authorities designated by the constitution to analyze and comprehend the condition of governance in various states. Examining the outcomes of the urban governance index was fascinating and enlightening, as improvements in urban efficiency tend to conceal enduring obstacles such as disparities in sanitation and uneven urbanization. To create inclusive, sustainable cities, ideal development requires targeted solutions.

Financial Autonomy will also help empower the cities to foster the pace of work and development. Special departmental setup can help accelerate the goal of development and ensure better coordination and alignment of work. Empowering the mayor with significant power in&nbsp;<a href="https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/what-if-india-cities-gave-mayors-the-power-to-tackle-pandemic/437664/" target="_blank">India</a>&nbsp;like in Shanghai, New York, Paris, London, and even Paris, can take over the public&rsquo;s attention.

The first page of newspapers now frequently has stories on urban issues, a far more regular observation. That being said, crisis management is typically prioritized over long-term fixes in policy responses. A fascinating example of this could be the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.adb.org/publications/air-quality-asia" target="_blank">Air Quality Management</a>&nbsp;in Asia, an opportunity for development by the Asian Development Bank. Positive improvements in the cities&rsquo; growth will be seen shortly with the establishment of strong political leadership and the granting of the necessary authority and power to the City Government. Accountability and openness will be established due to the general public&rsquo;s collective pressure to develop and implement an online data portal. Such as that of the&nbsp;<a href="https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/home" target="_blank">World Bank&rsquo;s Open Data Website</a>&nbsp;or the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ungm.org/" target="_blank">UN&rsquo;s e-Government Center</a>.

A comprehensive strategy is needed to envision a local government system that is prepared for the future. This strategy should include structural and legislative changes and the development of an innovative, responsive, and accountable culture within local governing organizations. Urban centers require municipal governance institutions to change with them. To empower local voices, governance must align with democratic ideals. Citizen initiatives like co-creation projects are examples of bridging the gap and driving inclusive progress. As a result of this change, city government becomes more powerful and directs urban growth toward resilience and sustainability.

Unpacking Urban Governance

AI, Data and Humanity: Walking the Policy Plank

Health and nutrition greatly influence a child&rsquo;s ability to learn and grow. Like a delicate plant, a child&rsquo;s mind needs proper nourishment. While books and classrooms are important, their food is equally important. As per&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/65/2021/09/september-2021-newsletter.pdf" target="_blank">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a>, insufficient diets and malnutrition can cause cognitive deficiencies that impair a child&rsquo;s capacity for learning and academic performance. Therefore, parents and society need to take a greater role in children&rsquo;s nutrition, and policymakers must understand this connection.

One can think the reason behind the lower concentration span and deteriorating cognitive abilities is a child&rsquo;s constant hunger as specific reports, including the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(22)00280-1/fulltext" target="_blank">Lancet Child &amp; Adolescent Health, The Global Report on Food Crises</a>, 193 million individuals in 53 countries or territories suffered food insecurity at a crisis level in 2021. According to a&nbsp;<a href="https://fisherpub.sjf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1095&amp;context=mathcs_etd_masters" target="_blank">study</a>&nbsp;by St. John Fisher University,&nbsp;<a href="https://fisherpub.sjf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1095&amp;context=mathcs_etd_masters" target="_blank">low nutrition levels impair students&rsquo; academic outcomes</a>. This impact can be seen on a larger domain and further distances. According to an&nbsp;<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/india-may-loose-46-billion-due-to-malnutrition-by-2030-study/articleshow/20330376.cms" target="_blank">Economics Times study</a>, India&rsquo;s economy experiences an annual loss of $46 billion because of malnutrition. The children are badly impacted by illnesses, educational limitations, and fewer opportunities, which restrict them from having a normal life.

As per data from&nbsp;<a href="https://educationforallinindia.com/analysis-of-pupil-teacher-ratios-in-india-by-level-of-education-a-state-wise-examination-based-on-udiseplus-2021-22-data/#:~:text=Answer%3A%20According%20to%20the%20UDISEPlus,27%3A1%20for%20higher%20secondary." target="_blank">UDISE-Plus 2021-22</a>, students in Indian classrooms, despite being crowded, the pupil-teacher ratio(PTR) varies across different states and regions in India. On average, at the All India level, the PTR is 26:1 for primary, 19:1 for upper primary, 17:1 for secondary, and 27:1 for higher secondary. However, still, students focus on gaining knowledge and improving themselves. Unfortunately, their journey is interrupted by an invisible enemy: malnutrition. More than half of the children suffer from delayed development due to malnutrition, and 38.4 percent are underweight, as per&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213398418300976#:~:text=The%20National%20Family%20Health%20Survey,(short%20for%20age)%2C%20and" target="_blank">the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4)</a>. This shows, yet again, how a concrete link between educational milestones, nutrition health, and cognitive well-being is widespread in India, where many children fail to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71300" target="_blank">reach their full growth potential primarily due to malnutrition</a>. These trends will lead to both mental and physical health outcomes. Another common issue impacting the nation at large&nbsp;<a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/health-expenditure-at-2-1-of-gdp-in-fy23-economic-survey-11675160463795.html" target="_blank">is that 4% of GDP is spent annually on health</a>, which is very low compared to other countries. Besides its disadvantages in low&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9445535/" target="_blank">healthcare, it also causes low economic growth and fewer employment opportunities</a>.

A big chunk of Indian kids who are&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367032/#:~:text=strategies%2C%20and%20conclusion.-,Problem%20burden,different%20parts%20of%20the%20country." target="_blank">younger than 5 years old face chronic malnutrition issues</a>&nbsp;that influences their physical development. Poor health, malnutrition, and less learning among kids are interlinked on a broader level. This is reflected in the form of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6935164/" target="_blank">50% stunted growth and 33% children being underweight</a>. Their mental health and physical health will be impacted severely.

<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/lessons-from-melghat-s-health-crisis/story-a4tnUNN85DrtS0fFrsx3PM.html" target="_blank">More than half of the children living in rural areas in India such as Melghat are malnourished</a>. This impacts them physically and is likely to impact their education. The factors that contribute to malnutrition and poor developmental cycles among children include&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6024598/" target="_blank">low-income rates, reduced access to healthier foods, and traditional habits of certain cultures.</a>&nbsp;States with&nbsp;<a href="https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-7342-8" target="_blank">low economic capital, like Bihar</a>, have higher out-of-pocket expenditures in healthcare, and states with higher financial capital have lower out-of-pocket spending.

India&rsquo;s&nbsp;<a href="https://pmposhan.education.gov.in/" target="_blank">&lsquo;Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman</a>&nbsp;project aims to improve health and nutrition for expecting moms and kids. Training lessons focus on the connection between health and education, an essential investment for a promising future. Better long-term food helps education, work speed, and spending on healthcare. Self-reliance projects like the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/millet-mission-india-united-nations-explain-details-nutri-cereal/article66333139.ece" target="_blank">Millet Mission</a>&nbsp;and community gardens like the addressing&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/kitchen-gardens-help-indigenous-in-india-combat-malnutrition/2393757" target="_blank">malnutrition management scheme by Vikas Samvad, an NGO</a>&nbsp;based in the central state of Madhya Pradesh, provides the right platform where people can interact with each other, and have a physical space in which to get active while gain nutrients during all this process. They help communities grow stronger and change lives for the better. These plans help us make our health and society better.

We must remember these issues are not just limited to the Melghat area; they can occur anywhere. This issue underscores the dire urgency to change the way we approach things on an urgent basis. For example, Uttarakhand has launched a program that allows anyone to&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/20-malnourished-kids-adopted-on-1st-day-of-poshan-abhiyaan/articleshow/70966440.cms" target="_blank">adopt a child suffering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM).</a>&nbsp;This helps to care for the health and education during the early years of the child&rsquo;s life. Meanwhile, in Odisha, the Department of Women and Child Development established&nbsp;<a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/may/20/Mother-committees-to-assess-food-at-Anganwadi-478926.html" target="_blank">Mothers Committees and Jaanch Committees</a>&nbsp;at the village level to institutionalize community-level monitoring of child nutrition. To live a good quality life, having&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/initiatives/behealthy/healthy-diet" target="_blank">three main things is essential; a well-balanced diet (enough food), good health, and education.</a>

We can look at the success story&nbsp;<a href="http://nutritioncoalition.org.in/pdf/success-stories-of-nutrition-champions-madhya-pradesh-english.pdf" target="_blank">of Nidhi, a two-year-old</a>&nbsp;from a family of daily workers who earn little money, she was very sick because she didn&rsquo;t have enough food to eat. This made her so weak that she couldn&rsquo;t even crawl around. Rekha, a worried neighbor, told Nidhi&rsquo;s mom and dad about the CSAM program. Even though they were initially unsure because of their daily wage reliance, they signed Nidhi up. Nidhi&rsquo;s health improved after she started getting regular health tests, eating healthy food that was right for her and taking medicine from the local child care centre called the Anganwadi Centre. After seeing good results, her parents signed their other kids up for the After-School Program. They thanked Rekha for helping their family. Nidhi&rsquo;s story is encouraging, but it shows that many more kids need help like this to improve their lives. This provides a pathway for each child who faces any circumstance that will help them to grow and perform best. By promising to feed our minds, bodies, and souls, we must ensure our health and make tomorrow brighter. We need to stop malnutrition on a gradual basis.

Addressing Child Malnutrition: Building a Brighter Future

From Dependency to Self-Sufficiency: India’s move towards Sustainable Mining

The nature of employees in advanced education organizations is vital in deciding the scholastic greatness and, by and large, the standing of these establishments. In any case, in the domain of Indian advanced education, there exists a squeezing concern regarding the fascination and maintenance of exceptionally qualified instructing staff. To support the norm of training, animate examination drives, and energize development, it is essential to carry out powerful procedures that draw and hold top-level showing personnel in Indian advanced education foundations.

At the very front of drawing in and holding prevalent personnel lies the need to offer serious compensation and backing arrangements. Organizations should be ready to make significant interests in their labor force, giving engaging compensation rates, execution-based motivations, and thorough advantages. Non-monetary benefits like sabbaticals, research grants, and access to cutting-edge facilities can significantly increase an institution&rsquo;s appeal to potential faculty members. These benefits are in addition to monetary compensation. These contributions mean a promise to support the staff&rsquo;s proficient development and highlight the foundation&rsquo;s devotion to cultivating a favorable climate for state-of-the-art examination and scholastic investigation.

Innovative work and valuable open doors are critical contemplations for top-level employees while picking a foundation. As a result, institutions must actively foster a robust&nbsp;<a href="https://aissmschmct.in/importance-of-academic-research/#:~:text=Academic%20research%20expands%20a%20person%27s,knowledge%20by%20conducting%20research%20work." target="_blank">research culture</a>&nbsp;and provide faculty with the resources and support they need to publish their work in reputable journals and engage in meaningful research. Laying out specific exploration habitats, manufacturing coordinated efforts with industry accomplices, and working with admittance to investigate subsidizing can motivate recognized researchers to join Indian advanced education organizations, consequently adding to the establishment&rsquo;s scholarly liveliness and worldwide acknowledgment.

Perceiving the significance of balance between serious and fun activities addresses one more pivotal perspective in the undertaking to draw in unrivaled educating personnel. Indian foundations ought to make a sound, steady workplace that successfully offsets proficient obligations with individual life. Adaptable working hours, childcare offices, and prosperity projects can all add to a positive workplace, making the establishment more interesting to potential representatives looking for a pleasing&nbsp;<a href="https://ijrpr.com/uploads/V3ISSUE3/IJRPR3038.pdf" target="_blank">work-life balance.</a>&nbsp;By focusing on these components, organizations draw in experienced personnel and add to a practical and favorable workplace that cultivates long-haul responsibility and commitment.

Besides, organizations ought to focus on offering open doors for&nbsp;<a href="https://www.epw.in/journal/2021/14/perspectives/professional-development-higher-education-faculty.html?0=ip_login_no_cache%3D830789641dbb697255c9b5b5de813bbb" target="_blank">proficient development and improvement</a>&nbsp;as a vital part of their technique. Putting resources into workforce improvement programs, arranging studios, and facilitating workshops that provide attention on upgrading showing systems, educational abilities, and innovation mix in homerooms won&rsquo;t just draw in top-level ability yet additionally improve the general scholastic remaining of the organization. Establishments ought to situate themselves where employees can constantly develop and improve their abilities, guaranteeing a dynamic and moderate scholastic climate.

<a href="https://opportunities-insight.britishcouncil.org/news/market-news/indian-government-plans-internationalise-higher-education-through-research-and" target="_blank">International collaborations and exchange programs</a>&nbsp;comprise another huge draw for potential employees. The chance to partake in multifaceted encounters, participate in research-coordinated efforts on a worldwide scale, and gain openness to different showing practices can be profoundly interesting to prominent researchers. Laying out vigorous worldwide organizations with prestigious establishments can establish a commonly gainful climate that improves the foundation&rsquo;s scholarly standing and cultivates a culture of internationalization, consequently expanding the skylines for both workforce and understudies.

All in all, the errand of drawing in and holding the prevalent workforce in Indian advanced education establishments is basic for encouraging a culture of greatness, exploration, and development. Through the execution of far-reaching techniques, India&rsquo;s advanced education area can draw in and hold a great workforce, accordingly hoisting its worldwide standing and contributing to the all-encompassing improvement of the country&rsquo;s people in the future.

By focusing on cutthroat compensation bundles, establishing a favorable examination climate, recognizing the significance of balance between fun and serious activities, offering open doors for proficient development and improvement, and effectively captivating in worldwide coordinated efforts, Indian advanced education organizations can situate themselves as exceptionally appealing objections for top-level educating ability. The complex methodology illustrated here mirrors a guarantee to enlist separated staff as well as guaranteeing their drawn-out fulfillment and commitment to the organization&rsquo;s scholarly energy. As India takes a stab at scholarly greatness worldwide, putting resources into its showing staff remains a foundation for outcomes in the steadily developing scene of advanced education.

Fostering Academic Eminence

A&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/7/6/female-foeticide-indias-ticking-bomb" target="_blank">pregnant woman</a>&nbsp;is sedated for a sex-determination examination, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/7/6/female-foeticide-indias-ticking-bomb" target="_blank">another</a>&nbsp;is made to abort without her consent. Is that how our country should treat its women? For ages, females have been at the receiving end of society. Many are either killed in the womb or right after birth. Many face persecution for their gender. They have neither a right to their bodies nor the freedom of giving birth and raising children.

Indians have been worshiping goddesses for ages, but women&rsquo;s issues, ranging from female foeticide, early marriage, purdah system to sexual harassment, rape, and many more, continue to plague society.&nbsp;<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ncrbs-report-reveals-a-rape-happens-every-16-minutes-in-india-up-tops-list-of-crimes-against-women/videoshow/78440875.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">Every 16 minutes, a woman is raped in India</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/19-women-were-killed-for-dowry-every-day-in-2020-ncrb-10758421.htm" target="_blank">Every day 19 cases of dowry deaths are reported. Why is it so, despite the constitution of our country clearly outlining securing justice, equality, and liberty of all citizens be it men or women?&nbsp;</a><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/609295/" target="_blank">Article 15 provides for fundamental rights, specifically the right against discrimination based on caste, color, creed, and sex.&nbsp;</a><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1199182/" target="_blank">Article 21</a>&nbsp;provides the right to life and personal liberty. Its expanded interpretation given by the honorable Supreme Court in the&nbsp;<a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1775396/" target="_blank">Unni Krishnan vs. State of Andhra Pradesh (1993)</a>&nbsp;case has spelled out the right of every child to develop fully, the right to education, and the right to health, yet female foetuses are killed and never given the right to develop, girls are not provided education, mothers being made to suffer from undernutrition, adversely impacting on them and their offspring.

It is not that the country has insufficient policies to eradicate these social ills. For example,&nbsp;<a href="https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-II_0.pdf" target="_blank">as per the National Family Health Survey of 2019-21, 18.7% of total women suffer from malnutrition</a>&nbsp;despite many policies at national and state levels aiming to overcome it. Similarly,&nbsp;<a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=34892#:~:text=NPEGEL%20Scheme&amp;text=In%20the%20case%20of%20girls,the%20design%20of%20the%20scheme." target="_blank">the National Programme for Education of Girls at the Elementary Level,</a>&nbsp;yet the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/women-men22/EducationStatistics22.pdf" target="_blank">National Sample Survey conducted by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation shows the gender gap in literacy to be 16.5% in rural areas</a>. The government runs policies like&nbsp;<a href="https://transformingindia.mygov.in/scheme/sukanya-samriddhi-yojana/" target="_blank">Sukanya Samridhhi Yojana,</a>&nbsp;which deposits money in the parents&rsquo; account upon the birth of a girl child to meet the expenses of education and marriage, and the&nbsp;<a href="https://wcd.nic.in/bbbp-schemes" target="_blank">Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yojna</a>, which aims at preventing sex-selective abortions and girl child education. Yet, we see little change in the society. A study found that the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2214-109X%2821%2900094-2" target="_blank">total number of missing females after birth from 1987 to 2016 in India was 13&middot;5 million.</a>&nbsp;In&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/fight-against-female-foeticide-weakens-3-cases-filed-this-yr/articleshow/94774013.cms" target="_blank">Rajasthan,</a>&nbsp;the war against sex-selective abortions has lost its steam, and the sex ratio at birth has only worsened.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-government-s-efforts-to-curb-female-foeticide-hit-by-lowest-ever-half-yearly-sex-ratio-at-birth-101689793980045.html" target="_blank">Haryana</a>&nbsp;is in no better shape. Along with these states,&nbsp;<a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1782601" target="_blank">Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, and Telangana have child-sex ratios that are skewed in favor of the male child.</a>

The origins of this social evil lie in the age-old system of patriarchy that gives preference to a male child, with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/03/02/son-preference-and-abortion/" target="_blank">94% of Indians even to this day desirous of having a son</a>. The notion that sons are carriers of the family lineage, breadwinners, and sources of dowry strengthens this inclination. However, all these lower the status of the females and become a bane for them, especially in rural areas, where, fearing their inability to pay the dowry for their daughters, parents kill them with their own hands. This only raises questions like what the government is doing wrong. Why are these practices prevailing? How do we get rid of these issues in our country?

Historically speaking, there have been many struggles against these.&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-raja-ram-mohan-roy-brahmo-samaj-5186268/" target="_blank">Raja Ram Mohan Roy&rsquo;s movement against Sati (burning of widows on their husband&rsquo;s funeral pyre),&nbsp;</a><a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-&amp;-current-affairs/story/remembering-ishwar-chandra-vidyasagar-on-his-birth-anniversary-1857407-2021-09-26" target="_blank">Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar&rsquo;s movement for widow remarriage</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://feminisminindia.com/2023/03/27/pandita-ramabai-s-role-in-womens-emancipation/" target="_blank">Pandita Ramabai&rsquo;s efforts for women&rsquo;s emancipation</a>&nbsp;during the British Era, these social reformers have fought for women&rsquo;s rights and their well-being. Mass sensitization campaigns and strict policy implementation helped abolish malpractices against women in that era to an extent. This is exactly what is needed even now. The government and the judiciary need to use a firm hand against these social ills and the ill-doers. Crimes are not prevented by giving punishment but by the certainty of punishment. Recommendations by committees like the&nbsp;<a href="https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/justice-verma-committee-report-summary" target="_blank">Justice Verma Committee (2013)</a>, which was set up after the&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-is-nirbhaya-case/articleshow/72868430.cms" target="_blank">Nirbhaya gang rape case of 2012</a>, must be implemented, and accountability enforced. Alongside this, awareness campaigns need to be given a boost.

Empowered mothers are better equipped to protect and empower their daughters. Aware and open-minded fathers will not engage in evil practices against women. In addition to this, a collective effort by the government, intellectuals, and non-government organizations to bring about an attitudinal shift in society about women&rsquo;s rights, gender inequality, female foeticide, and the dowry system can help eradicate these and other social ills.

We must strike at the root causes to live up to our founding fathers&rsquo; vision for India as a nation and democracy. As former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru&rsquo;s speech &lsquo;<a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/files/a-tryst-with-destiny/index.html" target="_blank">A Tryst with Destiny</a>&lsquo; said, &ldquo;The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye. That may be beyond us, but so long as there are tears and suffering, so long our work will not be over. And so we have to labor and to work, and work hard, to give reality to our dreams,&rdquo;

India will truly become a democracy when women are free to be born, live safely and happily, progress, and prosper at par with their male counterparts.

Silenced Lives : The Persistence of Female Feticide in India

Beyond Quotas: Analyzing the Impact of Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam 2023

In the vibrant collage of Indian democracy, the role of the Governor holds a pivotal position, acting as the constitutional head of a state. However, recent events have cast a spotlight on the office of the Governor, unravelling a conundrum that has sparked debates and discussions across the nation for decades.

In the past few months, the office of the Governor in India has become a focal point for political intrigue, legal debates, and public scrutiny. The unfolding drama has its roots in the complex interplay between the constitutional provisions defining the Governor&rsquo;s powers, the principles of federalism, and the evolving dynamics of Indian politics.

Current Scenario: The Governor in the Political Spotlight

At the forefront of this fiasco is the plea filed by the state governments of&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/government/kerala-government-moves-sc-against-governor-over-delay-in-clearing-bills" target="_blank">Kerala</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-govt-moves-sc-over-governor-s-delay-in-clearing-bills-files-101698737474277.html" target="_blank">Tamil Nadu</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2023/11/06/lgd25-sc-punjab-governor-ld-bills.html" target="_blank">Punjab</a>&nbsp;separately against the inaction of the Governor in giving assent to the bills passed by the state legislatures of respective states, thus violating Article 200 of the Indian Constitution. According to Article 200, the Governor possesses the authority to either grant assent to a bill, withhold assent, or forward the bill to the President of India for consideration. No mention of any prescribed time limit for performing the above mentioned tasks has allowed the governors to make their presence felt by halting the legislature functioning in the states. Making a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/sc-asks-punjab-governor-to-decide-on-granting-assent-to-bills-passed-by-assembly-18400021.htm" target="_blank">sharp observation</a>, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court has asked the governors of all the above states to decide on the pending bills as soon as possible.

Historical Context: Lessons from Constituent Assembly Debates

Since Independence, the means of conflict between the States and Governors have changed. Still, the underlying fact in all these events has remained the same- A strong and populist central government trying to establish its supremacy and destabilise the opposition-ruled government. Right from Indira Gandhi&rsquo;s attempt to overthrow the state governments acting against the centre&rsquo;s interest to recent developments in the state of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Supreme-Court-reinstates-Congress-government-in-Arunachal-Pradesh/article60528422.ece#:~:text=A%20Constitution%20Bench%20of%20the,culminated%20in%20the%20declaration%20of" target="_blank">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, the idea envisaged in the constituent assembly of having a constitutional head in the states for ensuring stability in the states during a period of crisis was challenged and compromised.

During British rule, governors played a crucial role in administration, and the current form of governorship in the Indian Constitution drew inspiration from the Government of India Act 1935. Debating the powers of a governor, Dr Ambedkar, in the&nbsp;<a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1830284/" target="_blank">constituent assembly</a>, deemed the post &ldquo;ornamental&rdquo; with &ldquo;limited&rdquo; and &ldquo;nominated&rdquo; powers. The governor was considered to work on the aid and advice of the council of ministers, having limited discretionary powers in case of a constitutional breakdown of state machinery. Thus, on the question of election, Ambedkar further stated that it makes no sense to put money and resources in the post, which is nominal and has limited functions. Jawaharlal Nehru also argued favouring a &ldquo;nominated governor&rdquo; because an elected governor would foster separatist province inclinations. He advocated that the Governor, if elected, be a &ldquo;detached figure&rdquo; who can rise above party politics.

Biswanath Das, a member from Orissa and future Governor of Uttar Pradesh, underlined his&nbsp;<a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1158142/" target="_blank">concerns</a>&nbsp;regarding the nomination process, which are still very relevant, by noting how a Governor appointed by the President and the Central Government would work with an elected State Government. He was very sceptical of giving so much power to the hands of the central government as he apprehended that there might come a government that could misuse it. Thus, he pushed for the abolishment of the office altogether.

The constituent assembly rejected the question of abolishing the office altogether on the belief of a strong union presence in the provinces because of frequent disturbing events happening across the provinces. Simultaneously, it was envisaged to have non-political persons at the helm of the post who would act in the province&rsquo;s best interest.

Charting a Path Forward: Proposals for Constitutional Reforms

The contemporary relevance of issues discussed in 1947 underscores the urgent need for reforms related to the office of the Governor. The structure of the Indian Union and the importance attached to the office of the Governor in some issues make it impossible to abolish the office entirely. However, the frequent logjam between the state government and the governor, mostly in opposition-ruled states, indicates the governor&rsquo;s involvement in a political vendetta or opportunism at the behest of the central government and calls for a structural change in the appointment and working of the governor.

The possibility of directly electing a governor might run into a clash between two elected personalities at the state level for supremacy. It might fuel the fire it intended to blow off. The recommendations of the&nbsp;<a href="https://art.assam.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/punchhi-committee" target="_blank">Punchhi Commission</a>(2007) are an excellent guide to traverse the path of constitutional reforms. Fixing the accountability of the Governor, much like the President, should be the starting point. The state legislatures should be allowed to initiate impeachment proceedings against the governor. Regarding the Governor&rsquo;s appointment, the proposal to form a panel consisting of the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha, and the concerned Chief Minister holds promise. This would challenge the hegemony of the ruling party at the Centre, ensuring a more inclusive decision-making process.

Implementing these reforms requires strong political will to relinquish arbitrary powers held by the central government. In the current era of propagated cooperative federalism, there is a timely opportunity to translate rhetoric into action and bring about meaningful changes to fortify the role of Governors in the Indian democratic framework.

Governorship Conundrum in Contemporary India: A Call for Constitutional Reforms

<a href="https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-2023" target="_blank">The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill</a>&nbsp;was introduced to replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which has been in effect since 1860, with a comprehensive criminal law bill. The law intends to bring India&rsquo;s criminal justice system up to date and improve its efficacy in combating crime. The bill has started a fierce national debate, proposing more severe penalties for various criminal offenses to deter crime and ensure public safety. While the intentions behind the bill were good, it is essential to evaluate whether increasing punishments, often regarded as harsh, honestly leads to lower crime rates. This article will explore the consequences of such punitive measures and highlight other approaches to addressing crime. The new bill seeks to enact harsh punishments for various criminal activities, such as rape, murder, and drugs. The present government contends that these severe penalties will act as a deterrence, preventing potential offenders from committing crimes.

A central argument favoring brutal punishments is the belief that they are potent deterrents. However, the effectiveness of deterrence as a crime prevention strategy remains a subject of ongoing debate. Research suggests that the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/247350.pdf" target="_blank">certainty of punishment has a more substantial impact on deterring crime than the severity</a>&nbsp;of the sentence itself. In other words, individuals are less likely to commit crimes if they believe they will be caught and punished, regardless of how severe the punishment may be. Brutal penalties like death or mandatory life sentences have no room for error. The legal system is imperfect, and&nbsp;<a href="https://jcil.lsyndicate.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Punishing-the-Innocent-Analysis-of-Wrongful-Convictions-in-India-Aryan-Sharma.pdf" target="_blank">there have been cases</a>&nbsp;where innocent people were unfairly condemned,&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/innocent-man-freed-after-20-years-in-jail/articleshow/81284702.cms" target="_blank">as in the Vishnu Tiwari case</a>&nbsp;(2021). Irreversible penalties can result in grave injustices, with innocent people being held accountable for crimes they did not commit. These consequences are irrevocable, which presents severe moral and ethical questions.

Implementing punishments without a comprehensive plan for rehabilitation and reintegration can result in overcrowded prisons.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/indian-prisons-are-overcrowded-to-extent-of-129-says-andhra-pradesh-governor-abdul-nazeer/article67298760.ece" target="_blank">The governor of Andhra Pradesh</a>, S. Abdul Nazeer, stated that while planning reforms in the prison administration, concerns about prison overcrowding and the search for alternative forms of incarceration are crucial. He pointed out that 129% of the nation&rsquo;s prisons are overcrowded. Overcrowds hinder the provision of essential support and rehabilitation programs to inmates. This can perpetuate a cycle of criminal behavior, as individuals released from jail without&nbsp;<a href="https://study.com/learn/lesson/reintegration-overview-model.html" target="_blank">proper reintegration support</a>&nbsp;are more likely to re-offend.

Without a thorough plan for rehabilitation and reintegration, harsh punishments can lead to overcrowded jails. The delivery of vital support services and rehabilitation programs to prisoners is hampered by overcrowding. It is because those released from prison without the proper reintegration support are more likely to commit crimes again; this could perpetuate a cycle of criminal conduct.&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/rate-of-recidivism-on-the-rise-ncrb/articleshow/48637317.cms" target="_blank">34,94,966 of the 37,90,812</a>&nbsp;persons arrested in India were first-time offenders. Among the elderly criminals, 2,34,896 had already completed one jail sentence, 47,884 had spent a minimum of two jail terms, and 12,930 had been found guilty more than three times.&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/rate-of-recidivism-on-the-rise-ncrb/articleshow/48637317.cms" target="_blank">Recidivism in India</a>&nbsp;has been on the rise again. The overall recidivism rate is 7.8 percent.

<a href="https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/about-406-students-take-part-in-kala-utsab-542390?infinitescroll=1" target="_blank">The Bharathiya Sanhita Bill</a>&nbsp;places a strong emphasis on severe penalties for a variety of misdeeds, including non-violent and minor transgressions. Applying severe penalties for small infractions can burden the criminal justice system and result in resource waste like excessive costs, diversion from major or more intense crimes, and reduced rehabilitation potential. Differentiating between the criminal offenses that endanger public safety and those that are best dealt with through alternate channels, such as community service or rehabilitation programs, is vital. 
The rule of law is frequently prioritized in nations with low crime rates, creating safer economic climates. The Nordic nations of Europe, such as Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, and Finland, are notable examples. These countries are&nbsp;<a href="https://worldjusticeproject.org/news/wjp-rule-law-index-2023-global-press-release#:~:text=The%20top%2Dranked%20country%20in,of%20the%20Congo%20(138)." target="_blank">frequently some of the safest in the world</a>.

The emphasis on rehabilitation,&nbsp;<a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2883512#:~:text=Kriminalomsorgen%20was%20established%20in%201875,the%20system%20for%20coddling%20criminals." target="_blank">humane prison conditions</a>, shorter sentences,&nbsp;<a href="https://violenceagainstchildren.un.org/sites/violenceagainstchildren.un.org/files/expert_consultations/stranghtening_communities/field_visit_presentationkaren_kristin_paus_mediation_service.pdf" target="_blank">restorative justice</a>&nbsp;procedures, and low recidivism rates characterize Norway&rsquo;s approach to punishing offenders. Norway&rsquo;s strategy for dealing with criminal conduct is a break from punitive methods. It is an example of a different perspective focusing on reintegration and preventing future crime.

Individualized sentencing, shorter prison terms, prison education, mental health care, and drug abuse therapy are all&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/592812" target="_blank">highly valued in Sweden</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/nov/26/prison-sweden-not-punishment-nils-oberg" target="_blank">Sweden&rsquo;s strategy</a>&nbsp;strongly emphasizes restorative justice procedures, community-based alternatives, and crime prevention.

<a href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/posts/the-danish-prison-system" target="_blank">Danish criminal punishment</a>&nbsp;is progressive and centered on rehabilitation, the same as its Scandinavian rivals.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/criminal-justice-system-denmark" target="_blank">Denmark strongly emphasizes customized</a>&nbsp;sentencing, which enables courts to customize penalties to each case&rsquo;s particular facts and the offender&rsquo;s requirements. It frequently imposes shorter life sentences and focuses on rehabilitation while an inmate. It offers open prison facilities, similar to those in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dailyscandinavian.com/prison-life-in-scandinavia/" target="_blank">Norway and Sweden</a>, giving inmates more freedom and chances for education and employment training.

Within its criminal justice system, Denmark places a strong emphasis on educational and rehabilitative initiatives that address problems, including substance misuse and mental health. The acceptance of restorative justice, which emphasizes accountability and includes victims in the settlement process, is widespread.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pensamientopenal.com.ar/system/files/2014/12/legislacion39978.pdf" target="_blank">Probation and community service</a>&nbsp;are two examples of the non-incarceration measures and sanctions that Denmark supports.

The discussion surrounding the Bharathiya Sanhita Bill has highlighted the importance of a balanced,&nbsp;<a href="https://academic.oup.com/book/10249/chapter-abstract/157944367?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=true" target="_blank">evidence-based approach to crime prevention</a>. The bill&rsquo;s aims are good, but it&rsquo;s essential to consider the drawbacks of harsh penalties. The court system should emphasize restorative justice, community-based solutions, and treating the underlying causes of crime, such as poverty and unemployment, and political factors, such as corruption, rather than only concentrating on punitive measures.

Countries with rehabilitation-focused policies that put reintegrating convicts into society above ensuring public safety include Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. The focus should be on increasing the certainty of punishment rather than raising sanctions. With prominent efforts to restorative justice principles, India will move towards a criminal justice system that punishes the offenders and helps in healing, safety and reconciliation for all.

Beyond Harsh Punishments: Rethinking Crime Prevention in India

India is an economically growing and quickly digitizing country, with&nbsp;<a href="https://blog.mygov.in/editorial/the-digital-india-transformation/#:~:text=India%20today%20is%20home%20to,data%20tariffs%20in%20the%20world." target="_blank">over 75 Crore internet users and more than 65 Crore smartphone holders</a>. This digital revolution had its origins in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.meity.gov.in/divisions/national-e-governance-plan#:~:text=The%20Government%20approved%20the%20National,Mission%20Mode%20Projects%20(MMPs)." target="_blank">National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)</a>&nbsp;of 2006.&nbsp;<a href="https://csc.gov.in/digitalIndia" target="_blank">Digital India program</a>, launched by the Government of India (GoI) in 2015, which aims to make India&rsquo;s citizens digitally empowered and push towards a knowledge-based economy, i.e. a system of economy where knowledge and intellectual capital take precedence in a nation&rsquo;s economic growth. It has brought in&nbsp;<a href="http://pggc46.ac.in/images/DIGITAL%20INDIA%20AND%20ITS%20IMPACT.pdf" target="_blank">a number of benefits for its citizens</a>, especially an&nbsp;<a href="https://www.businessgo.hsbc.com/en/article/what-is-digital-india-initiatives-objectives-and-benefits" target="_blank">increased ease in accessing government services</a>&nbsp;&ndash; filing taxes, applying for tax refunds, passport, and other identity document applications, accessing financial products like credit cards and loans, etc. This digital access has made government institution&rsquo;s work&nbsp;<a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=128811" target="_blank">more transparent</a>. The&nbsp;<a href="https://pgportal.gov.in/" target="_blank">CPGRAMS</a>&nbsp;has been doing an&nbsp;<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/complaints-against-central-depts-soar-to-2-1-m/articleshow/79631139.cms" target="_blank">exceptional job</a>&nbsp;in this regard, specifically regarding grievance redressal.

The progress made is noteworthy, particularly in&nbsp;<a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1952793#:~:text=Pradhan%20Mantri%20Jan%20Dhan%20Yojana%20(PMJDY)%20is%20National%20Mission%20for,Pension%20in%20an%20affordable%20manner." target="_blank">financial inclusion</a>&nbsp;and last-mile delivery of government services to the underserved sections of the population. With bank accounts and Aadhaar linkage, private firms have&nbsp;<a href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2021/07/india-stack-financial-access-and-digital-inclusion.htm" target="_blank">significant cost savings</a>, as they now need not spend money on confirming individual identities. UPI, i.e., Unified Payments Interface, is an open-source fin-tech platform that aids digital payments. Payments made through the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.livemint.com/economy/upi-crosses-10-billion-monthly-transactions-confirms-npci-11693498082161.html" target="_blank">UPI Platform have crossed 10 Billion monthly transactions in August 2023, with a transaction value of INR 15.18tn ($204.77bn).</a>&nbsp;This expansion of digital payments has also helped the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2021/07/india-stack-financial-access-and-digital-inclusion.htm" target="_blank">growth of rural incomes and increased the earnings of the informal sector</a>. A testament to the UPI being truly a common man&rsquo;s tool is that&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/consulting/financial-services/fintech/payments-transformation/the-indian-payments-handbook-2020-2025.pdf" target="_blank">the majority of the UPI payments are low-value transactions</a>.

Regarding Infrastructure investment, the government has undertaken the&nbsp;<a href="https://usof.gov.in/en/bharatnet-project" target="_blank">Bharat Net Project</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bbnl.nic.in/" target="_blank">the world&rsquo;s largest broadband connectivity program</a>. It has connected&nbsp;<a href="https://usof.gov.in/en/bharatnet-project" target="_blank">lakhs of Gram Panchayats</a>&nbsp;and led to increased transparency, empowerment of citizens, and ease in the delivery of digital education and telemedicine. After the pandemic, this has helped rural students access online education and learning platforms. A notable off-shoot impact has been the interest private players such as Airtel, Larson &amp; Toubro, Cisco, etc. have shown in becoming stakeholders in the project. In rural areas, this project has led to&nbsp;<a href="https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/in-depth-will-private-players-become-a-saviour-for-ambitious-bharatnet-project/85418471" target="_blank">an increase of 400% in data consumption between 2020-21</a>. With the entry of private players, there are expectations of improved customer service and cost efficiencies.

The movement towards a fully Digital India has been steadfast. The government of India has launched the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.meity.gov.in/divisions/national-e-governance-plan" target="_blank">National e-Governance Plan 2022-2023</a>&nbsp;with an aim to digitize government services further and make them more accessible to citizens. Aadhaar enrolment has surpassed record levels, which attests to the increased trust and dependence on the Aadhaar ecosystem. This has enabled better delivery and targeting of government benefits to people in need via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT). For example, the Uttar Pradesh government has&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/aadhaar-helped-up-save-8k-cr-in-nine-yrs/articleshow/94522305.cms" target="_blank">saved over Rs.8000 Cr and removed over 75 lakh ghost beneficiaries</a>&nbsp;in the past 9 years. E-Governance has also spread from providing online government services to E-Courts.&nbsp;<a href="https://services.ecourts.gov.in/ecourtindia_v6/" target="_blank">E-Courts</a>&nbsp;has enabled courts to transmit orders to ensure speedy justice delivery quickly and bail through the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/cji-ramana-launches-faster-software-to-transmit-e-copies-of-court-orders-195427#:~:text=The%20FASTER%20(Fast%20and%20Secured,a%20secured%20electronic%20communication%20channel." target="_blank">FASTER</a>&nbsp;(Fast and Secure Transmission of Electronic Records) software system. For example, the Supreme Court transmitted bail orders electronically when it took Suo-moto cognizance that&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/law/sc-approves-faster-system-for-releasing-prisoners-tells-jails-to-accept-e-bail-orders" target="_blank">inmates in the Agra prison were not given bail despite bail orders</a>&nbsp;about 3 days back. The additional benefit has been the court-ordered&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-thanks-supreme-court-for-translating-orders-in-regional-languages/articleshow/102755654.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">regional translation of judicial orders</a>&nbsp;on their websites. More recently, the CoWIN online platform helped vaccinate millions of Indians and providing open-source access to this platform to over 50 countries has added to India&rsquo;s global diplomatic goodwill.

However, this remarkable program also faces some challenges. Digital Divide refers to the gap between people with access to digital technologies and those without access. In this context, a vast portion of India&rsquo;s population does not have access to the internet or a smartphone. This is particularly profound in rural areas and among women. Increasing dependence on digitisation brings related cybersecurity challenges with it. There have been increased&nbsp;<a href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/aadhaar-data-leak-massive-data-breach-exposes-815-million-indians-personal-information-on-dark-web-details-here-11698712793223.html#:~:text=Investigation%20underway%20into%20breach%20of%20database.&amp;text=A%20report%20by%20US%2Dbased,as%20reported%20by%20Business%20Standard." target="_blank">data breaches, privacy breaches,</a>&nbsp;etc. that reduce people&rsquo;s trust in these platforms,&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/6-in-10-indians-report-personal-data-breach-by-loan-service-provider-survey/articleshow/95563738.cms" target="_blank">especially financial platforms.</a>&nbsp;The move towards digitising also demands an increase in digital infrastructure. As per&nbsp;<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/indian-digital-infra-needs-investment-of-up-to-23-bn-by-2025-report/articleshow/89085952.cms" target="_blank">an EY Report</a>, India requires close to $23 billion in investment by 2025 to meet the unmet digital infrastructure needs. Almost all of the internet operates in English, and considering the moderate levels of English literacy in India, there is a need to localize online content. The presence of local language translations of websites and service portals becomes an essential step towards the complete digitisation of the country. Finally, as technology progresses with a rapid pace, regulations often lag behind due to the innate slowness of the legislative processes. This makes developing and adapting regulatory frameworks a challenge.

Despite the challenges, specific forward-looking steps can make Digital India a complete reality. Primarily, by improving Internet Connectivity and Access. The&nbsp;<a href="https://usof.gov.in/en/bharatnet-project" target="_blank">Bharat Net Project</a>&nbsp;has already taken the right step in this context. The increasing government investment in this scheme, such&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/cabinet-approves-139-lakh-crore-for-bharatnet-project/article67161707.ece" target="_blank">as the recent infusion of Rs. 1.39 Lakh Crore</a>, must be continued. Steps must also be taken to reduce the Digital Divide and improve Digital Literacy. The progress of the&nbsp;<a href="https://nielit.gov.in/ajmer/content/national-digital-literacy-mission" target="_blank">National Digital Literacy Mission</a>&nbsp;has been slow and needs to pick up pace to ensure people&rsquo;s safety and continued participation in this mission; there is a need to ensure cybersecurity through regulatory means.

India&rsquo;s leapfrogging from the agricultural to the services sector has allowed it to expand its services sector widely. The globally experienced firms in India will be essential to give India the role of a leader in this technology and knowledge age. India is already&nbsp;<a href="https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/india-to-sign-mou-with-antigua-barbuda-for-cooperation-on-digital-transformation/103652260" target="_blank">sharing its digital journey experience</a>&nbsp;with nations such as Armenia, Sierra Leone, Suriname, Antigua, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago. At the same time, if India focuses on Digital Innovations and Regulatory clarity, it can be a key voice, particularly of the Global South, on&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/youth2020/india-and-the-global-digital-transformation-41772/" target="_blank">global discussions on digital governance.</a>

The Indian Government’s Digital Transformation Journey

Criminalization of Politics: A Threat to India’s Policy-Making Process

Covid-19 was an instance, wherein the entire world&rsquo;s humanity and solidarity was put to test. In fact, when the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/about/accountability/governance/world-health-assembly/seventy-third-world-health-assembly" target="_blank">World Health Assembly (WHA) held its 73rd annual meeting</a>&nbsp;on 18-19 May, 2020, it called out for the Resolution WHA73.1 titled&nbsp;<a href="https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA73/A73_R1-en.pdf" target="_blank">Covid-19 Response</a>, which emphasized on ensuring cooperation and multilateral support among nations, along with other stakeholders. They stressed upon the importance of a concerted effort to ensure that there is a spirit of mutual support and cooperation among all, rather than engaging in the power politics of the vaccine race. However, these directives and declarations for global cooperation were neglected by the resourceful nations. Instances of vaccine nationalism in the form of advance purchase agreements were observed at a rampant pace and the national interests were put above the global humane efforts again.

<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/2/7/what-is-vaccine-nationalism-and-why-is-it-so-harmful" target="_blank">Vaccine Nationalism</a>&nbsp;refers to a short -sighted approach of putting the interests of their country first, by securing access to Covid-19 vaccines, to ensure their populations&rsquo; access to these medicines. Quite naturally, these are done by the nations who have the adequate resources to make the advance purchase agreements, i.e., the developed nations like the USA, European Union nations. The advance purchase agreements&nbsp;<a href="https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-022-00851-3" target="_blank">(APAs)</a>&nbsp;in such cases, are in the form of legally binding contracts, which are usually made by parties (governments and vaccine manufacturers in this case) to ensure that a certain number of doses will be bought by the government, in case the vaccine turns out in the market, which implies that usually such agreements are made way before the development of the vaccine. This often affects&nbsp;<a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/vaccine-nationalism-threatens-global-plan-distribute-covid-19-shots-fairly" target="_blank">the vaccine equity</a>&nbsp;as poor nations who ordinarily cannot afford to make such agreements, fail to procure them even after they are introduced, as usually the vaccines are reserved for the nations with whom the agreements are made.

Again, vaccine nationalism and APAs are not novel concepts. During pandemics like H5N1 i.e., Avian flu and H1N1 i.e., swine flu, there were a list of APAs observed. European Union, became the proprietor and nearly 16 nations had&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17441692.2015.1043743" target="_blank">APAs at the time of H1N1</a>, which worked efficiently for them and managed to provide vaccines in nearly 3 months, but lead to negligible&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.034." target="_blank">manufacturing capacity for WHO and the other low income countries.</a>&nbsp;The situation became worse, and WHO had to ask for donations, leading to the developed nations pledging for donating 10 percent of their vaccines to the low income countries. The donations reached eventually, when the worst phase of the pandemic had already passed, killing nearly&nbsp;<a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-07-27/vaccine-nationalism-pandemic?utm_medium=social" target="_blank">284,000 people</a>.

Similar instances were observed during&nbsp;<a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/ip_21_4061/IP_21_4061_EN.pdf" target="_blank">Covid and APAs</a>&nbsp;were formed even before the effectiveness of the trial results. Brands like Johnson and Johnson/Janssen, Moderna, and Pfizer-BioNTech got a whopping&nbsp;<a href="https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20210512.191448" target="_blank">amount of $11.92 billion</a>, under the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-319" target="_blank">Operation Warp Speed</a>&nbsp;by the USA administration. This led to nearly&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wcvb.com/article/white-house-says-herd-immunity-isnt-us-strategy/34045222" target="_blank">700 million doses reserved for the USA by 2021</a>, severely affecting their manufacturing capacity for other nations. During the 72nd meeting of the WHA, the then President Donald Trump while addressing the session, declared&nbsp;<a href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/president-trump-addresses-72nd-united-nations-general-assembly/" target="_blank">that his priority is his nation</a>, and his government will put his citizens, his people first, and the same was reflected in the form of these agreements.

These instances of vaccine race and hoarding severely affected the accessibility&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/vaccine-nationalism-threatens-global-plan-distribute-covid-19-shotsfairly%20(" target="_blank">as too many people have to wait too long for too little.</a>&nbsp;The history of political behaviour during pandemics was repeated and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-vaccine-shortage-threatens-fragile-revival-pandemic-rages-2021-04-26/" target="_blank">Latin American nations like Colombia, Paraguay</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.afro.who.int/news/africa-faces-470-million-covid-19-vaccine-shortfall-2021#:~:text=Brazzaville%20%E2%80%93%20As%20the%20COVAX%20Facility,vaccinating%2040%25%20of%20its%20population." target="_blank">African nations started facing acute shortage</a>.

Now, WHO backed the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/covax#:~:text=COVAX%20is%20the%20vaccines%20pillar,19%20Tools%20(ACT)%20Accelerator." target="_blank">COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX)</a>&nbsp;facility under the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator, which was an initiative by the global organizations, to tackle the problem of vaccine inequity. This initiative was further co- led by the&nbsp;<a href="https://cepi.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GAVI_RM012_Structures_and_Principles_V9.pdf" target="_blank">Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI) and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and UNICEF</a>. Other initiatives like&nbsp;<a href="https://medicinespatentpool.org/" target="_blank">MPP (Medicines Patent Pool)</a>&nbsp;by creating vaccine pools, TRIPS waiver were directly aimed at mitigating the results produced by these agreements. As a result, the low income nations observed an increase in the vaccine coverage&nbsp;<a href="https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/covid-19-vaccine-coverage-continues-increase-lower-income-countries" target="_blank">recording an average of 55 %</a>&nbsp;in April, 2023. But these statistics also depict&nbsp;<a href="https://data.undp.org/vaccine-equity/" target="_blank">how late the vaccines have reached the nations which were the most severely affected ones.</a>&nbsp;In fact there were concerns as to how the African nations would become hotbeds of infections, but the situation of poor access continued even&nbsp;<a href="https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2021/06/28/blog-subsaharan-africa-we-need-to-act-now" target="_blank">after these records</a>, as the supplies were reserved for other nations.

There are theoretical arguments as well, as to how the agreements help the manufacturers to scale up production,&nbsp;<a href="https://left.eu/content/uploads/2021/07/Advanced-purchase-agreements-1.pdf" target="_blank">by providing monetary incentives</a>. There were certain medical equipments like 0.3 mL Auto Disable syringes, which had no other purpose other than Covid-19 as they were of a different size from the ones used for routine immunization, and had severe constraints with respect to storage, affecting manufacturers. Similar situation was observed during the PPE production as well, when even&nbsp;<a href="https://www.unicef.org/supply/stories/covid-19-impact-assessment-and-outlook-personal-protective-equipment" target="_blank">UNICEF had to deploy an APA</a>. Such APAs reduced the risk for manufacturers, and helped them in further expanding their production capabilities. However, the intent and the effects produced by such agreements in extreme cases like the pandemic need to be re-assessed. This is why there is an urgent requirement to address this recurring problem, and to ensure the creation of a more permanent solution. There is a necessity to create more concrete policies and permanent structures or platforms rather than the temporary arrangements which serve as a knee-jerk reaction.

Vaccine Nationalism & Covid-19: Impact on Access in Third World Nations

Article 21(A) of the Indian Constitution and Article 26 of the (UNDR), adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, both highlight the value of education in a person&rsquo;s life. According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/education/enrolment-of-muslim-students-for-higher-education-dips-to-4-6-aishe-2020-21-8413124/" target="_blank">&lsquo;All Indian Survey on Higher Education&rsquo; 2020-21</a>, there are disparities in enrollment patterns. Minority groups in India, such as the SC&rsquo;s and ST&rsquo;s, have the same literacy rate as Muslim women in primary school, but as they go through higher secondary education and beyond, their&nbsp;<a href="https://educationforallinindia.com/muslims-gross-enrolment-ratio-at-higher-education-level-2020-21/" target="_blank">gross attendance ratio</a>&nbsp;begins to plummet. What are the causes of this downward trend? It might be the constraints imposed by the family, society, or government. Despite India&rsquo;s 75 years of independence, Muslim women&rsquo;s education remains a persistent issue, with despite significant progress in literacy rates, they still fall behind non-Muslim counterparts due to various social, cultural, economic, and political factors.

Let&rsquo;s discuss the &lsquo;Hijab&rsquo; which became a matter of conflict in India and other parts of the world. France passed a legislation in 2011 outlawing the wearing of religious symbols, including the hijab, in public schools, saying that it promotes secularism and gender equality, although it has been condemned for discriminating. Around 300 Muslim girl students in France wore abayas, a sort of veil, to school to demonstrate their freedom to choose and their right to practice their faith. According to a&nbsp;<a href="https://humsci.stanford.edu/feature/stanford-scholars-report-french-headscarf-ban-adversely-impacts-muslim-girls" target="_blank">report</a>, the French prohibition on headscarves in public schools hampered Muslim girls&rsquo; ability to complete their secondary schooling. Next, we have&nbsp;<a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-education-refused-without-hijab/32347464.html" target="_blank">Iran</a>, which has imposed the Hijab law. This has a detrimental effect on the educational system as it prevents female students from going to school without donning a head covering. Another example of the controversy about hijab was seen last year in Karnataka . The debate over hijab wearing in one country and its enforcement in another is largely based on personal choice, with no one having the right to dictate it.

The Karnataka Hijab Ban case is a legal and socio-cultural controversy in India over Muslim female students&rsquo; wearing hijab in pre-university colleges, highlighting fundamental rights, religious freedom, and education rights. The college&rsquo;s decision sparked protests from Muslim students and parents, who argued that the ban violated their right to religious expression. The Karnataka Hijab controversy served as an example of the predicament that many Muslim girls found themselves in when they had to decide between following their faith and pursuing an education. The Karnataka&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/pucl-releases-report-on-impact-of-hijab-ban-on-muslim-girl-students-in-karnataka-8371485/" target="_blank">PUCL-K</a>&nbsp;study revealed that 1,010 Muslim female students dropped out of PU colleges due to the hijab ban and other reasons, according to the state government&rsquo;s response. The controversy quickly spread to other schools and colleges in the state and eventually reached the Karnataka High Court. The Karnataka High Court&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-hijab-controversy-clothes-ban-harmony-public-order-7758633/" target="_blank">concluded</a>&nbsp;that because the hijab is not a fundamental practice in Islam, it cannot be afforded constitutional protection. When this lawsuit involving the hijab was going on in Karnataka, Muslim students&rsquo; rage turned to protests, which resulted in repercussions for them. Many girls choose&nbsp;<a href="https://muslimmirror.com/eng/impact-of-karnataka-high-courts-hijab-ban-on-muslim-womens-access-to-quality-education/" target="_blank">not to take the exams</a>&nbsp;out of personal preference.

Discrimination against Muslim students in schools often disregards their achievements and struggles, disregarding their desire to pursue education in an&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00380229231196728" target="_blank">inclusive environment</a>. Enrolment and attendance figures show only a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330535000_Educational_Status_of_Muslim_Women_in_India_Issues_and_Challenges" target="_blank">small percentage of Muslim women</a>&nbsp;can get into universities.

The&nbsp;<a href="https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT22A6824.pdf" target="_blank">gender gap</a>&nbsp;in education among Indian Muslims is a complicated topic driven by&nbsp;<a href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/12/12144742/religionEducation_appendixC.pdf" target="_blank">historical</a>, social, and economic reasons. Despite advances, Muslim women continue to fall behind men in educational attainment, which is worsened by&nbsp;<a href="https://cjp.org.in/educational-inequities-worsen-for-muslim-students-in-india/" target="_blank">regional dynamics</a>, caste, and class inequalities. Differences in literacy rates and educational achievement between areas are examples of regional dynamics, whereas caste dynamics impact educational chances. Muslim women who belong to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5360165/" target="_blank">financially stable</a>&nbsp;households are more likely to pursue higher education, which is influenced by class relations. These variables, when combined, produce a multi-layered disadvantage for Muslim women from lower-caste and lower-income families. Early marriage in Muslim communities often leads to girls dropping out of school to take on domestic responsibilities, thereby denying them education and perpetuating poverty. This acts as another&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Women/WRGS/ForcedMarriage/NGO/HavardUniversityFXB3.pdf" target="_blank">obstacle</a>&nbsp;to their education. Also, traditional&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5774688/" target="_blank">gender stereotypes</a>&nbsp;and patriarchal attitudes hinder girls&rsquo; education pursuits and limit their aspirations, as they are often confined to domestic roles and devalue intellectual pursuits.

Indian state governments have implemented policies to support Muslim women&rsquo;s education, such as the&nbsp;<a href="https://transformingindia.mygov.in/scheme/begum-hazrat-mahal-national-scholarship/0begum-h..." target="_blank">Begum Hazrat Mahal National Scholarship</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://testbook.com/ias-preparation/nai-roshni-scheme" target="_blank">Nai Roshni</a>. However, these initiatives may not be fully effective due to a lack of awareness, socioeconomic constraints, inadequate infrastructure, and cultural barriers. The cancellation of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/show_content.php?lang=1&amp;level=1&amp;ls_id=625&amp;lid=107" target="_blank">Maulana Azad National Fellowship</a>&nbsp;would have an immediate&nbsp;<a href="https://www.outlookindia.com/national/a-veil-of-deliberate-ignorance-how-scrapping-manf-is-a-blow-to-muslim-women-s-agency-news-256330" target="_blank">effect</a>&nbsp;on Muslim women&rsquo;s education.

Though there have been several obstacles in the way of Indian Muslim women completely developing themselves. However, there are examples of outstanding Muslim women who overcame societal barriers to achieve positions of prominence. One such personality is&nbsp;<a href="https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/rokeya-sakhawat-hossain-a-pioneer-of-womens-education-who-strove-for-a-feminist-utopia/561895/" target="_blank">Begum Rokeya Hussain</a>, a prominent Bengali writer, social worker, and advocate for women&rsquo;s rights, established the Sakhawat Memorial Girls&rsquo; School in Kolkata in 1911, one of the first for Muslim girls in the region, challenging traditional norms and promoting women&rsquo;s rights.&nbsp;<a href="https://feminisminindia.com/2020/05/28/shareefa-hamid-ali-feminist-political-figure/" target="_blank">Begum Sharifa Hamid Ali,</a>&nbsp;a member of the Indian National Congress and a Rajya Sabha member for 12 years, is another important individual in strengthening women&rsquo;s rights and fostering women&rsquo;s education. Begum Sharifa Hamid ali was a staunch advocate for women&rsquo;s rights with a focus on education. She served as the&nbsp;<a href="https://indianliberals.in/content/shareefa-hamid-ali/" target="_blank">President</a>&nbsp;of the All India Women&rsquo;s Conference. She also served as one of the&nbsp;<a href="https://indianliberals.in/content/shareefa-hamid-ali/" target="_blank">founding members</a>&nbsp;of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women.

The pathway to educational equality for Indian Muslim women remains difficult. Despite attempts to enhance access to education, inequities may remain, particularly in distant or marginalized communities. Resolving these challenges necessitates comprehensive initiatives that address not just regulations and infrastructure but also cultural attitudes and institutional hurdles impeding these persons&rsquo; educational advancement.

Exploring Barriers in Indian Muslim Women’s Education

On September 19th, 2023, Azerbaijan launched an &ldquo;<a href="https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20230920-azerbaijan-and-armenia-clash-for-second-day-over-breakaway-region-of-nagorno-karabakh" target="_blank">anti-terror operation</a>&rdquo; and tried to reassert its territorial claims over Nagorno-Karabakh &ndash; the semi-autonomous, ethnically majority-Armenian region within its internationally recognized borders. A day after the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20230921-checkmate-in-nagorno-karabakh-how-azerbaijan-got-armenia-to-back-down" target="_blank">lightning-fast Azeri offensive</a>, news of the surrender of the Armenian separatist government of Nagorno-Karabakh came in. The breakaway Karabakh-Armenian government decided to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us-calls-azerbaijan-halt-karabakh-attack-russia-urges-return-ceasefire-2023-09-20/" target="_blank">disarm and dissolve its military</a>, enabling Azerbaijan to gain complete control over the region. Essentially, the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh revolves around two international principles vis-&agrave;-vis the principle of territorial integrity (of Azerbaijan) and the principle of the right to self-determination (of Nagorno-Karabakh), backed by Armenia. India faced a similar issue in the erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, where India&rsquo;s territorial integrity was pitted against the self-determination of the people of Jammu and Kashmir. The Nagorno-Karabakh issue, like that of Jammu and Kashmir, did not just start overnight but has had a long and complicated history associated with it.

The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/9/23/23886844/conflict-nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-armenia-russia-turkey-explained" target="_blank">animosity between Azerbaijan and Armenia</a>&nbsp;over Nagorno-Karabakh goes back to the early part of the 20th century. In 1923, while being absorbed into the newly created Soviet Union, due to the region&rsquo;s geographical proximity with Azerbaijan (<a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Nagorno-Karabakh" target="_blank">the Karabakh mountains separate it from the Greater Western Armenia</a>), the ethnic Armenian-majority autonomous region was put under Azerbaijan SSR. Under the Soviet Union leadership, there was relative peace until 1988, when the region first started agitating for independence. The inter-ethnic conflict between largely Christian Armenians and predominantly Muslim Azeris became common during those days. After the Soviet Union collapsed, Nagorno-Karabakh claimed independence from Azerbaijan, although neither Armenia itself nor the international community recognized it. This escalated the already tense situation between Karabakh Armenians and Azerbaijan, leading to a full-scale war between the two, i.e., the First Karabakh War. Backed by Armenia and its troops, Karabakh Armenians not only took full control of the region but also managed to gobble up Azeri territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/nagorno-karabakh-conflict" target="_blank">Many Azeris fled their native homes to other parts of Azerbaijan to avoid the oncoming Armenian pogroms</a>. Azerbaijan ended up losing 20% of its territory, and 30,000 of its people were killed. A ceasefire line was established and all hostilities on the ground ended in 1994.

However, in September 2020, ceasefire broke out between Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan. Following thousands of casualties on both sides,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/after-russias-nagorno-karabakh-ceasefire-could-turkey-step-up-next-for-a-lasting-peace/" target="_blank">Russia successfully brokered another ceasefire ending the six-week Second Karabakh war</a>. This time Azerbaijan, aligned with its&nbsp;<a href="https://president.az/en/articles/view/736/print" target="_blank">closest ally</a>&nbsp;Turkey and emerged victorious, reclaiming most of the territories it lost in 1994 and some parts of Nagorno-Karabakh as well. Pertinent to mention here is the fact that Turkey committed&nbsp;<a href="https://www.publicbooks.org/armenia-another-century-another-genocide/" target="_blank">a genocide against Armenia</a>&nbsp;during the First World War in 1915, which claimed millions of innocent Armenian lives. It is a country also known to India for its vociferous support of Pakistan on the Jammu and Kashmir issue, even though this puts Turkey at odds with its position on ground in Nagorno-Karabakh wherein it supports Azerbaijan&rsquo;s territorial integrity over Karabakh Armenians&rsquo; right to self-determination. The ceasefire in 2020 also led to the establishment of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/1/azeri-forces-raise-flag-in-last-district-handed-back-by-armenia" target="_blank">Lachin corridor</a>, a small strip of land that would serve as a transit route between Armenia to Nagorno-Karabakh. It was this corridor, which the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/analysis-why-tensions-are-high-over-a-blockaded-road-in-azerbaijan" target="_blank">Azeris blocked last December</a>, claiming to protest the environmental degradation caused by illegal mining in Nagorno-Karabakh. This led to a great humanitarian crisis in the region, where people were left without food and essential items for over ten months, till the last few weeks, when the region&rsquo;s separatist forces finally gave up their arms, leading to the imminent unification of Nagorno-Karabakh with Azerbaijan &ndash; the present-day scenario. The swift ending of the latest conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh can also be attributed to Russia&rsquo;s unwillingness to get involved this time around even though it is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/Russian_President_Medvedev_To_Visit_Armenia/2131915.html" target="_blank">committed by treaty to defend Armenia</a>, due it&rsquo;s pre-occupation in Ukraine.

Although India doesn&rsquo;t have a clearly defined policy for the South Caucasus &ndash; region where both Armenia lies alongside Azerbaijan and Georgia, the relationship between Armenia and India has been developing well, especially since the two countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/azerbaijans-capture-of-nagorno-karabakh-opens-up-challenges-for-india-in-the-south-caucasus-13212652.html" target="_blank">India signed a Friendship and Cooperation Treaty with Armenia in 1995</a>&nbsp;and a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement in 2019, which resulted in increased cooperation in trade, investment, defense and culture. In the aftermath of the Second Karabakh War, Armenia decided to purchase a large consignment of weapons and rockets from India, to beef up its security capabilities. This led to a&nbsp;<a href="https://theprint.in/defence/azerbaijan-protests-after-reports-suggesting-indian-made-weapons-entered-armenia-through-iran/1689155/" target="_blank">solid diplomatic protest from Azerbaijan against India</a>, with the Azeri side alleging that India was adding fuel to flames by providing weapons to Armenia at a time when Azeris wanted to de-escalate the conflict and resolve it peacefully. Added to all the aforementioned details is the fact that India and Armenia&nbsp;<a href="https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&amp;level=3&amp;ls_id=1758&amp;lid=758" target="_blank">share great historical ties</a>, firmly putting India into Armenia&rsquo;s camp, for now at least.

<a href="https://thediplomat.com/2023/09/indias-stake-in-the-nagorno-karabakh-conflict/" target="_blank">India needed to put out a strong statement to emphasize its interests in the region with respect to the INSTC (International North-South Transportation Corridor)</a>, as also the plight of Karabakh Armenians and the humanitarian crisis they face but there wasn&rsquo;t much that came in from the External Affairs Ministry. That would have sent a great message to Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Pakistan as well as the international community that is conspicuous by its absence on the conflict. For now, it appears to be added on the long list of missed opportunities.

Nagorno-Karabakh:An Indian Perspective on the Conflict in the South Caucasus

The last&nbsp;<a href="https://olympics.com/en/news/india-olympic-medalists-last-decade" target="_blank">decade</a>&nbsp;has seen India rising as a sports powerhouse spearheaded by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/consulting/rise-of-indian-women-towards-excellence-in-sports.pdf" target="_blank">women sportspersons.</a>&nbsp;We have witnessed the rise of some of the biggest names on the world stage, such as P.V. Sindhu (badminton), Saina Nehwal (badminton), Mira Bai Chanu (weightlifting), Mary Kom (Boxing), Dipa Karmakar (Gymnastics), Mithali Raj (Cricket), etc. Since the very first Olympics as independent India in 1948, there were no female participants; the first ever contingent featuring women sportspersons was sent in the second edition at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics, where out of the 64-member contingent, only&nbsp;<a href="https://olympic.ind.in/winner-athletes/30" target="_blank">four female athletes</a>. From the 2000s, when the&nbsp;<a href="https://olympics.com/en/news/karnam-malleswari-india-weightlifting" target="_blank">first ever medal was won by an Indian female athlete</a>, Karnam Malleshwari at the Sydney Olympics (the sole medal winner at those games) to the most recent edition of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, within 20 years, India won a total of 20 medals. Of the 20,&nbsp;<a href="https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-olympic-winners-women-female-medallists" target="_blank">8 awards</a>&nbsp;were won by women, constituting 40% of the winning pool; this percentage is staggering in the face of the women&rsquo;s participation percentage in India,&nbsp;<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/can-india-break-into-the-top-10-in-olympics-by-2040/articleshow/85091348.cms" target="_blank">a mere 6-7%</a>. Even though we have come a long way, there is a lot more that needs to be done; however, the participation gap has reduced drastically, we still have not been able to achieve the 50% participation mark for the 50% population at the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-indias-highest-ever-female-participants-399983" target="_blank">Tokyo Olympics it was 44.09%</a>&nbsp;female athletes (56 out of the 127) and the largest ever women contingent.

India has immense talent for a population of 1.4 Billion people, but the stage and opportunities have not always been available. In recent years, there has been a&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/changing-sports-landscape-in-india-women-athletes-are-at-forefront-notes-manisha-malhotra/articleshow/98627575.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">growing effort</a>&nbsp;to promote gender equality in sports, but still, a lot of&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/22785337221148557#:~:text=The%20findings%20of%20our%20study,in%20sports%20and%20society%20alike." target="_blank">barriers exist for women athletes</a>, like economic, socio-cultural, male domination, sexual abuse and harassment, lack of family support, and a host of other issues. Nikhat Zareen, the&nbsp;<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/nikhat-wins-her-second-world-championships-title/articleshow/99013711.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">two-time world champion</a>, shared her experience of how her&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/fathers-words-boxing-is-not-for-women-challenged-me-says-nikhat-zareen-7214440/" target="_blank">father&rsquo;s</a>&nbsp;words were the biggest driving force for her. She ruminates about the words spoken by her father when she asks, &ldquo;Is boxing only for boys? &ldquo;, &ldquo;He said, no. But they don&rsquo;t box because people expect girls are meant to stay at home and do housework.&rdquo; Another huge challenge for women sportspersons comes from&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/sport/gaps-india-sports-administration-governance" target="_blank">administrative inefficiencies</a>; the recently concluded Asian games featured ten sportspersons from Jharkhand, and from those&nbsp;<a href="https://thebridge.in/asian-games/state-wise-list-of-indian-medallists-44361" target="_blank">five have secured a medal</a>; at the same time, the state has been grappling with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.outlookindia.com/national/jharkhand-women-ahead-in-sports-far-behind-in-administration-news-300213" target="_blank">administrative inefficiencies</a>&nbsp;that affect the women sportsperson the most. There are few roles filled in by women;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.outlookindia.com/national/jharkhand-women-ahead-in-sports-far-behind-in-administration-news-300213" target="_blank">out of 2088 posts of president, secretary and treasurer, only 58 have been filled by women</a>. The women who have the support of their families and have been able to make inroads in the male-dominated sporting world have to deal with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/where-do-we-play-girls-and-women-battle-stereotypes-and-lack-of-public-space-trainers-in-pursuit-of-sports-news-259784" target="_blank">stereotypes</a>, such as developing bodies with physical attributes similar to a man in terms of strength or as they are often socially subjected to comments on their appearances and mannerisms being &ldquo;man-like&rdquo; and how they would look ugly, no one would want to marry them.

According to RTI data, between 2010 and 2020, there were&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/10-year-record-at-sai-45-complaints-of-sexual-harassment-29-against-coaches/" target="_blank">45 complaints of sexual harassment to the SAI, of which 29 were against coaches.</a>&nbsp;The issue of sexual harassment in sports is of grave concern as recently it made the headlines again when some of our greatest wrestlers in the country took to the streets,&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/wrestlers-protest-timeline-delhi-probe-deadline-8660901/" target="_blank">protesting</a>&nbsp;against the Wrestling Federation of India Chief Brij Bhushan. The biggest question that arises here is: should people in power lead the sporting bodies at the national level? Even after a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.reuters.com/sports/indian-federation-suspended-failing-hold-elections-time-2023-08-24/" target="_blank">ban for WFI</a>&nbsp;at United World Wrestling, which entails our sportspersons have to participate as neutral athletes and won&rsquo;t truly represent India, Brij Bhushan still heads the WFI; even after repeated calls to hold fresh elections,&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/suhas-palshikar-on-wrestlers-protest-the-indian-system-failed-these-young-women-and-society-failed-itself-8647274/" target="_blank">the system has failed the protesting wrestlers</a>&nbsp;and there has been no real action against the &ldquo;President of WFI&rdquo;. Then, there are instances of harassment and abuse by coaching professionals. The fact is a lot of women sportspersons are part of camps that are spread across the country and the majority of them are trained by male coaches; within that the power dynamics that exist sometimes lead to situations like&nbsp;<a href="https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/sexual-harassment-the-chronic-illness-of-indian-sport-news-281578" target="_blank">harassment</a>&nbsp;and abuse. Sportspersons often hesitate to come ahead and talk about it purely to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/it-is-time-to-speak-up-magazine-293444" target="_blank">protect the honor of their families and also their careers.</a>&nbsp;In the past decade itself, plenty of cases have come to light, and it is not just limited to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/india-sports-sexual-allegations-harassment-wrestling-to-cricket-2323675-2023-01-19" target="_blank">one sport but a whole lot of them</a>, like&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/sport/womens-cricket-is-rife-with-stories-of-sexual-harassment-what-is-the-bcci-doing" target="_blank">Cricket</a>&nbsp;(A case was filed against the&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sexual-assault-allegations-uttarakhand-cricket-coach-booked-under-pocso-8525941/" target="_blank">co-convenor of Cricket Association of Uttrakhand (CAU)</a>&nbsp;under the POCSO act on the grounds of how the 16 year old was harassed and touched inappropriately for several years. The father of the complainant mentioned how she was asked to fulfill the physical needs of the others within the CAU, and there are allegations of the use of casteist slurs). This is illustrative of how the sporting bodies in India still uphold the&nbsp;<a href="https://cjp.org.in/sports-industry-of-india-a-structure-build-on-patriarchy-the-silenced-cries-of-women/#:~:text=According%20to%20a%20reply%20in,which%20two%20were%20anonymous%20complaints." target="_blank">patriarchal norms</a>, heavily impacting the functioning of these bodies and holding back the development and participation of women sportspersons in India.

From the 2000s, steps were taken to push the development of the sporting ecosystem in the country with the introduction of the &ldquo;<a href="https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/National%20Sports%20Policy%202001.pdf" target="_blank">National Sports Policy 2001</a>.&rdquo; the desired results and outcomes were not achieved as the policy lacked on many fronts. While the policy mentioned gender equality, it did not effectively address the disparities in opportunities and resources available to female athletes in India, the representation of women in leadership roles, etc. In 2011, the government introduced the &ldquo;<a href="https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/File918.compressed.pdf" target="_blank">National Sports Development Code 2011</a>,&rdquo; intending to regulate and streamline the functioning of sports organizations in India. The policy had only one line of emphasis on gender, sexual harassment, and representation for women in sports, having no real impact and failing to explicitly address issues of gender-based discrimination, harassment, or abuse within sports organizations, which are significant challenges faced by female athletes. Due to the ethical and&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/sport/gaps-india-sports-administration-governance" target="_blank">governance</a>&nbsp;issues such as&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0117/ijsrp-p6111.pdf" target="_blank">corruption</a>&nbsp;and,&nbsp;<a href="https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/wada-anti-doping-violations-ranking-india-second-russia-tops-list-nada-regulations-sports-prone-to-drug-use/article66920083.ece" target="_blank">use of illicit performance enhancers</a>&nbsp;that plagued the sporting ecosystem in the country, the Modi government came out with the &ldquo;<a href="https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Draft%20National%20Code%20for%20Good%20Governance%20in%20Sports.pdf" target="_blank">National Code for Good Governance in Sports 2017</a>,&rdquo; but the policy was&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/ministry-unlikely-to-implement-2017-sports-code-14462" target="_blank">never adopted</a>&nbsp;as a lot of National Sports Federations tried to block the implementation for the same. Another positive step undertaken by the government of the day, the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/what-is-target-olympic-podium-scheme-602619.html" target="_blank">Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS)</a>&nbsp;aims to provide financial and non-financial assistance to elite athletes who have the potential to win medals in the Olympic Games and other major international competitions and the results have been visible recently a lot of sportspeople covered within the TOPS have been able to achieve&nbsp;<a href="https://ddnews.gov.in/sports/beneficiaries-target-olympic-podium-scheme-khelo-india-scheme-shine-31st-world-university" target="_blank">great heights at international level.</a>&nbsp;At the recently concluded Asian games, women sportspersons showed remarkable resilience and prowess, like&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/vithya-ramraj-equals-pt-ushas-record-549966" target="_blank">Vithya Ramraj, who equaled P.T Usha&rsquo;s national record time of 55.42 seconds</a>&nbsp;in 400 meters hurdles after a gap of 39 years; she also went on to win a silver medal in 4x400m mixed relay.

We have come a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/sports/independence-day-2023-what-it-means-to-be-an-indian-sports-fan-today-11171981.html" target="_blank">long way since the independence</a>, and there is a lot of ground to cover and learn from&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19406940.2022.2127838" target="_blank">past policy decisions and work towards a better future</a>. The momentum with which our sportspersons have been performing at the most prestigious international levels of competitions should continue with the essential support being provided by the government. A move towards more&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-insight/governance/protecting-consumer-rights-in-the-emerging-era-of-virtual-digital-asset-101697694147141.html" target="_blank">structured policies</a>&nbsp;with sportspersons at the helm, especially promoting more women participation, is need of the hour. There is also a need to involve private entities who have the resources to support the athletes and introduce schemes like &ldquo;support a stadium&rdquo; or &ldquo;support a sport.&rdquo; A code like &ldquo;<a href="https://blog.ipleaders.in/analysis-draft-national-code-good-governance-sport-2017/" target="_blank">The National Code for Good Governance</a>&rdquo; was not adopted as there were recommendations in the draft that put up a ban on politicians serving at the top level positions in NOCs and NSFs, had a cap on maximum age to serve at 70, etc. since it was not adopted a lot of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/02/09/fair-game-what-political-control-of-indias-sports-federations-tells-us" target="_blank">politicians end us serving at the top positions</a>&nbsp;and carry on to&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sports-code-compliance-federations-7950324/" target="_blank">violate the sports code</a>&nbsp;which &ldquo;seeks to put restrictions on the age and tenure of the office-bearers of federations apart from envisaging transparent functioning along with free and fair elections.&rdquo; .

An effort towards attitude change for pursuing sports as a career is of great importance; it can be done with the help of educational institutions by integrating sports with the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/nep-2020-sports-to-be-soon-made-part-of-school-education-curriculum-7339451.html" target="_blank">education curriculum</a>&nbsp;and establishing an ecosystem for reward and participation of school children at various levels.

Women in Sports: Triumphs and Challenges in India

Oscar Wilde was closer to the vulnerability of life&nbsp;<a href="https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/113/the-picture-of-dorian-gray/1945/chapter-9/" target="_blank">when he said</a>&ndash; &ldquo;I don&rsquo;t want to be at the mercy of my emotions. I want to use them, to enjoy them, and to dominate them.&rdquo; A similar sentiment was felt when the world was under the diabolical behest of Covid-19. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people's-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems#:~:text=The%20economic%20and%20social%20disruption,the%20end%20of%20the%20year." target="_blank">pandemic&rsquo;s aftermath impacted life</a>&nbsp;in all its forms. India faced&nbsp;<a href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/07/20/Inequality-and-Poverty-in-India-Impact-of-COVID-19-Pandemic-and-Policy-Response-535908" target="_blank">unique struggles</a>&nbsp;during COVID-19, like frequent lockdowns &amp; migrant worker&rsquo;s crisis. However, one of its undermined struggles, the Education System- historically pushed under the carpet of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.indiaspend.com/indias-education-budget-cannot-fund-proposed-new-education-policy/" target="_blank">financial budget</a>, grabbed the attention when around&nbsp;<a href="https://www.unicef.org/india/press-releases/covid-19-schools-more-168-million-children-globally-have-been-completely-closed" target="_blank">15 Lakh schools had to be shut down and 24.7 Crore students</a>&nbsp;were forced to stay within the confined walls of their homes and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.orfonline.org/research/regression-in-learning/" target="_blank">75 % parents of children between 5-13 years reported learning loss</a>&nbsp;such as comprehensive reading &amp; writing as compared to offline teaching. Parallelly, there was a fear that around&nbsp;<a href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/10-million-girls-at-risk-of-dropping-out-of-school-because-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-says-rte-forum-policy-brief/article33662229.ece" target="_blank">1 Crore girls could drop out of school as per the Right to Education Forum and that about&nbsp;</a><a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/india/covid-19-has-likely-worsened-situation-child-labourers-india-educo-and-campaign-against" target="_blank">90 Lakh children were at risk</a>&nbsp;of being pushed into child labor globally, including India. The pandemic demonstrated a significant setback to the strides made in education for India. Fortunately, the experience of the&nbsp;<a href="https://gandhifellowship.org/" target="_blank">Gandhi fellowship allowed</a>&nbsp;me to experience certain facets of the education system overcoming the pandemic, the nuances of which will be discussed below.

India&rsquo;s immediate response to COVID-19 was to pull off&nbsp;<a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/story/how-teachers-in-india-adopted-hybrid-learning-during-covid-1875189-2021-11-10" target="_blank">hybrid methods</a>&nbsp;of taking classes. However, with only about 22% of schools &amp; households having&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00490857211050131" target="_blank">access to the internet over a computer</a>&nbsp;in India, learning was hindered. Children&rsquo;s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.educationtimes.com/article/school-guide/97137976/why-schools-students-lack-social-and-emotional-skills" target="_blank">intelligence quotient being correlated to their emotional quotient</a>, and such roadblocks began to cause a decline in the mental health of children. UNICEF&rsquo;s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2021" target="_blank">State of the World&rsquo;s Children 2021 report</a>&nbsp;found that 14% of 15 to 24-year-olds in India felt depressed. Another survey by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/education/fostering-resilience-in-rural-students-through-social-emotional-learning/article67241178.ece" target="_blank">CSSL- CASS 2022</a>&nbsp;pointed out the prejudices children held against schools being safe spaces for them to express due to many underlying reasons-&nbsp;<a href="https://www.orfonline.org/research/regression-in-learning/" target="_blank">economic instability</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-1-5l-cases-16-2-rise-in-crimes-against-kids-report/articleshow/93864978.cms" target="_blank">rise in crimes against children</a>&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/aser-proportion-of-out-of-school-girls-falls-to-record-2-in-2022-101674054050882.html" target="_blank">gender gap in a few Indian States</a>.

The&nbsp;<a href="https://dsel.education.gov.in/rte" target="_blank">Indian Constitution</a>&nbsp;mandates that education is a fundamental right for children between 6-14 years of age. However, it is often ignored that education is not merely to secure jobs or intellect but&nbsp;<a href="https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/op-ed/leaguing-laughter-to-learning-the-journey-to-a-joyful-classroom" target="_blank">also for joy</a>&nbsp;and to be able to foster a healthy learning&nbsp;<a href="https://www.healthandenvironment.org/environmental-health/environmental-risks/psychosocial-environment#:~:text=Show%20More,of%20environmental%20stress%20on%20health" target="_blank">environment</a>. Acknowledging the need for&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cfchildren.org/what-is-social-emotional-learning/#:~:text=Social%2Demotional%20learning%20(SEL),academically%2C%20professionally%2C%20and%20socially." target="_blank">Social and Emotional Learning</a>&nbsp;(SEL- focused on holistic development through 21st CE Skills), a global concept was introduced in India. SEL pedagogy (way of teaching) was formally brought into existence in 1994 by&nbsp;<a href="https://casel.org/about-us/our-history/" target="_blank">Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning</a>&nbsp;(CASEL), which laid out its five components- Self-Awareness, Self-management, Social-Awareness, Relationship Skills, and Decision Making.

The major steps taken were the foundational changes in&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/education/social-emotional-learning-real-gap-indian-education-system" target="_blank">National Education Policy (NEP)</a>&nbsp;2020, coherent with the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.educationworld.in/indias-snowballing-sel-skills-deficit/" target="_blank">Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2022</a>&nbsp;Report, and the introduction of SEL pedagogy, upheld by the&nbsp;<a href="https://idreamcareer.com/blog/national-curriculum-framework-2023/#:~:text=The%20NCF%202023%20underscores%20the,%2C%20emotional%2C%20and%20social%20development." target="_blank">National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2023, like the&nbsp;</a><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/education/happiness-curriculum-is-a-massive-success-sisodia-7489100/" target="_blank">Happiness Curriculum in Delhi</a>&nbsp;&amp; Harsh Johar Curriculum-&nbsp;<a href="https://mgiep.unesco.org/article/building-the-sel-foundation-in-jharkhand-and-its-context" target="_blank">Project Sampoorn</a>a in Jharkhand, to foster holistic education. The National Council of Educational Research &amp; Training (NCERT) also issued guidelines for schools to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ndtv.com/education/national-curriculum-framework-ncf-2005-provides-guidelines-for-counselling-of-school-students-says-u-1672772" target="_blank">provide professional counseling assistance</a>&nbsp;to both students and staff to deal with more sensitive issues.

Following the policies, educational institutes have set up&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/health/india-is-facing-a-mental-health-crisis-one-that-its-education-system-is-ill-equipped-to-handle" target="_blank">mechanisms to initiate dialogues</a>&nbsp;to address the development needs of the students. I witnessed such a change happening in one of the unconventional schools in Jharkhand, where a ninth grader- Kalpana, was bidding farewell to her favorite teacher- &lsquo;Jason Bhaiya,&rsquo; who she confided in while she was living a neglected life around her brothers who had the privileges of all sorts and how Jason saved her life. There were a few other&nbsp;<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/project-sampoorna-jharkhand_the-harsh-johar-curriculum-developed-as-part-activity-7005775326471479299-eB1A" target="_blank">testimonies</a>&nbsp;of students of a government school in East Singhbhum, expressing that they felt more confident in reaching out to the teachers who transformed&nbsp;<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/project-sampoorna-jharkhand_socialemotionallearning-systemschange-jharkhand-activity-7085548148240109569-SNtD" target="_blank">Professional Learning Communities</a>, which focused on imbibing SEL tools such as emotion check-ins. The teachers had become more empathetic to engage in a two-way communication channel, allowing the students to express their opinions and concerns without prejudice.

Applauded as another policy milestone, the Government of Maharashtra introduced&nbsp;<a href="https://punna.dhamma.org/mitra.php" target="_blank">Mitra Upakram</a>&nbsp;&ndash;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvvUmiujw2U" target="_blank">a breathing module</a>&nbsp;for school children enabling them to handle their conflicts and focus on self-awareness through mindfulness. The program seeks to liberate 2.5 Cr students and 6 lacs teachers from mental blocks like depression, anxiety &amp; anger while fostering peace and creativity. For students beyond the age of 18,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dhamma.org/en/index" target="_blank">Vipassana</a>, a mediation technique, also encouraged by&nbsp;<a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1516651" target="_blank">the ex-President of India, Shri Ram Nath Kovind</a>, could be seen as a crucial tool beyond social or religious identities to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167876013002146" target="_blank">overcome emotional instability</a>&nbsp;given the rise in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.outlookindia.com/national/student-suicides-how-competitive-exams-cut-throat-competition-are-waging-a-silent-pandemic-on-students-news-271951" target="_blank">number of suicides among students</a>&nbsp;as a result of the toxic culture of peer competition.

Regardless of these contemporary education policies, fostering a healthy environment is no cakewalk but an uphill battle, as even now, there are incidents happening where children are being inflicted with trauma born out of&nbsp;<a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/28/india/india-muslim-student-slapped-teacher-video-intl-hnk/index.html" target="_blank">socio-cultural conflicts</a>&nbsp;such as caste/gender-based discrimination, child abuse, and sexual harassment. Within the periphery of a tribal girls&rsquo; school where I used to visit, the staff was worried about the girls exploring their sexual preferences only because the girls used to hold each other&rsquo;s hands &amp; lie in close quarters. The only solution they found was to &lsquo;morally shame&rsquo; the girls who would hold hands. Similarly, in one of my interactions with the government teachers during training, a component of menstrual hygiene was brought up, only to be criticized because they resisted an open discourse with female students.

Such crucial setbacks highlight the need for heuristic, exploratory approaches fostering open dialogue and spaces for inventive ways of learning apart from the existing modus operandi of a rigid education system. Learning from state education departments like Delhi, Jharkhand &amp; Maharashtra or teachers like &lsquo;Jason&rsquo; who innovate &amp; introduce cost-effective SEL practices in schools like Mitra Upakram or emotional check-ins can allow our children to grow within a wholesome education system. Education must bring students happiness and the ability to be more human. This change may let students turn their pursuit of education into a hopeful reality.

Social & Emotional Learning: The Pursuit of Happiness Beyond Basic RIghts for Education

Hydropower in India: Balancing Energy Demands, Environmental Concerns, and Climate Change Mitigation

In 2015, at age 81, Gloria Steinem <a href="https://qz.com/537113/this-is-the-touching-dedication-in-gloria-steinems-new-book" target="_blank">dedicated her book</a>&ldquo;My Life on the Road&rdquo; to Dr. John Sharpe, a courageous medical practitioner who had performed an abortion on her when she was an unmarried 22-year-old woman during a time when such procedures were illegal. His only condition to her being, &ldquo;You must promise me two things. First, you will not tell anyone my name. Second, you will do what you want to do with your life.&rdquo; He risked his career to uphold her right to bodily autonomy and life. The right to abortion is the right to life for a woman being held hostage by the moral dictates of a society governed by patriarchal norms that refuse to acknowledge a woman&rsquo;s bodily autonomy.

The Right to Abortion has become a <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/3/18/gender-equality-isnt-possible-without-abortion-and-contraception" target="_blank">yardstick</a> for determining gender parity, closely intertwined with <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/3/18/gender-equality-isnt-possible-without-abortion-and-contraception" target="_blank">promoting access to healthcare</a> for girls and women, which has significant implications for education retention, career advancement, poverty alleviation, and gender equality. The primary discovery from <a href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mille/TurnawayPP.pdf" target="_blank">The Turnaway Study</a> is that undergoing an abortion does not negatively impact the health and overall well-being of women. On the contrary, being denied an abortion leads to more adverse financial, health, and family outcomes.

This fundamental right of <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/what-is-bodily-autonomy-and-why-does-it-matter-for-women/" target="_blank">bodily autonomy</a>, or an individual&rsquo;s agency over their own body, is particularly significant regarding reproductive and sexual agency. Women, trans, and queer individuals have historically had their bodies subjected to political debate. We can observe this, especially in the wake of <a href="https://reproductiverights.org/roe-v-wade/" target="_blank">Roe v. Wade</a> being overturned in the United States. In contrast, India <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/on-womens-rights-west-takes-a-backward-step-and-india-shows-the-way-7992598/" target="_blank">celebrated</a> the introduction of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (2021) Act, which extended the scope of abortion to unmarried women. However, before giving ourselves a pat on the back, we must assess that despite the MTP Act, out of the estimated 77% of unintended pregnancies that end in abortion in India, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10390032/#REF12">only 22% of these abortions</a> were considered safe. Why do women have to go to the Supreme Court to be allowed to have an abortion? The seemingly liberal nature of the Act is deceptive, and the ground reality remains quite bleak for individuals seeking these services.

Varun Feroze Gandhi, while introducing <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TxJAsx0ykY&amp;t=53s" target="_blank">the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Bill (2020) in Parliament, declared</a>, &ldquo;Should women have total control over their bodies? In the year 2020, the answer must be an emphatic yes&rdquo;. Despite the emphasis on women&rsquo;s agency over their bodies in Gandhi&rsquo;s speech, it is important to clarify that the Act primarily focuses on medical aspects and serves to <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/india-must-shift-the-discourse-on-abortion-rights/article65461014.ece" target="_blank">protect the practitioner</a>, as it legalizes institutional abortion otherwise criminal under <a href="https://www.iitk.ac.in/wc/data/IPC_186045.pdf" target="_blank">Section 315-316 of the Indian Penal Code</a>. This thoroughly overlooks the aspect of women&rsquo;s choice in the process.

The original MTP (1971) Act was brought about after the report of the <a href="https://aiims.edu/aiims/events/Gynaewebsite/ma_finalsite/report/1_1_4.htm#:~:text=Government%20of%20India%20set%20up,related%20to%20abortion%20in%201966" target="_blank">Shantilal Shah Committee</a>, aimed at addressing the high maternal mortality rates associated with illegal abortions, conception out of sexual assault, and eugenic grounds. As important as it is to tackle such an issue, women&rsquo;s right over their bodies was not a conversation that was taking place. Even today, this continues. Despite the availability to access these services, the decision rests entirely with the doctor to permit an individual for an abortion.

Even the amended <a href="https://www.iitk.ac.in/wc/data/IPC_186045.pdf" target="_blank">MTP Act (2021)</a>, which has extended the scope of women seeking abortions from married, widowed, and divorced to include unmarried women, still has a long way to go. First, the upper limit of 24 weeks has been set for certain specific categories of women: survivors of rape, incest, differently-abled women etc., while a 20 weeks limit existed for married and unmarried not belonging to the mentioned categories. Why does this distinction exist? The different set of limits, 20 and 24 weeks, is not based on medical considerations but on the discretion of the law-makers. This is why the conversation needs to shift from a medical to a feminist perspective. The bold and clear assertion by the law would help remove the <a href="https://behanbox.com/2022/05/09/abortion-is-legal-in-india-but-rules-stigma-make-it-hard-to-access/" target="_blank">stigma women face</a> (especially unmarried) while seeking these services. Second, <a href="https://reproductiverights.org/legal-barriers-to-accessing-safe-abortion-services-in-india-a-fact-finding-study/" target="_blank">a fact-based study by the Centre for Reproductive Rights</a> asserts that the Act does not prioritize reproductive rights. The MTP Act primarily safeguards medical practitioners from legal repercussions for performing abortions according to its provisions. This setup violates the constitutional right to reproductive autonomy by shifting decision-making power from the person seeking abortion to the registered medical practitioner (RMP). The law assumes the RMP to be the judge of the pregnant person&rsquo;s circumstances, contradicting their autonomy. Their report further illustrates that RMPs&rsquo; abortion decisions are influenced by factors like legal concerns, social stigma, and entrenched gender biases. On the face of it, India&rsquo;s abortion right may seem liberal, but the social attitudes and legal loopholes make it hard for women to access these services.

Due to the discretion of the RMPs, women seeking abortion often have to <a href="https://www.indiaspend.com/why-243-women-girls-had-to-ask-a-court-for-permission-to-abort/" target="_blank">approach the courts</a>. The court proceeding and the verdict take time, and as a result the matter becomes quite complicated given the time constraints pregnant women have. Hence, it is of utmost importance to revise the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act from the perspective of women&rsquo;s agency and reduce the role of state barriers in seeking these services. While the significance of the RMP cannot be denied, it is also essential that the choice of the individual is ascertained.

It is crucial that these conversations take place in Indian society, where women&rsquo;s agency is often questioned and practically non-existent for women from a lower caste and class status. When we place greater emphasis on a choice, we give the cold, strict medical procedure flesh and blood,we humanize the people having to undergo abortion. And perhaps, a sense of empathy could help reduce the stigma that otherwise plagues this society.

A Vindication of the Abortion Rights of Women

Why are conversations on Artificial Intelligence important?

The spectre of artificial intelligence and its impact on job markets loom large as the nascent technology evolves into a gargantuan beast that can leave an indelible mark on the course of human history.

Currently, generative AI is churning out content that bears an eerie resemblance to human work, which has triggered experts to voice their criticisms against the technology and its manifold implications. ChatGPT, Bard, and DALL-E,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2023/07/24/the-difference-between-generative-ai-and-traditional-ai-an-easy-explanation-for-anyone/?sh=7844f182508a" target="_blank">all examples of generative artificial intelligence</a>, are producing texts and images based on prompts or dialogues given by users. Hailed as the state of the art of machine learning, the technology is being extensively used in a diverse range of industries, from media and entertainment to healthcare and scientific research.

So what are AI and Generative AI?

Artificial intelligence allows computers to act and respond in ways similar to those of humans. AI uses algorithms to whisk through bundles of information, identify patterns, predict problems, and solve them. They even learn from their own mistakes.

Meanwhile, generative AI is the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2023/07/24/the-difference-between-generative-ai-and-traditional-ai-an-easy-explanation-for-anyone/?sh=7844f182508a" target="_blank">&ldquo;next generation of artificial intelligence&rdquo;</a>&nbsp;that can create new content from scratch. It is poised to revolutionise how we create and interact with the world.

While research on the technology dates&nbsp;<a href="https://matthewdwhite.medium.com/a-brief-history-of-generative-ai-cb1837e67106" target="_blank">back to the 1960s</a>, in the last decade, generative AI has grown and evolved at&nbsp;<a href="https://bernardmarr.com/a-simple-guide-to-the-history-of-generative-ai/" target="_blank">breakneck speed.</a>&nbsp;While the inception of WaveNet in 2016 reshaped the GenAI landscape, it was only with the development of&nbsp;<a href="https://bernardmarr.com/a-simple-guide-to-the-history-of-generative-ai/" target="_blank">GPT4 in 2023</a>&nbsp;that AI transmogrified into a powerful tool capable of advanced reasoning capabilities and creative text formats.

Recently, the potential of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2023-09-25/column-sag-aftra-strike-writers-victory-humans-over-ai" target="_blank">AI to displace workers</a>&nbsp;was at the forefront of Hollywood&rsquo;s labour fight.&nbsp;<a href="https://fortune.com/2023/07/24/sag-aftra-writers-strike-explained-artificial-intelligence/" target="_blank">Egged on by the disruptive influence of AI</a>&nbsp;in stalling contract negotiations, actors and writers mobilised en masse to reclaim their rights.Research by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w24174" target="_blank">Anton Korinek and Joseph E. Stiglitz</a>&nbsp;has warned that advancement in the field of AI can cause significant job losses or polarisation, thus widening income and wealth disparities.

What does the data suggest, and what impact will it have on jobs?

A&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent.html" target="_blank">report</a>&nbsp;by Investment banking company Goldman Sachs indicates that Artificial Intelligence could&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65102150" target="_blank">&ldquo;replace the equivalent of 300 million full-time jobs.&rdquo;</a>&nbsp;Two-thirds of occupations could bear the brunt of being partially automated by AI.

Another alarmist estimate that outlines how artificial intelligence can actually lead to the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-65746524" target="_blank">&ldquo;extinction of humanity&rdquo;</a>&nbsp;was recently published on the webpage of the Centre for AI Safety. It was signed by AI scientists and other notable figures.The advent of AI has triggered anxiety and stress across the world about the possible implications it can have on the job market.

How have the governments responded?

While governments in&nbsp;<a href="http://scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2185993/man-vs-machine-chinas-workforce-starting-feel-strain-threat?firstTimeRegister=true" target="_blank">China</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://ai-watch.ec.europa.eu/countries/germany/germany-ai-strategy-report_en#:~:text=With%20the%20Economic%20stimulus%20and,EUR%205%20billion%20by%202025." target="_blank">Germany</a>&nbsp;have invested heavily in AI manufacturing, other countries like&nbsp;<a href="https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/09/11/which-countries-are-trying-to-regulate-artificial-intelligence" target="_blank">Italy and Ireland</a>&nbsp;are monitoring the technology and exploring the scope for regulations. Chinese and German companies are developing artificial intelligence robots, which might eventually replace factory workers. In a recent development, a factory in Dongguan City, China, recorded a&nbsp;<a href="https://futurism.com/2-production-soars-for-chinese-factory-who-replaced-90-of-employees-with-robots" target="_blank">250 percent increase in productivity</a>&nbsp;after it replaced 90 percent of its human force with 60 robot arms.

Governments&rsquo; eagerness to adopt AI may backfire, as the technology can lead to unemployment and civil unrest, which can directly affect the government&rsquo;s tax revenue.A&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/ai-automation-and-the-future-of-work-ten-things-to-solve-for#part2" target="_blank">McKinsey Global Institute</a>&nbsp;estimate predicts that around 15 percent of global workers, which amounts to about 400 million and 800 million jobs, might be displaced by 2030.In India, 69% of Indian jobs are threatened by automation, suggests a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.peoplematters.in/news/technology/69-of-indias-jobs-threatened-by-automation-34825" target="_blank">Forrester report</a>. Given the abundance of evidence about the detrimental effects of AI,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/03/heres-which-countries-are-fearful-of-ai/" target="_blank">several countries</a>&nbsp;have now become increasingly fearful of rapid advances in the field.

To assuage fears and calm jittery brains, it is important to note that a seminal study by&nbsp;<a href="https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/fear-technology-driven-unemployment-and-its-empirical-base" target="_blank">Somers, Theodorakopoulos,</a>&nbsp;and H&ouml;tte highlights how new technologies simultaneously create new jobs if &ldquo;workers are needed to use these technologies.&rdquo;Their research demystifies the fear of technology-driven unemployment and furnishes empirical evidence to suggest that the labour-replacing effect of technologies is muted by the &ldquo;labour-creation&rdquo; effect.

Another positive estimate by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/3/28/will-chatgpt-take-your-job-and-millions-of-others" target="_blank">the World Economic Forum</a>&nbsp;suggests that while AI might take away 85 million jobs, 97 million new jobs will be created in fields such as big data and digital marketing. Sobering reports, such as the one published by the&nbsp;<a href="https://orgchart.mit.edu/letters/mit-work-future-task-force-final-report" target="_blank">MIT Task Force on the Work of the Future,</a>&nbsp;present an optimistic worldview. It highlights how people and computers will work as &ldquo;super minds&rdquo; rather than leading to mass unemployment.

What are the jobs that will be affected?

<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/policy/economy/news/chatgpt-may-be-coming-for-our-jobs-here-are-the-10-roles-that-ai-is-most-likely-to-replace-/slidelist/97560110.cms" target="_blank">Evidence</a>&nbsp;suggests that tech jobs, such as those of computer programmers, coders, software engineers, and data analysts, will be affected by ChatGPT and other forms of AI.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.semafor.com/article/01/27/2023/openai-has-hired-an-army-of-contractors-to-make-basic-coding-obsolete" target="_blank">A recent report by Semafor</a>&nbsp;reveals that OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, is already training its AI technology to replace some software engineers&nbsp;<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/policy/economy/news/chatgpt-may-be-coming-for-our-jobs-here-are-the-10-roles-that-ai-is-most-likely-to-replace-/slidelist/97560110.cms#slideid=97560196" target="_blank">Similarly, in the media sector,</a>&nbsp;jobs related to advertising, technical writing, and journalism may be susceptible to automation.Other jobs that might face stiff competition from AI are in the legal, research, financial, and teaching sectors.

What are the policy solutions available to reduce job losses?

Governments will have to undertake a detailed assessment of the employees most vulnerable to job displacement by automation. It should identify the sectors that are especially susceptible to job losses and allocate resources to invest in the education and training of such employees. It should also understand the age, gender, geography, and socio-economic conditions of the groups most vulnerable to automation and design policies accordingly. Governments should provide proper incentives and support to workers undertaking transitions to new job opportunities.

Governments can employ tax-benefit schemes to help those who lose their jobs due to automation. Such schemes are essential for reducing income inequality and poverty. Governments across the world should be receptive to this idea.

Tax-benefit systems are similar to safety nets; they provide financial support to vulnerable individuals, or in this particular case, to those who lose their jobs due to automation. The social safety nets provided by the government must be well-funded and capable of providing a justified economic stimulus to the unemployed.

Tax-benefit systems generally consist of two parts: taxes and benefits. Here are a few possible solutions on how such safety nets can be funded:

Taxes are levied on individuals and businesses. In this scenario,&nbsp;<a href="https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5689&amp;context=sol_research#:~:text=The%20aims%20of%20an%20automation,a%20tax%20on%20companies%20that" target="_blank">taxes can be levied on tech conglomerates</a>. A tax on the purchase and use of automation technologies will help fund and support programmes for displaced workers and foster economic equality. This is basically a redistribution exercise.This approach denotes a direct tax on the purchase of automation technologies. Here, taxes are levied on businesses that purchase robots and automated tools to replace the labour workforce.

Taxes can be levied on the&nbsp;<a href="https://workofthefuture.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2020-Research-Brief-Acemoglu-Manera-Restrepo.pdf%22%22" target="_blank">profits of big businesses that use automation</a>&nbsp;on a large scale. Ensuring that the benefits of automation are distributed across strata of society is non-negotiable. Similarly, progressive taxation can be implemented for businesses that use automation indiscriminately.

This taxation will reduce the speed at which automation technology is being introduced across various industries. It will provide governments with the requisite time to build up systems and welfare schemes tailored to deal with the issue of structural unemployment.

As AI continues to evolve, governments and humans should tread cautiously and be prepared to navigate the complex web of challenges and opportunities that it holds for the future.

AI and Resilient Job Markets: A Balancing Act?

Introduction

<a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=133837" target="_blank">The Indian government launched the Act East Policy in 2014 based on 4 C&rsquo;s &ndash; Culture, Commerce, Connectivity, and Capacity Building</a>&nbsp;as an extension of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/explained-indias-look-east-policy-606130.html" target="_blank">Look East Policy</a>&nbsp;to strengthen economic, strategic, and cultural ties with Southeast Asian countries. While the policy has resulted in&nbsp;<a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1810971" target="_blank">positive progress in various sectors like the development sector</a>, its implementation is fraught with difficulties, particularly in states such as Manipur. Manipur, a northeastern Indian state, is dealing with a long-standing ethnic conflict that intersects with the Act East Policy objectives. Manipur shares a 390 km border with Myanmar, which poses as a gateway for the South Asian Corridor and the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/manipur-crisis-a-setback-for-act-east-policy-11131811.html" target="_blank">geopolitical location of this region can serve to enhance India&rsquo;s partnerships with both the West and the East</a>&nbsp;through its connectivity and possible trade routes.

Manipur, regarded as a critical entry point into Southeast Asia, making it an important component of India&rsquo;s &ldquo;Act East Policy.&rdquo; Nonetheless, due to protracted ethnic tension in Manipur, India&rsquo;s northeastern state, India&rsquo;s ambitious goals of establishing connectivity with Southeast Asia and other regions may face obstacles. In the long run, any instability in the Northeast region of India poses a significant challenge to India&rsquo;s strategic interests. If the unrest continues, it may impede India&rsquo;s determined efforts to strengthen ties and economic cooperation with nations in its eastern sphere.

The Act East Policy: Goals and Objectives

<a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=133837" target="_blank">The Act East Policy</a>, which was launched in 2014, aims to strengthen India&rsquo;s ties with its eastern neighbours, particularly the ASEAN nations. It aims to boost trade, investment, cultural exchanges, and connectivity. The policy seeks to transform India&rsquo;s northeastern states into regional cooperation hubs, leveraging their strategic location and potential to facilitate trade and cultural exchanges.

The Ongoing Manipur Ethnic Conflict: A Complex Landscape

Manipur, often referred to as the &ldquo;Land of Jewels,&rdquo; is home to diverse ethnic communities, each with its distinct language, culture, and traditions. However, the state has experienced a complex ethnic conflict stemming from demands for autonomy, identity recognition, and territorial claims. Manipur comprises of three main communities, vis a vis, Meitei, Naga and Zo (Kuki-Chin-Mizo-Zomi-Hmar), Different communities vie for recognition and representation, leading to tensions and clashes which has been long standing ever since the kingdom of Manipur was merged into the Indian Union.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/21/manipur-india-why-is-there-conflict-and-how-is-the-government-responding" target="_blank">The conflict has also been exacerbated by issues related to land, resources, and political power</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://editorsguild.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/EGI-report-on-Manipur.pdf" target="_blank">Ethnic Violence have erupted on May 3rd and has been going on since then.</a>&nbsp;As of 1st September, 134 individuals have lost their lives, 357+ churches burned, 4550+ houses and 275+ burned while 45000+ individuals have been displaced. The recent outbreak of violence in Manipur has opened a pandora box of possibilities.

The colonial creation of Northeast India is home to a cross border community in which certain ethnic groups are living in modern India, Myanmar and Bangladesh. In a dynamic and fluidic space which the Zo people (Zomi-Kuki-Hmar-Mizo) occupy, where kinship and familial ties cut across several state territorial boundaries, ethnic strife, riots and conflict may yet prove to be fertile grounds upon which national security concerns like political security which signifies protecting the sovereignty of the Government, various kinds of external pressures and the political system are threatened. Instability in this dynamic landscape of the Northeast, and the consequent collapse of law and order might thwart India&rsquo;s very own interests with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48505095?seq=5" target="_blank">its bilateral relations with adjoining nations</a>&nbsp;around the conflict zone especially Manipur and the Northeast Region. In a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-a-joint-letter-21-member-opposition-delegation-castigates-both-centre-and-state-for-breakdown-of-law-and-order-in-manipur/article67138170.ece" target="_blank">joint letter</a>&nbsp;to Governor Anusiya Uikey, 21 Parliamentarians from the Indian National Developmental, Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) parties who visited relief camps in Churachandpur, Moirang, and Imphal during a two-day tour of the State in July stated,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-a-joint-letter-21-member-opposition-delegation-castigates-both-centre-and-state-for-breakdown-of-law-and-order-in-manipur/article67138170.ece#" target="_blank">&ldquo;It is established beyond doubt that the State machinery has completely failed to control the situation for the last almost three months.&rdquo;</a>

Interplay between Act East Policy and Ethnic Conflict/

The Act East Policy&rsquo;s focus on connectivity and economic growth might&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/politics/the-tribal-politics-behind-manipur-conflict" target="_blank">unintentionally obscure the importance of ethnic identities</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.outlookindia.com/national/why-kuki-meitei-conflict-in-manipur-is-more-than-just-and-ethnic-clash-news-290306" target="_blank">There is a danger of marginalising local communities as development projects and investments flood Manipur, possibly escalating ethnic tensions</a>.

<a href="https://thediplomat.com/2015/02/manipur-and-indias-act-east-policy/" target="_blank">Manipur and Myanmar are neighbours to the east and have a shared history, economy, and culture</a>. The Act East Policy aims to increase cross-border cooperation, but in order to do so, it must navigate the complexities of the ethnic conflict such as&nbsp;<a href="https://www.academia.edu/49566139/The_marginalised_Hill_people_and_distributive_in_justice_in_Manipur" target="_blank">the historical marginalising Hill Tribes in Manipur</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.outlookindia.com/national/intricacies-of-meitei-s-st-status-demand-and-the-hill-valley-divide-in-manipur-news-290275" target="_blank">land issues</a>&nbsp;and make sure that all communities stand to gain from such cooperation.

<a href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/india-trying-to-find-ways-to-resume-india-myanmar-thailand-trilateral-highway-project-eam-jaishankar-10966251.html" target="_blank">The Act East Policy&rsquo;s improved connectivity</a>&nbsp;can promote cross-cultural dialogue and interpersonal interactions.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/manipur-crisis-a-setback-for-act-east-policy-11131811.html" target="_blank">However, the ongoing ethnic conflict in Manipur, which might pose a threat to India&rsquo;s security threat internally and externally remains a setback for India&rsquo;s aspiration in exerting its dominance in the South Asian region</a>. For instance,without stability, it becomes impossible to carry out infrastructure projects aimed at enhancing connectivity or to guarantee the unhindered flow of traffic along existing transportation routes. This should be handled delicately to prevent widening gulfs and unintentionally igniting conflict.

Strategies for Harmonizing Act East Policy and Conflict Resolution

The socioeconomic improvement of marginalised communities must be given top priority in development initiatives. This can be done&nbsp;<a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/destructive-state-making-at-the-heart-of-violence-1221975.html" target="_blank">by proportional representation of local communities</a>&nbsp;in decision-making since they are the&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/south-asia/has-military-rule-in-myanmar-affected-indias-act-east-policy" target="_blank">grassroot player</a>&nbsp;and making sure that their issues are taken into consideration.

<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-conflict-a-concern-needs-a-political-solution-says-mizoram-cm-101690570852864.html" target="_blank">To find ways to end the ethnic conflict in which India pays a hefty sum, the Indian government needs to actively engage with all grassroot players</a>. Building forums for discussion and negotiation can promote understanding among parties and aid in reaching agreements.

<a href="https://thewire.in/trade/behiang-manipur-trade-corridor-locals" target="_blank">Behiang village</a>, in the Churachandpur district of Manipur, has been identified as the &ldquo;second corridor to Southeast Asia.&rdquo; It can be a trading point for products such as betel nuts, cigarettes, and food. However, during my July 2022 visit, I learned that the local chief was concerned about needing more policy consultation. To fully develop Behiang as a crucial Southeast Asian link point, the government should emphasise its strategic relevance while protecting indigenous peoples&rsquo; rights, customs, and culture. It&rsquo;s important to respect the diversity and heritage of Manipur&rsquo;s ethnic communities while fostering cultural exchanges.&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/trade/behiang-manipur-trade-corridor-locals" target="_blank">Instead of minimising these differences, programmes should be created to celebrate them.</a>

Conclusion

The Act East Policy holds the promise of strengthening India&rsquo;s bonds with Southeast Asian nations while fostering stability and prosperity in its northeastern regions. However, instability poses hurdles for connectivity and development projects.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/08/07/manipur-is-separate-administration-inevitable/" target="_blank">To ensure success, resolving the intricate ethnic conflicts in Manipur is imperative</a>. A comprehensive approach by the Indian government, prioritising inclusive development, conflict resolution, cultural sensitivity, and cross-border cooperation, is essential. This critical endeavour ensures the region&rsquo;s long-term prosperity by safeguarding cultural heritage and managing conflicts that threaten to marginalise or displace smaller indigenous populations. Large-scale projects like the Act East Policy should prioritise inclusive, sustainable development while respecting the cultural and environmental heritage of all stakeholders.

Act East Policy and the Ongoing Manipur Ethnic Conflict: Navigating Challenges for Regional Stability

The termination of the Cold War and the consequent end of bipolarity marked the beginning of the nascent multipolar world, which is coming of age with the decline of US hegemony in the world order. This &ldquo;multiplex&rdquo; world is marked by increasing diffusion of power. For the first time, it was felt that the world has genuinely globalized. US decline coincided with the rise of several great powers and many regional powers. The US nonchalance toward multilateral organizations and the rise of regional groupings indicated truncated globalization, in which&nbsp;<a href="https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/08/14/indias-role-in-the-governance-of-the-global-south/" target="_blank">India&rsquo;s leadership in the Global South</a>&nbsp;plays a crucial role.

The Ukraine conflict, once again, highlighted India&rsquo;s role as an irreplaceable balancing force in the global systemic transition. In this new Cold War-type environment, India has smartly maneuvered by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.indianembassy-moscow.gov.in/overview.php#:~:text=Enhancing%20trade%20and%20economic%20cooperation,US%20%24%2030%20billion%20by%202025." target="_blank">expanding economic ties with Russia</a>&nbsp;while&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-us-navies-conclude-11-day-military-exercise-in-kerala-4183116" target="_blank">retaining military ties</a>&nbsp;with the US and&nbsp;<a href="https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/india-hands-over-14th-consignment-of-humanitarian-aid-comprising-essential-medicines-to-ukraine/102395131#:~:text=2%20min%20read-,India%20hands%20over%2014th%20consignment%20of%20humanitarian%20aid%20comprising%20essential,of%20India%20for%20the%20assistance." target="_blank">providing humanitarian aid</a>&nbsp;to Ukraine. India has successfully carried forward the legacy of Non-Alignment and transformed it into the principle of strategic autonomy as per the contemporary scenario. India could pull off this strategic maneuver precisely because it has always spoken from the perspective of the Global South. For the latter, the choice is between two ideologies: poverty and prosperity. Global South has always been at the receiving end of Climate change, terrorism, food, fuel, and fertilizer shortages, among others, despite not being the reason behind it.

During the pandemic, when most Western nations indulged in vaccine nationalism,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/indias-vaccine-manufacturing-prowess" target="_blank">India emerged as a global vaccine supplier</a>. Besides, India has always advocated for common but differentiated responsibilities in every climate negotiation. The recent&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/voice-of-global-south-summit-pm-narendra-modi-8377003/" target="_blank">&ldquo;Voices from Global South&rdquo;</a>&nbsp;summit highlighted India&rsquo;s demand for a &ldquo;human-centered globalization&rdquo;, where the Prime Minister expressed India&rsquo;s global agenda as 4R that is, Respond, Recognize, Respect, and Reform. India has thus emerged as a leader in the Global South that speaks for inclusive development and a just world order. The time is also propitious for India to leverage its soft power.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.google.com/search?gs_ssp=eJzj4tLP1TcwMyrOii83YPQSzcovTi3IUMirTFUozk8rUSjIL08tAgDFdQvZ&amp;q=joseph+nye+soft+power&amp;rlz=1C1SQJL_enIN1017IN1017&amp;oq=Joseph+Nye+&amp;aqs=chrome.1.69i57j46i512j0i512l2j46i512j0i512l3j46i512.8373j0j15&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;si=ALGXSlYNLiXzJlaQNG7L9VYZPUvTFaL-Z7rJcT0oWymXD6dO2rJ61K2C82uhJ4bs5Ee9-OqIMvnX-jsInR141WSFcKz14dPSUyv04wZJXMGw2_6br-yhJF6ntUUvihkPH-Idl8TLTc8PSfcotVjr6DBsYwyullrBXrHZBqtUuey7Bt6Jbqn8fMXI10Mc7xNXG-gzQD-n6hzCwX5AtPozqkKb0VGSZKtaDi4yXd1vqhZWhMKLw5DBnf51OLrjSkGrD0TehzHYUnqGgi09ZmCGIgveb_k-whao-0TBRlCy00ubGiYeMRCRKJy9TFcNQgPgGdPO7d3WB9B_dM4smi2f9ZU98eXCz6aT0IkPZ_pi5yzKNLoXBSuS40kvuMdIIvQsKnHzYx3dwfJcrFSSXdOlI-6QpYVylx-1GWsUgd8k4RdZvXLNniNIgw0dU80TEoQbB6t9zU7KYtcuihFLkb-KiGiGI0XJf7C2Uddg9dLXKXRk3Rfk9d38PmEs_ZblRyg9jeBmR0KNUi-4vLDqBUY0EgjNcKHUfNQVgjcP8Dcx7sb5TtaTU-woah6NzfcJoOtD47JBQzu0ciLLviF5KMt4KtWsmPQOwGfwgAsIPI6eeE_MpLvNT8HRcPWxvuZbagPvECrCsSnF46zXbd8p3e7dflUUuIgw1fPswFQImBiFz7MbC-TBpUDkFhD1RN6LV07i0HAq34HezfRznGGb5bKfza-hGbBAYauwb3-minTIgZfFJUArgC3U9Jmd_9gRdNuWXbXXhiiZk0oQw2sSTk-LLi1tTasP8IxUL84cjl9-1-CBzKiCWYuD3gYZXtowGH1Iug7X8pkckeuvn26zYG9wrqvii2YFlBJCuEuDFKNVWVs1YiU8FmK4OyeOZiDxNpHW175ed9y0mEF4hEJoppfgaDhRDyZlxS3q1hPbsT3LLdASrFfHWY7JxnvzkCe7Z6yEZu8Cv1IsnhdRL1_Pb3vIdgL7SgW8gDkhNiGHvXj0_kIolre2ul6M9MTgn_w6RDwR_CKoA4ogwoRl2q-4a9Pq5nPfOQ1V8AMhdDXRCdUrukaSvHXxVe0QQ7WzkMRsEx41s5M44vTJ9h_ZnHlOMBlakAK2OyamgCxuzLEbOgDOyQOYQO-YZyPJUmSbH1R9JEiOeKEerktnXKmsoKjJWtnGobXZkTWOLmrzzt2ZBinainlpyQkKO-fqmmuRJKKyJlsPT4eE6C9tF-MKjqX50sLVRBIh40JEbJdfDCgtTxfdC6UK4Q1oe0qTwI-Hz7-KiYMydB-KgyMk4yPhmWUdpYx1u3JQ53ecB3Dx4SILXVqZdvx2-hkhUK0-LgN7XTxcx5dZzirbP2I16PTEUPIt7iHw9k-ickZ7m5s9M1q8RK3AWSSBRG-RIYl5_3JmuSvntBujJInfUDsjcdg6IPrs9WFqAZarmYRXLzNpNJtkLU86jdgRjYsBMAe7zwD3w0gNpTT93Ux9571SR8nasMVlxCDKJEsB7oAt6ufZdFvYI8kaP_3lt0Xbx0tnhqTMGJqfIiMe4ZvGMVp7g8WQT-wTPvmFddaXJaV5puAXRSQWcB2TJ9rluoub7z1yJ1pxpWEbkcQCurRa_HRkzEc9yU7hUTtXZgTpqewcf1hYUwXK6RSx_d7qBOUe_qjRRXTIxIMYD4Q7ZGIc-2XOH2RpCKvpIwP8c9pVhVF8tuwxuAQQeGfmbM0F7sEDWA9UcRFqBQpRutEgvbMY8XxGXwUfHmhADZd6PLshTRAKZ_8T2p9LZ4CNpBGBjC9FFjCyboncjLGFwLp8AqTfkOrIBt5rm1q1gGUWbjSEimT4CIHJWe" target="_blank">Soft power, a term popularized by Joseph Nye</a>, is also known as the &ldquo;second face of power,&rdquo; and it uses the methods of co-option rather than coercion. It deploys the tools of seduction and attraction and depends on the charm offensive. According to Nye, the three bases of a country&rsquo;s soft power are its culture, political values, and foreign policy. In a hyper-sensitive multipolar world order where aggressiveness has become the norm, India can become the beacon of hope and paragon of peace. Historically, India has carefully navigated through challenging dichotomies such as Israel-Palestine, Iran-Saudi Arabia, and North Korea-South Korea have proved that it is possible to maintain a semblance of civility and still do business in a divisive world.

However, framing foreign policy to pursue possession goals and framing it to pursue milieu goals are two very different things. As Hubert H. Humphery&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/thought-for-the-day/foreign-policy-is-really-domestic-policy-with-its-hat-on-hubert-h-humphrey-599566" target="_blank">noted</a>, &ldquo;Foreign policy is actually a domestic policy with hats on&rdquo; the domestic situation of a country guides, if not decides, the foreign policy of a country. The current domestic situation in the country, however, is not congruent with the foreign policy India has in the past and wishes to pursue in the future. It is not congruent with India&rsquo;s image abroad as the most significant democratic, diverse, and secular country.

India has a diverse cultural profile that has attracted people worldwide and has boosted India&rsquo;s image abroad. However, the absence of India from&nbsp;<a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/india-rising-soft-power-and-the-worlds-largest-democracy/" target="_blank">The Soft Power 30 index</a>&nbsp;and the conspicuous presence of China is telling. Despite espousing the universalist values of democracy and secularism, India is lagging behind an authoritarian country. The answer can not be found in foreign policy or culture but in domestic policy and the distortion of political values. Domestic malice like corruption, child labor, violence against women, pollution, communal violence, and a recent protest by wrestlers against a sitting MP put a dent in India&rsquo;s image on the international platform. While Gandhian philosophy, secularism, and cultural and religious diversity are used as currency in the international fora, the contempt these symbols receive in the domestic setting does not sit well with the international posture, and it is something even the international audience is acknowledging and noticing.

However, a perfunctory look at India&rsquo;s performance in state-driven cultural diffusion attempts shows that the private sector and citizen-led efforts fare better than the former. For instance, the recent&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/rrr-at-the-golden-globes-evolution-of-indias-soft-power-8323065/" target="_blank">Oscar win by the movie RRR highlighted the rich cinematic culture of India.</a>&nbsp;Besides, Bollywood has captured the imagination of people throughout the world. Yoga reached the masses even before the government realized its importance. The biggest cultural ambassadors of India in China are Aamir Khan whose Dangal earned a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/14/no-hollywood-film-has-topped-dangal-in-china-since-may-but-transformers-5/?sh=4a7c50b4198b" target="_blank">huge amount</a>&nbsp;in China and Rabindranath Tagore, whose poems are recited more by Chinese students than by Indians.

India&rsquo;s soft power thus shines where the government takes the role of facilitator and refrains from obstructing the private sector and citizen-led efforts. The government&rsquo;s efforts in soft politics are best complimented by civil society&rsquo;s efforts in the cultural and social arena to boost India&rsquo;s image abroad, especially among its peers in the Global South. Thus, India needs to live up to its political values as espoused in the constitution and practice.

While preaching them abroad. Domestic policy needs to align with foreign policy in such a way that it does not contradict our political values as well as culture.

India’s Soft power and Leadership in Global South

The Modern Government Policy: “Being Speedy, Engaging, Impactful, Innovative & Inclusive.”

Education forms the cornerstone of a nation&rsquo;s progress, serving as a catalyst for individual growth, societal development, and economic prosperity. In India, the right to education is enshrined in the Constitution, emphasizing its significance for every citizen. In the bustling landscape of education in India, the pursuit of equitable education is an ongoing endeavour, yet one fundamental aspect that often gets overshadowed is the need for policies that address the specific challenges faced by individuals with clinically diagnosed psychological disorders.

Over the years, education in India has undergone substantial&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cainz.org/11210/" target="_blank">transformations</a>. The transition from rote memorization to experiential learning, the integration of technology, and increased awareness of diverse learning styles have shaped a more inclusive educational landscape. These changes empower students to engage actively, fostering a holistic and adaptable learning experience but still fail to recognise and accommodate those suffering from clinically diagnosed psychological disorders. According to the World Health Organization,&nbsp;<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mental-health-in-india-7-5-of-country-affected-less-than-4000-experts-available/articleshow/71500130.cms" target="_blank">approximately 7.5% of Indians grapple with mental health issues</a>. This staggering number should serve as an urgent call to action to ensure that our education system accommodates and nurtures every mind. However, the progress concerning individuals with psychological disorders has been relatively slow.

Despite this significant prevalence, the education system is yet to effectively incorporate the diverse needs of these individuals. While India has taken notable strides in recognizing the importance of mental health and its intersection with education. Educational institutions are increasingly integrating mental health support into their frameworks. Policies that prioritize mental health education, offer accessible counselling services, and reduce stigma surrounding mental health challenges create a more inclusive and empathetic atmosphere.

Incorporating mental health discussions into curricula equips students with the tools to understand, manage, and seek help for their mental well-being. As students navigate the complexities of academics and personal growth, an education system that prioritizes mental health empowers them to thrive holistically.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2249/1/A2017-10.pdf" target="_blank">The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017,</a>&nbsp;advocates for the rights of individuals with mental illness, including their right to education. Additionally, the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English.pdf" target="_blank">National Education Policy (NEP) 2020</a>&nbsp;places emphasis on the holistic development of students, promoting mental health support services in schools and colleges. These policy frameworks reflect a growing awareness of the crucial link between mental health and education. However, translating policies into tangible action remains a challenge.

The absence of tailored policies often leads to limited access to quality education, perpetuating inequality and stigmatization. These issues are not mere buzzwords; they reflect the real struggles faced by diverse students with unique abilities. In an era of rapid technological advancement, diverse viewpoints are the seeds of innovation, and embracing&nbsp;<a href="https://oecdedutoday.com/different-not-disabled-neurodiversity-in-education/" target="_blank">neuro-divergence</a>&nbsp;is an opportunity to enrich our educational ecosystem. A shift in perspective will not only create a more cohesive environment among peers but&nbsp;<a href="https://www.educationtimes.com/article/special-education/95230991/talking-point-why-teachers-must-be-mindful-of-students-mental-health" target="_blank">opportunities to grow beyond their disorders</a>, both within and outside the classroom. Breaking down the stigma associated with psychological disorders is another critical dimension of this initiative. By integrating mental health education into curricula and fostering open dialogues, policies can contribute to dispelling misconceptions and nurturing a more empathetic society. Moreover, these policies align with the principles of equality, offering every student an equal chance to tap into their potential.

While the path towards inclusive education might be challenging, it&rsquo;s one worth treading. Let&rsquo;s remember that education isn&rsquo;t just about academic achievements; it&rsquo;s about nurturing individuals to become empathetic, capable, and compassionate members of society. Students with psychological disorders require&nbsp;<a href="https://learningportal.iiep.unesco.org/en/issue-briefs/improve-learning/disability-inclusive-education-and-learning" target="_blank">specialized support</a>&nbsp;to thrive in an educational environment.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ibe.unesco.org/sites/default/files/resources/unesco_bie_2021_web_inclusive_education_resrouce_pack.pdf" target="_blank">Inclusive policies</a>&nbsp;can ensure that these individuals receive tailored assistance, accommodations, and resources enabling them to overcome challenges and thrive. By integrating mental health education into curricula and fostering open dialogues, policies can help break down misconceptions and foster a more empathetic society. Equipping students with coping mechanisms, self-awareness, and adaptability is invaluable not just for their academic pursuits but also for navigating the complexities of life.

Education is a powerful catalyst for change, and it&rsquo;s our collective responsibility to ensure that its benefits are accessible to everyone, including individuals with psychological disorders. Inclusive policies are not just an investment in their future but a reflection of our commitment to building a compassionate and equitable society. As we forge ahead, let&rsquo;s remember that our journey towards progress is incomplete without creating&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/599369-education-brief-inclusive-education.pdf#:~:text=Inclusive%20education%20is%20commonly%20defined%20as%20teaching%20that,the%20lives%20and%20learning%20of%20others%20%28Hockings%2C%202010%29." target="_blank">an inclusive educational ecosystem</a>&nbsp;&mdash;one that celebrates diversity and embraces the distinct needs of all learners. It&rsquo;s high time to acknowledge the potential of every individual and acknowledge that progress gains its true meaning when it encompasses everyone, regardless of their psychological condition. Let&rsquo;s move beyond the labels and create an education system that thrives on the strength and richness of its diversity.

Beyond Labels: A Journey towards Equitable Education for Students with Mental Health Disorders

Education serves as the bedrock of a society&rsquo;s progress. Integration of sports into the educational system is a pivotal step towards advancement. Integrating sports as a compulsory subject in the education policy is a forward-thinking move that can yield various benefits for the students. In the current education scenario in India, sports don&rsquo;t play a significant role, and the curriculum does not place value on sports at large. The inclusion of sports as a subject within the curriculum will not just make the students play any particular sport but rather educate them about sports holistically. It will make them explore the plethora of opportunities in the field of sports. In this article, we will dive deep into why this inclusion is not just a preference but a necessity.

The inclusion of sports in the school curriculum has a more significant impact on student&rsquo;s lives than we think. Regular participation in sports enhances physical fitness, and it directly affects their mental health in a positive manner, as well as their overall well-being. Sports bring discipline into a student&rsquo;s life; it makes them build a team and develop their leadership skills. Most importantly, the impact of sports in a student&rsquo;s life is that they learn how to handle failures, embrace failures, and convert losses into opportunities. Moreover, sports can be a great equalizer, allowing students from different backgrounds to connect, interact, and learn from one another, thus promoting social cohesion.

The integration of sports in schools&nbsp;<a href="https://vplschool.com/blogs/does-the-lack-of-sports-facilities-impact-our-children/#:~:text=Another%20study%20by%20the%20Confederation,facilities%20that%20meet%20international%20standards%20https://www.kreedon.com/importance-of-sports-in-schools/" target="_blank">drives the development of sports infrastructure</a>. This is one of the most critical factors. The inclusion of sports in the school curriculum depends upon how we develop the infrastructure to determine the future of sports in India. Facilitating sports education in schools will require proper facilities, including tracks, gyms, and courts. The demand for appropriate facilities will force government bodies, municipalities, and local communities to invest and allocate funds on improving and providing newer infrastructure. But how do we maintain these facilities? Who will look after the expenses on maintenance? All these facilities should be open for all communities and should be open to the conduct of events regularly as well so that it creates review for its maintenance.

In the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kreedon.com/importance-of-sports-in-schools/%20https://www.theyogicjournal.com/pdf/2021/vol6issue1/PartB/6-1-37-133.pdf" target="_blank">current education system</a>, students need to be made aware of the opportunities in the field of sports. The integration of sports in school education in India will open up a world of career opportunities for young individuals. The conventional path of education never explores the opportunities nor values sports as a serious subject; the inclusion of sports in school empowers students to explore diverse and rewarding careers within the sports ecosystem, such as sports management and administration, sports coaching, sports journalism, and media, sports science, sports entrepreneurship, sports technology and many more.

<a href="https://www.theyogicjournal.com/pdf/2021/vol6issue1/PartB/6-1-37-133.pdf%20https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/here-s-how-sports-and-education-work-well-together-1397094-2018-11-27" target="_blank">Policy-making regarding sports is not at its best in the country;</a>&nbsp;it is mainly because of our country&rsquo;s avoidance of sports and below-par sports education. In 1984, India took a significant turn with the&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/sport/gaps-india-sports-administration-governance%20https://www.theyogicjournal.com/pdf/2021/vol6issue1/PartB/6-1-37-133.pdf%20https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/here-s-how-sports-and-education-work-well-together-1397094-2018-11-27" target="_blank">introduction of the National Sports Policy.</a>&nbsp;It acted as a crucial step in acknowledging the role of sports and physical education in societal development. In&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/sport/gaps-india-sports-administration-governance%20https://www.theyogicjournal.com/pdf/2021/vol6issue1/PartB/6-1-37-133.pdf%20Rituja%20Ghosh%20Rituja%20Ghosh%2011:50%E2%80%AFAM%20Today%20Please%20cite%20this%20information%20Vishnu%20Menon%20Vishnu%20Menon%2012:39%E2%80%AFPM%20Today%20https://thewire.in/sport/gaps-india-sports-administration-governance%20https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/here-s-how-sports-and-education-work-well-together-1397094-2018-11-27%20Rituja%20Ghosh%20Rituja%20Ghosh%2011:52%E2%80%AFAM%20Today%20Please%20cite%20this%20information%20Vishnu%20Menon%20Vishnu%20Menon%2012:46%E2%80%AFPM%20Today%20https://www.sportanddev.org/latest/news/integrating-sport-development-within-sport-policy-frameworks-india%20Rituja%20Ghosh%20Rituja%20Ghosh%2011:52%E2%80%AFAM%20Today%20Please%20cite%20this%20information%20Vishnu%20Menon%20Vishnu%20Menon%2012:39%E2%80%AFPM%20Today%20https://uwi.edu/uop/sites/uop/files/Value%20and%20benefits%20of%20the%20Sport%20Industry.pdf#:~:text=Moreover%2C%20the%20sports%20industry%20generates%20as%20much%20as,equipment%2C%20and%20health%20and%20fitness%20spending%20is%20included.%20Rituja%20Ghosh%20Rituja%20Ghosh%2011:53%E2%80%AFAM%20Today%20Please%20cite%20this%20information%20Vishnu%20Menon%20Vishnu%20Menon%2012:39%E2%80%AFPM%20Today%20https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/indian-sports-industry-revenues-crossed-14000-cr-in-2022-groupm/article66699042.ece%20%20Turn%20on%20screen%20reader%20supportTo%20enable%20screen%20reader%20support,%20press%20Ctrl+Alt+Z%20To%20learn%20about%20keyboard%20shortcuts,%20press%20Ctrl+slash" target="_blank">2011, the National Sports Policy</a>&nbsp;was revised, emphasizing sports as a platform for personal growth and productivity enhancement, and the importance of sports has become widely acknowledged. Central to this transformation is the&nbsp;<a href="https://kheloindia.gov.in/about.html" target="_blank">Khelo India Program</a>. and it heart lies at the&nbsp;<a href="https://thewire.in/sport/gaps-india-sports-administration-governance%20https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/here-s-how-sports-and-education-work-well-together-1397094-2018-11-27" target="_blank">&ldquo;Khelo India Youth Games&rdquo;</a>&nbsp;but this still only gives the youth a platform to perform not actual education on sports, by integrating sports into the school curriculum it creates a conducive environment for better policy-making in the field of sports. As the students engage in sports activities, educators and policymakers get a direct insight into the challenges and opportunities in the sports ecosystem.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sportanddev.org/latest/news/integrating-sport-development-within-sport-policy-frameworks-india" target="_blank">This experience helps in evidence-based policy formulation</a>. Inclusion of sports in education will also create a future generation who understands sports-related policies and can act as a critic when evaluating the formulation of sports policies and help foster a culture where corruption is checked. It will also aid a process where well-educated and well-versed representatives with sports-related issues will be elected and represent issues facing the sports scenario in India.

The sports sector only contributes as much as&nbsp;<a href="https://uwi.edu/uop/sites/uop/files/Value%20and%20benefits%20of%20the%20Sport%20Industry.pdf#:~:text=Moreover%2C%20the%20sports%20industry%20generates%20as%20much%20as,equipment%2C%20and%20health%20and%20fitness%20spending%20is%20included." target="_blank">700 billion USD, which is 1% of the global GDP</a>, and India&rsquo;s sports industry contributes close to&nbsp;<a href="https://uwi.edu/uop/sites/uop/files/Value%20and%20benefits%20of%20the%20Sport%20Industry.pdf#:~:text=Moreover%2C%20the%20sports%20industry%20generates%20as%20much%20as,equipment%2C%20and%20health%20and%20fitness%20spending%20is%20included." target="_blank">4.5%, which is 14000 crore rupees</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/indian-sports-industry-revenues-crossed-14000-cr-in-2022-groupm/article66699042.ece%22%22" target="_blank">Where 85%</a>&nbsp;of it is through cricket, imagine if one sport is capable of donating 80% of the total contribution in sports sector; what would the progress be if we start to encourage and celebrate all the other sports as well, P V Sindhu, Neeraj Chopra are all stalwarts but they fail to remain stars as compared to starts in cricket which is mainly due to the lesser acceptance to other sports such as badminton, javelin etc. Inclusion of sports in school education will make the next generation accept, encourage, and holistically celebrate sports. By developing a culture of sports from a young age, schools can help nurture talented athletes and open up various opportunities related to sports. This will help develop the sports sector in all forms, such as sponsorship, broadcasting rights, ticket sales, sports goods sales, imports, exports for sports goods, and sports tourism, which will help develop and boost economic growth.

Schools act as the foundation of building strong sports communities. As students engage in sports activities, they form friendships centered around common interests. These connections may extend beyond school life, which will lead to the formation of sports communities. This is how clubs are formed and later lead to leagues and competition, slowly developing a culture of sports and sports communities. When we have communities, we have a group of people to make decisions, protect, embrace, and celebrate sports.

The inclusion of sports in school education as a graded subject in India yields multiple benefits that extend far beyond physical activity. It impacts students&rsquo; personal growth, teamwork, and resilience. This integration will transform the image of the country in the field of sports. Not just by increasing the number of sportspersons but by acting as a global sports hub. As India aims to make its mark in the world in the coming century, India must strive to become a global sports powerhouse; incorporating sports into school education is a strategic move that aligns with national goals. By nurturing a generation of young athletes, enthusiasts, and informed citizens, the country paves the way for a prosperous future where sports get its deserved value and takes the center stage in the development journey.

The Transformative Impact of Including Sports in School Education in India

Every morning, Sheila walks to the garment factory past the hungry male gazes to earn not even the bare minimum wage to sustain her family. Like her coworkers in the factory, she fears taking bathroom breaks, which might lead to a shortfall in production targets and hence less money in her pocket. Sheila&rsquo;s husband died in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/26/world/asia/bangladesh-fire-kills-more-than-100-and-injures-many.html" target="_blank">2012 factory fire in Bangladesh</a>, and she is a mother of two teenage daughters. After her 12-hour shift, she walks back home only to get ready for another job. She decks herself in rainbow-colored bangles, big jhumkas, and red-colored saree, preparing herself for a rough night ahead. This is a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.boomlive.in/world/sri-lanka-economic-crisis-women-garment-factory-workers-export-sex-work-18937" target="_blank">snippet of the life of garment factory workers</a>, primarily catering to fast fashion brands like H&amp;M, Zara, Gap, Shien, and many more globally.

The&nbsp;<a href="https://goodonyou.eco/what-is-fast-fashion/" target="_blank">fast fashion industry</a>&nbsp;runs on a model of producing cheap and trendy clothing items and accessories at a breakneck speed to meet the latest fashion trends, thus prioritizing quantity over quality. It necessitates designing, manufacturing, and distributing fashion items at a swift pace, allowing retailers to bring new styles to the market very quickly. Gone are the days when new styles used to emerge in the market quarterly or a pair of jeans would last years; nowadays, it&rsquo;s all about micro seasons and what is trending on our beloved social media platforms like Instagram. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.eos-intelligence.com/perspectives/consumer-goods-retail/beyond-the-low-cost-price-tags-the-real-price-of-fast-fashion/" target="_blank">humongous popularity</a>&nbsp;of brands like Zara, H&amp;M, and Shien is because they can give the taste of luxury fashion in exchange for peanuts as they produce low-cost replicas of luxury fashion brands. The brands are also responsible for changing the dynamic of the fashion industry, the traditional four seasons have become 52 micro seasons, and these brands are reported to roll out over&nbsp;<a href="https://www.eos-intelligence.com/perspectives/consumer-goods-retail/beyond-the-low-cost-price-tags-the-real-price-of-fast-fashion/" target="_blank">1000 styles weekly.</a>

Our world is suffering from socio-economic and environmental imbalances, and the fashion industry is intensifying it. The fashion sector employs over&nbsp;<a href="https://www.worldexcellence.com/cost-of-the-fast-fashion-industry-impact/#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20biggest%20economic,the%20garments%20are%20produced%20overseas." target="_blank">75 million people</a>&nbsp;across the globe, but the majority of them are working in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/16115/Exploitation-of-Women-Workers-In-Bangladeshs-Garment-Industry--?infinitescroll=1" target="_blank">unethical conditions and are grossly underpaid</a>. There are several reported incidents and testimonials which resonate with the facts that the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sustainyourstyle.org/en/working-conditions#:~:text=The%20collapse%20of%20the%20Rana,blasted%20sand%20in%20unsafe%20buildings." target="_blank">working conditions of workers are deplorable</a>, from not being allowed to take bathroom breaks to forcing the female workers to work in harsh conditions till the last stage of pregnancy to no maternity leaves to even getting harassed by the managers and technicians in the factory. These destitute working conditions are not the only reason that forces the underserved community into this vicious cycle, but also, below the minimum wage compensation pushes them further into the&nbsp;<a href="https://intpolicydigest.org/the-platform/the-inhumanity-of-bangladeshi-garment-factories/" target="_blank">black hole of exploitation</a>. For&nbsp;<a href="https://www.boomlive.in/world/sri-lanka-economic-crisis-women-garment-factory-workers-export-sex-work-18937" target="_blank">every t-shirt sold in Walmart from 9 euros, these workers receive 24 cents</a>. Bangladesh is considered the world&rsquo;s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.worldfashionexchange.com/blog/rise-of-bangladesh-textile-and-garment-industry/#:~:text=In%20the%20fiscal%20year%202021,(Export%20Promotion%20Bureau%20data)." target="_blank">second-largest apparel exporter</a>, yet a worker in the apparel manufacturing factory earns less than&nbsp;<a href="https://nirvikbd.com/how-much-do-garment-workers-get-paid-in-bangladesh/?expand_article=1" target="_blank">$100</a>&nbsp;per month, which is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/21/low-wages-garment-workers-bangladesh-analysis" target="_blank">way below the minimum wage</a>.

The collapse of&nbsp;<a href="https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/video/collapse-at-rana-plaza" target="_blank">Rana Plaza in Bangladesh in 2013</a>&nbsp;is an instance of diabolical working conditions. This disaster took more than&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/15/opinion/the-deadly-cost-of-fashion.html?_r=0" target="_blank">1000 lives, and over 3000 people</a>&nbsp;were severely injured. There were five garment factories in the Rana Plaza building, catering to the&nbsp;<a href="https://cleanclothes.org/campaigns/past/rana-plaza" target="_blank">demand of several global brands</a>, such as Benetton (Italy), Bonmarche (UK), Cato Fashions (USA), The Children&rsquo;s Place (USA), El Corte Ingl&eacute;s (Spain), Joe Fresh (Loblaws, Canada), Kik (Germany), Mango (Spain), Matalan (UK), Primark (UK/Ireland) and Texman (Denmark).&nbsp;<a href="https://cleanclothes.org/campaigns/past/rana-plaza" target="_blank">Before the collapse of the building, large cracks in the building were discovered</a>&nbsp;and the shops and banks on the lower floor of the Plaza were evacuated immediately, but the factory workers were ordered to continue to work, which led to mass murder in the hands of the fast fashion industry.&nbsp;<a href="https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/video/collapse-at-rana-plaza" target="_blank">After such devastation</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-true-cost-of-fast-fashion/iQLSkbO2dHPfIw" target="_blank">the question arises</a>&ndash; is the cheap $4 satin dress in the Pantone color of the year worth the lives of many innocents? Or what changes have been brought to stop these disasters from happening again?

Sadly the demand for fast fashion items has increased exponentially yearly, expanding the market share globally to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/fashion-retailing-market-102653" target="_blank">USD 261,104.36 million by 2028</a>. The fast fashion industry has also tweaked consumption behavior into&nbsp;<a href="https://thesoutherneronline.com/91769/comment/fast-fashion-harmful-ruins-consumer-culture/#:~:text=Overconsumption%2C%20the%20process%20of%20buying,just%20further%20damages%20our%20environment." target="_blank">overconsumption</a>&nbsp;by using the trifecta of on-trend styles, inexpensive, and creating the fear of scarcity by keeping a style or design only for&nbsp;<a href="https://martinroll.com/resources/articles/strategy/the-secret-of-zaras-success-a-culture-of-customer-co-creation/" target="_blank">3-4 weeks rather than seasonally</a>. Amancio Ortega Gaona, the founder of Zara and owner of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.inditex.com/itxcomweb/en/home" target="_blank">Inditex</a>, a multi-million dollar clothing company, in an&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/magazine/how-zara-grew-into-the-worlds-largest-fashion-retailer.html" target="_blank">interview with The New York Times</a>, said, &ldquo;With Zara, you know that if you don&rsquo;t buy it right then and there, within 11 days the entire stock will change. You buy it now or never. And because the prices are so low, you buy it now.&rdquo;

The fast fashion industry is also affecting the&nbsp;<a href="https://earth.org/fast-fashions-detrimental-effect-on-the-environment/" target="_blank">environment negatively</a>&ndash; from contributing to eight percent of worldwide carbon emissions to consuming a colossal amount of water, polluting by dumping the leftover water from the dyeing process, to contributing around 100 million tonnes of waste into landfills.

The fast fashion industry is balanced on the&nbsp;<a href="https://feminisminindia.com/2022/07/26/fast-fashion-gender-and-environment-the-price-we-pay-to-dress-ourselves-up/" target="_blank">malicious stick of exploiting women</a>&ndash; on the one hand, trendy clothing items are manufactured by oppressing and overworking the workers in&nbsp;<a href="https://time.com/21038/bangladeshs-garment-factories-still-unsafe-for-workers-says-report/" target="_blank">hazardous working conditions</a>, especially women who are further regarded as commodities. On the other hand, fast fashion sustains on by sponging women&rsquo;s insecurities and body image issues. This industry drives women into a loop of insecurities, compelling them to buy trendy clothing to fit into the narrative that society has established for them. Fast fashion encourages the idealization of unrealistic ideal body types, teaching young girls and women that they are inadequate unless they dress and act according to social expectations.

&ldquo;Clothes could have more meaning and longevity if we think less about owning the lastest or cheapest thing and develop more of a relationship with the things we wear.&rdquo; &ndash;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.elizabethclinebooks.com/overdressed" target="_blank">Elizabeth L. Cline Overdressed.</a>

Fast fashion presents complicated issues that require a diverse approach that involves policymakers, industry stakeholders, and consumers. By enlightening customers about the ethical and environmental ramifications of their fashion choices may inspire responsible decisions. The need for fast fashion may decrease by fostering a shift in consumer thinking that values durability and quality over trends that come and go.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-10769-fast-fashion-and-its-legal-and-environmental-effects.html#:~:text=Sustainable%20Fashion%20Policy%3A,impact%20of%20the%20fashion%20industry." target="_blank">Governments can play a crucial role</a>&nbsp;by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earthday.org/fast-fashion-why-governments-need-to-take-action/" target="_blank">encouraging and incentivizing brands</a>&nbsp;to approach fashion ethically and sustainably. Therefore, consumer empowerment, industry change, and regulatory initiatives may pave a more sustainable and ethical fashion industry.

The Dire Consequences of Fast Fashion: The Toll of Trend-Chasing

Thanks to the advancement of deep learning, the&nbsp;<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08774" target="_blank">GPT-4</a>, or Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4, can generate human-like outputs, respond to the environment, and be perceived as something that can revolutionise the entire qualitative research environment. The research community has always used various tools to increase the researchers&rsquo; productivity and, in many cases, their accuracy, particularly in exhaustively searching and analysing to identify research gaps.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) models can generate new information by discerning patterns within pre-existing data that align with human language.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266734522300024X" target="_blank">Over time, there has been a notable progression in this area, culminating in the recent achievement of GPT-4, which has effectively fulfilled several academic and professional standards</a>. If fine-tuned adequately, this technology&rsquo;s ability to provide outputs that resemble human-like responses will have extensive uses for those engaged in Qualitative Public Policy Research.

This includes but is not limited to the systems that can aid in reviewing various reports facilitating content analysis and providing insights from the existing research. This can also be an AI model that aids the researcher in prompting questions during an interview to explore the trends and facilitate the required thought process in the respondents. This can even be an AI system by their &ldquo;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/artificial-intelligence/gpt-5-from-openai-arriving-soon-5-features-8874557/" target="_blank">multi-sensory abilities</a>&rdquo;, simultaneously analysing the visual and textual information in the research setting and developing multiple scenarios as outputs that the researchers can explore further.

In the Public Policy research domain, the key journals usually accept manuscripts with theoretical contributions and practical public policy insights. Such research necessitates higher-order reasoning and a rigorous research procedure that addresses the most significant validity threats. Observations and identified patterns/categories, for instance, should be exhaustive and, to some extent, mutually exclusive. Generative AI models can supplement existing Qualitative Data Analysis methods and increase researchers&rsquo; accuracy and efficiency, hence meeting such standards, resulting in fewer submission rejections.

However, this revolutionary technology divided the research community into two camps: those who advocated for its use in critical research areas, such as Public Policy, and those who opposed such applications due to their concern about the technology&rsquo;s inherent risks.

<a href="https://academic.oup.com/spp/article/47/5/689/6104655" target="_blank">Considering my previous work with Prof. Kira Matus (Associate Head and Professor, Division of Public Policy, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology), a risk-based approach to AI will reveal many of the concerns we had (in the construction industry) once such technologies are available for use in Public Policy Research.</a>&nbsp;The risk classifications of AI, liability, data security, unemployment, etc., will manifest once the Generative AI models find widespread applications in qualitative research.

Conducting a thorough study on the possible influence of AI models inside the research community is necessary to provide a comprehensive overview of these risks. Like any AI technology, subsequent iterations of AI models exhibit enhanced levels of accuracy compared to their predecessors. Therefore, academicians in the field of public policy must avoid complacency by examining the flaws of current GPT models and avoid passivity by believing that technology will not surpass human capability. They must research systematically by involving as many stakeholders as possible and learn their perspectives on the potential hazards of such models. Without such research, engaging in additional debates on this topic will likely result in unreasonable worries and actions that impede the effective integration of this technology for further qualitative research in this field.

ChatGPT and the Future of Qualitative Public Policy Research

India, with its roots deeply entrenched in its villages, has always believed that the nation&rsquo;s progress is intricately linked to its rural areas&rsquo; progress, as Mahatma Gandhi emphasized. The concept of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/swaraj.htm" target="_blank">&lsquo;Swaraj&rsquo;</a>&nbsp;advocated by Gandhi further expounds on the development of rural India. Acknowledging the importance of empowering these rural regions, the &lsquo;Panchayat Raj System&rsquo; was established three decades ago through the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-third-amendment-act-1992" target="_blank">73rd Amendment Act of 1992</a>&nbsp;. This move aimed to enhance people&rsquo;s participation in local-level administration and governance within the Indian federal system. As we commemorate the 75th year of India&rsquo;s independence on August 15, 2022, and embark on the journey towards the next 25 years of Amrit Kaal, with the vision of transforming India into a superpower by 2047, it is crucial to recognize the pivotal role rural India will play in achieving this goal. Nevertheless, amidst this ambitious pursuit, it becomes imperative to reflect upon the present state of comprehensive and strategic development of the&nbsp;<a href="https://rural.nic.in/sites/default/files/Vision_Document_For_2047_Centenary_of_India_Independence_02022022_2.pdf" target="_blank">Panchayati Raj Institution</a>&nbsp;at the grassroots level and ponder the significance of this institution for the country and people at large.

<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26575591" target="_blank">Gandhi&rsquo;s vision of &lsquo;swaraj&rsquo;</a>&nbsp;or self-rule was the fundamental inspiration behind the genesis of the Panchayati Raj system in India. The essence of this system lies in bringing governance closer to the people and encouraging their active participation in decision-making processes concerning their community&rsquo;s welfare. By promoting participatory democracy, Gandhi believed that ordinary citizens should play a pivotal role in local governance, fostering a stronger sense of responsibility and accountability.

The&nbsp;<a href="https://panchayat.gov.in/about-mopr/" target="_blank">Panchayati Raj System</a>, a decentralized local government system in India, strives to empower rural communities and foster democratic principles at the local level. It was established in 1992 by the 73rd Amendment to the Indian Constitution. Three-tiered Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), including Gram Panchayats at the village level, Panchayat Samitis at the block level, and Zilla Parishads at the district level, are to be established, according to the system.

PRI is a tool of empowerment and an effective form of government in terms of value; it emphasizes&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2007135.pdf" target="_blank">decentralization</a>&nbsp;, which allows local communities to actively participate in decision-making and results in more responsive and inclusive governance. The PRI system makes impactful changes at the grassroots level by promoting&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2394481119859675" target="_blank">social inclusion</a>&nbsp;by guaranteeing representation and involvement in decision-making for underrepresented groups by reserving local government seats for women, Scheduled Tribes, and Scheduled Castes. Local leaders have a better grasp of community concerns to recognize and respond to regional needs. Decentralization encourages accountability and transparency since PRI members are elected directly by the community, which makes them more responsible to the people they serve. The system&rsquo;s localized approach enhances service delivery by better adjusting public services to the community&rsquo;s specific needs, ultimately increasing efficiency and effectiveness.

PRI System in India suffers from significant policy-level challenges in effective functioning at&nbsp;<a href="https://forumfed.org/document/panchayati-raj-in-india-are-they-really-successful-in-participatory-decision-making/" target="_blank">local level governance</a>&nbsp;regarding financial dependency on the state or central government grants, sometimes restricting the autonomy of local bodies, preventing them from making independent decisions and implementing projects effectively. The lack of administrative capacity among many panchayat members poses a challenge to managing complex governance issues, necessitating comprehensive training and capacity-building initiatives. Political interference from higher levels of government undermines the spirit of decentralization and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-new_delhi/documents/publication/wcms_448848.pdf" target="_blank">local autonomy</a>&nbsp;enshrined in the constitutional mandate, leading to compromised decision-making and accountability. Despite the&nbsp;<a href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=74501" target="_blank">33% reservation of seats for women at local self-governing bodies</a>&nbsp;for women&rsquo;s representation; still, gender inequality persists at the grassroots level, with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020176" target="_blank">women representatives</a>&nbsp;facing cultural and societal barriers that impede their meaningful participation. The system&rsquo;s uneven development across states and regions reflects varying political will, differential&nbsp;<a href="https://factly.in/21-of-the-panchayats-in-the-country-do-not-have-a-building-of-their-own/" target="_blank">resource allocation</a>, and socioeconomic disparities, limiting its impact in certain areas.

Addressing these gaps, the government has endeavored to bring some systematic changes through the transformative&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nic.in/products/egramswaraj/" target="_blank">E-gram Swaraj</a>&nbsp;accounting application that has revolutionized Panchayat&rsquo;s functioning by enhancing transparency, accountability, and effectiveness in planning, budgeting, implementation, accounting, and monitoring. The streamlining of&nbsp;<a href="https://gpdp.nic.in/getSelection.html" target="_blank">Gram Panchayat Development Plans (GPDP)</a>&nbsp;emphasizes on efficiency and accountability, while the&nbsp;<a href="https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/blog/panchayat-development-index-an-innovative-tool-to-measure-development-at-grassroots-level/101904076" target="_blank">Panchayat Development Index (PDI)</a>&nbsp;measures performance and guides targeted improvements. The&nbsp;<a href="https://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/docs/peais/Guideline_of_RGPSA.pdf" target="_blank">Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan (CB-PSA)</a>&nbsp;has empowered Panchayats with essential skills and knowledge, enabling effective governance and mandate fulfillment. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliamentary-panel-pulls-up-panchayati-raj-ministry-over-non-release-of-funds-under-rgsa/article66622502.ece" target="_blank">Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA)</a>&nbsp;has synergized efforts for rural development, and&nbsp;<a href="https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s316026d60ff9b54410b3435b403afd226/uploads/2023/02/2023021758-1.pdf" target="_blank">Localising Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</a>&nbsp;to align initiatives with local needs.

Despite Central &amp; State governments taking some steps regarding the development of PRI, they should also focus on ensuring financial autonomy, increasing local revenue and government grants for development projects, conducting capacity-building programs to empower elected representatives and PRI functionaries, promoting digital empowerment through technology integration, and focus on local planning. The implementation of one-third reservation for women effectively in PRIs and promote women&rsquo;s empowerment through skill development and leadership training. Panchayats should conduct social audit mechanisms for community involvement in project evaluation, facilitating collaboration among PRIs for regional development, prioritizing sustainability and eco-friendly practices, launching awareness campaigns, and encouraging private sector collaboration through CSR initiatives. Incentivize good governance practices to foster healthy competition among local leaders. These far sighted policy-level reforms will unlock the potential of Panchayats, driving rural transformation and creating a more equitable and prosperous future for rural India.

Looking towards 2047 as a developed nation, when we complete 50 years of the Panchayati Raj system in 2042, we should bridge the gap between Rural and Urban India through inclusive, sustainable development.

Panchayati Raj Institution – Delivering Democratic Intervention to the Last Mile

Impact of Generative AI on Higher Education

While public policy deals with laws, measures and regulatory frameworks, its purview extends to public space. By public space, I refer to its architectural connotation. This space is also constitutive of the&nbsp;<a href="https://opentextbc.ca/mediastudies101/chapter/habermas-public-sphere/" target="_blank">Habermasian</a>&nbsp;public sphere which comprises public citizenry. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2017.00017/full" target="_blank">politics of visibility</a>&nbsp;has&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4640040.pdf" target="_blank">long privileged</a>&nbsp;cis-gender heterosexual individuals. They can use public facilities such as restrooms and commute routes without inviting unwelcome attention. Notions of queer visibility and its consequent politics are entangled in India, as&nbsp;<a href="https://www.epw.in/journal/2023/15/book-reviews/queering-revolutions.html?0=ip_login_no_cache%3Dcc2a17b0c6e6f06388b544441a46b827" target="_blank">Sagnik Dutta</a>&nbsp;explains. In his review of &lsquo;Pink Revolutions: Globalization, Hindutva and Queer Triangles in Contemporary India&rsquo; by Nishant Shahani, he explains that India is on the crossroads of contradictions in relation to globalisation, modernity, and conservatism. A notable aspect of this review highlights how vulnerable sections of the queer population, such as transgender persons, hijra communities and queer sex workers are denied privileged access to public spaces. This can be exemplified by them being oppressed by social ridicule, public humiliation or outright exclusion.

While public space accessible to Indians is limited, inclusivity in usage and accessibility is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/lgbtqia-queer-public-spaces-design-pride-queering-space-city/article66965404.ece" target="_blank">hard to find</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/lgbtqia-queer-public-spaces-design-pride-queering-space-city/article66965404.ece" target="_blank">Shruti Koppikar</a>&nbsp;says that one cannot forget that the LGBTQ+ community routinely uses pavements and walkways. Public parks often serve as meeting spots for cruising and leisure. Marches and parades are of vital importance for the community in their assertion of awareness, self-identity, and rights. Physical spaces where the community receives acceptance and acknowledgement is critical to their survival.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24542088" target="_blank">Heteronormative violence</a>&nbsp;that impinges on the community&rsquo;s sense of safety and security includes them being subjected to a gaze of shame and rejection. This in turn perpetuates exploitation and vulnerability. Sexual harassment is an immense and potent barrier for LGBTQ+ individuals using public transport.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/lgbtqia-queer-public-spaces-design-pride-queering-space-city/article66965404.ece" target="_blank">Kalki Subramaniam</a>&nbsp;opines that non-binary and transgender people are a case in point, for their visible differences in appearance and visage make them easy targets in schools and workplaces. The solution lies in policy makers and governments designing public spaces specifically for queer people, constructing them at the heart of a city and favouring accessibility needs over land value and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/lgbtqia-queer-public-spaces-design-pride-queering-space-city/article66965404.ece" target="_blank">gentrification</a>.

<a href="https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/spectrum/public-data-on-lgbtqia-community-india-606158.html" target="_blank">Public data</a>&nbsp;offers a window to the community for the enjoyment of rights. Identification documents such as birth certificate, aadhar card, voter card, ration card and driving licence certify an individual&rsquo;s legitimacy as a citizen by the State to the right of equal recognition and equal protection under the purview of law in the form of official state records. However, population-related datasets generated by various government bodies are influenced by political considerations of the order of the day. An element of these considerations include an erasure of gender and sexuality in enumerations and data. Demographic indicators are created in line with the government&rsquo;s scheme of policy making.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/spectrum/public-data-on-lgbtqia-community-india-606158.html" target="_blank">The 2011 census</a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/spectrum/public-data-on-lgbtqia-community-india-606158.html" target="_blank">2014 Election Commission Records</a>&nbsp;have several individuals belonging to the transgender community who were undercounted due to their inability to access identity documents. Despite&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/key-sc-verdicts-that-moved-the-needle-on-lgbtq-rights-8565720/" target="_blank">various pro-LGBTQ</a>&nbsp;judgements from the centre, a public data system is yet to be initiated and gender-disaggregated socio-economic indicators are unavailable. Policy makers need to realise that the community is a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.campaigntoendloneliness.org/marginalization-and-loneliness-among-sexual-minorities-how-are-they-linked/" target="_blank">distinct</a>&nbsp;marginalised group with needs of its own and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4059824/" target="_blank">unique sets of challenges</a>&nbsp;confronting them.

The community is&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00195561211058435" target="_blank">caught between</a>&nbsp;being judged due to societal morals and being accorded their democratic rights. On the one hand, the state is committed to democratisation by focusing on building an egalitarian society based on equitable rights and principles. On the other hand, the state is hindered by its sexual minorities being susceptible to socio-cultural stereotypes. The deepening of democratic ideals is hindered by the hold of orthodox moral codes, such as patriarchal codes banning LGBTQ+ individuals. A major shift the striking down of Section 377 in 2018 signalled was moving beyond tolerance and towards embracive acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals. This contrasts with the government&rsquo;s stance which has ignorantly&nbsp;<a href="https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-centre-questions-pleas-on-same-sex-marriages-terms-it-urban-elite-issue-what-has-happened-so-far-news-278969" target="_blank">decried the community&rsquo;s needs</a>. Identity, dignity, health, and privacy of the community were upheld in the verdict. Individual choice was celebrated and hailed as the &lsquo;essence of liberty under the law.&rsquo;

The verdict signalled a set of progressive policies: For instance,&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kerala-becomes-first-state-to-unveil-transgender-policy/" target="_blank">Kerala enforced the transgender option</a>&nbsp;in applications related to identity documentation. In fact,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hinducollegegazette.com/post/diversity-and-inclusion-policies-in-workspaces-in-india-can-workspaces-be-queer" target="_blank">a transgender policy</a>&nbsp;was introduced to ensure implementation of the Right to Equality for transgendered people in the state. As per the judgement, the policy gave way to self-identification of individuals as transgender. A district-level transgender board was also set up for the registration of identification cards. In line with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hinducollegegazette.com/post/diversity-and-inclusion-policies-in-workspaces-in-india-can-workspaces-be-queer" target="_blank">Diversity and Inclusion Policies</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hinducollegegazette.com/post/diversity-and-inclusion-policies-in-workspaces-in-india-can-workspaces-be-queer" target="_blank">Godrej Industries</a>&nbsp;created the Indian Culture Lab to create an atmosphere of community inclusion and involvement through human rights advocacy.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hinducollegegazette.com/post/diversity-and-inclusion-policies-in-workspaces-in-india-can-workspaces-be-queer" target="_blank">Keshav Suri Foundation</a>&nbsp;has several similar initiatives within the hospitality industry. Tata Steel&rsquo;s Diversity and Inclusion Initiative,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hinducollegegazette.com/post/diversity-and-inclusion-policies-in-workspaces-in-india-can-workspaces-be-queer" target="_blank">MOSAIC</a>&nbsp;focused on knowledge building on certain key elements of employment such as sensitisation, workplace development and retention.Although policy has a long way to go before becoming actionable, one must realise the argument that diversity of individuals from the LGBTQ+ community improves the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.peoplematters.in/article/sports-books-movies/queeristan-a-roadmap-to-lgbtq-inclusion-in-the-workplace-26885" target="_blank">economic efficiency</a>&nbsp;of workplaces, promotes wellness, and supports vital pillars of work, such as productivity, performance, and retention. This has been bolstered by the fact that the needle has moved towards equality due to&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/key-sc-verdicts-that-moved-the-needle-on-lgbtq-rights-8565720/" target="_blank">legislations.</a>&nbsp;The road towards gender neutrality and gender-friendly policy-making might seem onerous. However it is easily traversed when organisations and industries begin the journey.

Towards Inclusivity: The Need for Queer Inclusive Thought in Public Policy

On 28th June, 2023, the Union Cabinet&nbsp;<a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1935895" target="_blank">approved</a>&nbsp;the introduction of the NRF (National Research Foundation) Bill, 2023 to the Parliament. Aligned with the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf" target="_blank">National Education Policy&rsquo;s</a>&nbsp;recommendations in 2020, the&nbsp;<a href="https://ikcri.center/upload/pdf/rel-repo/National%20Research%20Foundation%20Report%20NRF.pdf" target="_blank">NRF</a>&nbsp;is being hailed as a long overdue reform needed to transform the research ecosystem in India by boosting innovation. The NRF will be the main body responsible for directing the strategy and course of scientific research in the country. The government has approved a budget of&nbsp;<a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1935895" target="_blank">? 50000 crore</a>&nbsp;from 2023 to 2028.

The main goals of NRF are to seed, grow, and mentor research across institutions in the country. It aims to address national priorities like sustainability, healthcare, etc., and resolve the issues of insufficient research funding, delay in grant disbursement, fragmentation and duplication of efforts in research, limited collaboration across stakeholders, e.g., industry, academia, etc., and the need to drive innovation, productivity and growth.

The Prime Minister will be the ex-officio President of the Board, supported by the Minister of Science &amp; Technology and the Minister of Education as ex-officio Vice Presidents. The main governing body is the Executive Council, to be chaired by the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Indian government. NRF&rsquo;s administrative department will be the Department of Science and Technology. NRF also proposes to subsume SERB (Science and Engineering Research Board).

NRF gets its justification from the reality that the current Indian research funding is insufficient. India spends&nbsp;<a href="https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-07/India-Innovation-Index-2021-Web-Version_21_7_22.pdf" target="_blank">0.65% of its GDP</a>&nbsp;on research and development against the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-07/India-Innovation-Index-2021-Web-Version_21_7_22.pdf" target="_blank">global average of 1.8%</a>. Furthermore, while India&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/four-things-nrf-needs-to-do-to-fix-indias-research-ecosystem/" target="_blank">ranks</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.livemint.com/science/news/india-now-ranks-3rd-in-global-scientific-publications-says-us-report-11671376356836.html" target="_blank">3rd</a>&nbsp;globally in number of publications, it ranks&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-is-worlds-4th-in-research-output-but-ranks-9th-in-citations/articleshow/98924312.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">9th</a>&nbsp;in citations and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_2000_2022/in.pdf" target="_blank">40th</a>&nbsp;in Global Innovation Index (2022). This disparity between publications, citations, and innovation means that most of the publications in India are not high-quality outputs. India also ranks&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/statistics-country-profile/en/in.pdf" target="_blank">9th in patent applications</a>. However, according to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/statistics-country-profile/en/in.pdf" target="_blank">data</a>&nbsp;from National Intellectual Property Office (2021), the ratio of patent grants to patent applications is approximately&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/statistics-country-profile/en/in.pdf" target="_blank">1:2</a>. Moreover,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/country_profile/countries/in_content.html" target="_blank">62.5%</a>&nbsp;of the patent grants are held by non-residents. These mediocre innovation statistics in India are expected to be solved by the NRF.

However, the design of NRF has many shortcomings that may result in a similar fate as that of SERB, a nearly-failed initiative far from achieving its intended purpose. The bill&rsquo;s main drawback is its centralised and political leadership. The top positions in the governing board will be occupied by the government members, e.g., Prime Minister, Minister of Science and Technology, and Minister of Education. Thus, the shackles of political influence in research have not been removed in the NRF bill but rather have been tightened. Such leadership will continue to keep Indian research under a bureaucratic stronghold where the compliance burden is likely to be high.

NRF underscores that the projects must have clear goals and timelines. However, many projects can also be exploratory with uncertain outcomes, particularly in fundamental research. These projects drive success through creative choices during the course of research. However, NRF&rsquo;s structured expectations may come at the cost of creativity in research as projects with stringent outcomes may get front-loaded or prioritised for funding. Thus, the strategic direction in research may get more mechanical than creative.

The NRF bill is getting&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/express-view-on-national-research-foundation-changing-the-game-8693278/" target="_blank">rave reviews</a>&nbsp;on the democratisation of research. However, the centralisation of funding may instead un-democratise research. The centralisation of funding will make rejected projects completely dead instead of giving them alternate funding options. Such rejection will particularly impact social science projects as the industrial alternatives to launch such projects are limited in social science-related fields. Hence, science projects will be favoured. Further, a highly centralised ecosystem will stifle autonomy which is fundamental for research. Researchers often cross-subsidize their projects through multiple funding opportunities and apply for fresh funding in projects under existing grants. This funding is helpful in projects with uncertain outcomes. NRF will take away such flexibility from the researchers.

Another critical issue with the bill is its contradictory approach towards the private sector&rsquo;s role in research. While on the one hand, NRF will be the apex body regulating research, on the other hand, it is expecting the private sector to bring&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-nod-to-set-up-national-research-foundation-to-boost-r-and-d/article67019297.ece" target="_blank">72% of the budget</a>, i.e., ? 36000 crore. However, one may ask: Where is the incentive mechanism for the private sector amidst such a centralised research environment? In terms of returns, fundamental research has a long gestation period, while applied research has a short gestation period. The private sector mostly counts on research with a short gestation period, i.e., applied research. The private sector may fear sunk costs in projects with long gestation periods. Further, it may be worth questioning why the private sector would fund more than the government. To shell out such large sums, it cannot be convincingly said whether the private sector will have the strategic vision and direction the country&rsquo;s research ecosystem should take. Will that vision and direction be uniform and shared across different players? The private sector contributes to&nbsp;<a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1744420" target="_blank">more than 70%</a>&nbsp;of the expenditure on R&amp;D in major economies; however, it accounts for&nbsp;<a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1744420" target="_blank">less than 40%</a>&nbsp;of R&amp;D expenditure in India. Hence, the private sector&rsquo;s extended role in funding with stringent government regulation is likely to be an incompatible marriage.

Another telling feature of the bill is its second-rate treatment of humanities. The NRF bill underscores the importance of funding research in science and technology. The&nbsp;<a href="https://ikcri.center/upload/pdf/rel-repo/National%20Research%20Foundation%20Report%20NRF.pdf" target="_blank">project report</a>&nbsp;on NRF developed by the Prime Minister&rsquo;s Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) clearly mentions that the majority of NRF&rsquo;s budget would go to research in science and technology. It is critical to note that a significant funding proportion for science projects goes to equipment and materials. However, in humanities, the major funding proportion goes to personnel. Most key personnel, e.g., a PhD student, in a humanities project are funded by institutions or fellowships, which are largely uniform. So the humanities projects struggle to make the case for additional funding. Further, humanities have a high proportion of exploratory research with uncertain outcomes, which conflicts with the expectations of NRF. Hence, science projects may occupy the frontline of NRF funding, and humanities topics may get ignored. Further, the representation of experts from science in the governing board of NRF is higher than that of humanities.

IITs corner a major proportion of research funding in India. According to the Department of Science and Technology, about&nbsp;<a href="https://thedailyguardian.com/nrf-gets-centre-approval-for-budget-of-rs-50000-crore-for-rd/" target="_blank">65%</a>&nbsp;of SERB funds are given to IITs, and a meagre&nbsp;<a href="https://thedailyguardian.com/nrf-gets-centre-approval-for-budget-of-rs-50000-crore-for-rd/" target="_blank">11%</a>&nbsp;are given to state universities. This reality is not due to the lack of meritorious projects from state universities; rather, state universities often face systemic hurdles like persistent lack of infrastructure, complex internal compliance requirements, lack of execution capacity due to personnel shortage, etc. These ground realities may continue to be there even after NRF&rsquo;s arrival. It is unclear how NRF will address the hegemony of IITs in Indian research.

Many other questions related to the NRF continue to linger: whether existing SERB projects will get disrupted, how NRF will support and encourage international collaboration, whether foreign travel during research will continue to be ignored in budgets, and how NRF is going to address the gender disparities in Indian research. The bill needs to be more specific on structures for seeding and promoting research, especially for institutions that are short of grants and endowments. It needs to address why sanctioned funds are often delayed.

In a nutshell, NRF is just a patchwork without addressing the root concerns plaguing Indian research. India needs a decentralised research ecosystem by giving autonomy, access, and support to institutions to raise funds and providing the private sector more &ldquo;skin in the game&rdquo;. Further, an academic leadership structure, a stronger representation of humanities and women, incentives for the private sector and the de-regulation of stringent compliance are critical to truly democratising research.

Reading the fine print: NRF may keep Indian research trapped in a rut

Labour Markets have historically been&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X98001478?via%3Dihub" target="_blank">gendered</a>&nbsp;in nature. This is very prominent when we look at the statistics of female labour force participation around the world. Women continue to be vastly underrepresented in various labour markets.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/explainer/2022/09/explainer-sustainable-development-goal-five?gclid=CjwKCAjw44mlBhAQEiwAqP3eVjDnaxnJsMwiol9JQ4rlIanAwCfPw0teishBVtms6zxJk1aUbsoQ3hoC08UQAvD_BwE" target="_blank">United Nations for Gender Equality and Empowerment for Women</a>, for instance, have highlighted that women hold a meagre 26.4% of the parliamentary seats and 28.3% of managerial positions globally. India&rsquo;s labour market paints a picture no different with a trend of just&nbsp;<a href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/1061300/GJAA_Chaudhary.pdf?sequence=1" target="_blank">24.5% of women&rsquo;s labour force participation against 75.5% for men.</a>&nbsp;Further, women are grossly underpaid and burdened with unpaid labour care, which hampers their employment opportunities.

While&nbsp;<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/female-labor-supply" target="_blank">female workforce participation did grow tremendously</a>&nbsp;in the 21st century with globalisation having incentivised female employment, it rose in tandem with rising informality and precarity around the world. With rising costs of labour, the globalisation of the production processes led to the emergence of various capitalist strategies that relied on exploiting the existing &ldquo;<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/fr.1981.6" target="_blank">patriarchal subordination of women as a gender</a>&rdquo; to increase their competitiveness in the global market. This is done by way of &ldquo;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.1065" target="_blank">primitive exploitation of labour</a>&rdquo; that is, extracting the maximum conceivable labour at minimum costs. Employers viewed women workers as disposable and redundant, only to be exploited ruthlessly and replaced with an unlimited supply of incoming young women workers. Additionally, lower returns to women&rsquo;s labour to men and lack of employment alternatives for women made hiring them more attractive.&nbsp;<a href="https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osgdp20053_en.pdf" target="_blank">Trade liberalisation during the early 1980s</a>&nbsp;led to an emergence of a global export-oriented garment industry in developing countries that led to a huge expansion of female employment. Therefore while globalisation had led to the availability of wage employment for women in&nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.1065" target="_blank">third-world countries in the export manufacturing</a>&nbsp;sector, the quality and security of these employment opportunities and wages accrued were extremely low and informal. Moreover,&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/fr.1981.6" target="_blank">Elson and Pearson (1981)</a>&nbsp;argued that these capitalist labour processes used women&rsquo;s domestic responsibilities as a reason to assign them a secondary status in the labour market and cheapen the cost of labour.

The labour market functions based on the established socially gendered practices pervasive in our society. Due to the patriarchal nature of the world, the public sphere and rules of the labour market have been constructed in a manner that supremes male interests and perpetuates women&rsquo;s subordination in the labour market, especially in the formal labour market. For example, the concept of work timings, such as late-night meetings, long hours of work, overtime, etc., fails to take into account&nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.1065" target="_blank">child-rearing practices or household responsibilities outside of the job</a>, which is predominantly done by women.

As the workspace is male-designed and does not take into account the reproductive labour demanded from women outside of the workplace, the formal labour market lacks flexibility and restricts their employment opportunities to mostly the informal sector. For instance, in the case of the Indian labour market, women constitute&nbsp;<a href="https://scroll.in/article/990984/in-indias-informal-economy-crores-of-women-face-gender-bias-and-insecurity" target="_blank">23% of the employment</a>&nbsp;in the informal sector. However, it is seen that&nbsp;<a href="https://scroll.in/article/990984/in-indias-informal-economy-crores-of-women-face-gender-bias-and-insecurity" target="_blank">91% of Indian women</a>&nbsp;that are in paid work are in the informal sector. While many attribute these developments to a lack of literacy and education, it is seen that despite rising educational levels among women, female labour force participation has not followed through with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol38/31/default.htm" target="_blank">increased employment opportunities and wages</a>. This is a result of the exclusionary and gendered nature of these jobs, and the resultant&nbsp;<a href="https://icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper_368.pdf" target="_blank">low returns and employment alternatives to education for women</a>&nbsp;push women out of the labour market.

In&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X98001478?via%3Dihub" target="_blank">Diane Elson&rsquo;s (1999)</a>&nbsp;words, &ldquo;markets are the bearers of gender.&rdquo; These markets operate at the intersection of the productive and reproductive economies. Elson describes productive economies as economies consisting of market oriented activities which accrue monetary compensation and reproductive economies as those that essentially reproduce the labour force by way of unpaid care and non-monetary activities predominantly borne by women. Productive economies are structured to depend on women&rsquo;s unpaid reproductive labour, which the labour market fails to acknowledge. Thus, these labour market institutions are created to reflect the &ldquo;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X98001478?via%3Dihub" target="_blank">costs of reproductive labour</a>&rdquo; to the employers but not the long-term benefits accrued to them. For instance, an employee taking time off for parenting duties is seen as a liability for the employer. Yet, the benefits of reproductive labour in the maintenance and reproduction of labour are not taken into account. This disadvantages women and weakens their bargaining power in terms of their earnings and employment.

The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X98001478?via%3Dihub" target="_blank">formal and informal regulations</a>&nbsp;via which the labour markets operate represent our gendered society in which these labour market functions. These gendered practices thus translate into unequal employment opportunities and earnings for women and gendered labour markets. Therefore women in the labour markets experience various forms of gender discrimination, either in the form of the gendered division of labour, restricted mobility, low wages, low returns to education, feminisation of low-paid jobs, etc. That being the case, participation in the labour market alone will not correct the institutional inequality of access to the job market and equitable wages in the absence of institutional changes. It is important to look beyond just the numerical numbers of labour force participation and focus on addressing the traditional unequal gender roles restricting women to households, limiting their mobility and improving women&rsquo;s accessibility to sustainable employment, and engendering the labour market.

The Gendered Nature of the Labour Market: Its Consequences for Women.

Policy making,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/h/History_of_democracy.htm" target="_blank">historically</a>, was the domain of the rulers, except in democratic societies like in ancient Greece, Rome, and the Indian Janapadas. It is fairly&nbsp;<a href="https://www.academia.edu/20218390/Evolution_of_Public_Administration" target="_blank">recent</a>, since the publication of Wilson&rsquo;s &ldquo;The Study of Administration&rdquo; in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139277" target="_blank">1887</a>, that policymaking became a specialized field and we have policy experts who analyze the various challenges being faced by a society. As somebody that has studied widely and has been exposed to the multiple dimensions of a social problem, a public&nbsp;<a href="https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/journals/pp/49/3/article-p455.xml" target="_blank">policy expert</a>&nbsp;is a fairly unique human resource. They are not only able to identify the most pressing of problems but are also able to build the right team to target the issue with the right amount of resources. As a result, they also help in making the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thebetterindia.com/208000/ias-hero-uttar-pradesh-best-of-2019-initiatives-india-scheme-changemaker/" target="_blank">best use</a>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.livemint.com/economy/indias-april-june-fiscal-deficit-at-rs-3-52-lakh-cr-21-of-fy23-target-11659093494916.html" target="_blank">limited resources</a>, especially in a developing country like India.

Today we are living in the age of big data. Right from the number of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.howtogeek.com/238904/how-to-track-your-steps-with-just-an-iphone-or-android-phone/" target="_blank">steps</a>&nbsp;you might have walked from the moment you woke up this morning, to the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wdmma.org/indian-air-force.php" target="_blank">number</a>&nbsp;of fighter planes in the Indian air force, everything is recorded. Previously, a complete week of vacation would give us 64 or perhaps 100 photos, but these days one takes almost that many pictures at one single spot, hoping to pick one good picture from all of those photos. That is how trivial data has become in the 21st century, as has the processing power that makes sense of all that data. A computer that took up an entire&nbsp;<a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/ENIAC" target="_blank">building</a>&nbsp;previously, fits in the palm of our hand these days.

Ironically, despite all this data and power, most of us do not have any idea about what&rsquo;s happening around us. We are still facing all the problems we have been facing since the dawn of human history. Wars, disease, hunger, you name it and the problems persist. Even worse, we are faced with newer problems every new day. The most astounding part is that we are not even able to come together to identify many of these problems that plague us, let alone solve them. Everybody disagrees about everything. For some, climate change is the most pressing problem facing humanity while for others it&rsquo;s just a hoax being peddled by the&nbsp;<a href="https://punchng.com/illuminati-kanye-west-and-climate-change/" target="_blank">Illuminati</a>. Covid vaccines, for most of us, are the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086790/" target="_blank">reason</a>&nbsp;for the world coming back to normal today while for some of us, they are big pharma revenue conspiracies at best and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01728-z" target="_blank">people tracking</a>&nbsp;sinister potions at worst. It is one thing to have differing opinions about what our future might look like but to disagree even about events that have passed, that&rsquo;s a completely different situation.

To be fair, we don&rsquo;t know if this is due to the generation of fresh information at a rapid rate or the confusion caused due to an overload of unreliable information. What is clear though is that while there is so much information all around, only a small fraction is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/what-all-policy-analysts-need-to-know-about-data-science/" target="_blank">truly</a>&nbsp;understood by an individual. This reminds us of those famous lines by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43997/the-rime-of-the-ancient-mariner-text-of-1834" target="_blank">Coleridge</a>, &ldquo;Water, water everywhere, and all the boards did shrink; water, water everywhere but not a drop to drink!&rdquo; Today, there is such easy access to so much information but very few people can make sense of it or use it for the betterment of humanity. There is a clear and pressing need for a substantial number of people that can use all this information and elevate humanity out of the cesspool of insurmountable challenges it finds itself in.

Prima facie, the humongous amount of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.red-gate.com/blog/database-development/whats-the-real-story-behind-the-explosive-growth-of-data" target="_blank">data</a>&nbsp;and an ever-increasing number of&nbsp;<a href="https://phys.org/news/2020-01-global-resource-consumption-tops-bn.html" target="_blank">resources</a>, human or otherwise, appear inconsistent with the simultaneous increase of the challenges we face as a civilization, but that&rsquo;s the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/15-global-challenges-for-the-next-decades/" target="_blank">fact</a>. Humanity has never been as prosperous or&nbsp;<a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/steven-pinker-this-is-historys-most-peaceful-time-new-study-not-so-fast/" target="_blank">peaceful</a>&nbsp;as it is today. Never had the world been as healthy,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.statista.com/topics/8096/post-wwii-economic-boom/#topicOverview" target="_blank">wealthy</a>,or peaceful as it has been since the end of the Second World War and the formation of the United Nations. We do not have any great power wars like during the 18th, and 19th centuries; colonial wars like in the 15th, and 16th centuries or religious wars like in the centuries before them. We have the most sophisticated medical technology and the most free and widespread trade since the origin of humanity. And yet, the world population as a whole is neither completely healthy, wealthy, or at peace. This situation right here is the paradox that needs to be solved.

There is something seriously wrong with the way the world is governed. And it is this combination of surplus data and a scarcity of solutions that makes one believe that it&rsquo;s time for a proper systematic study of public policy and governance. We did it for science, technology, and business in the previous decades and centuries, we need to do it for policy-making now. And while this is true for the world as a whole it is especially important for a country as&nbsp;<a href="https://www.populationpyramid.net/india/2020/" target="_blank">young</a>&nbsp;as ours with a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbesindia.com/article/explainers/gdp-india/85337/1" target="_blank">growth</a>&nbsp;rate to match.

The need of the hour now is to leverage modern technology, big data, and the dynamics of a developing democracy to effectively address pressing challenges like corruption, climate change, unemployment, and rising social discontent. We need to move on from the British-era practice of leaving public policy formulation and implementation to a minuscule number of public servants and enlist more specialized professionals to target specific problems. Policy making needs to be opened up to the suggestions and scrutiny of&nbsp;<a href="https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/journals/pp/49/3/article-p455.xml" target="_blank">domain-specific policy experts</a>&nbsp;of whom there is a very&nbsp;<a href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/05/15/weak-public-institutions-behind-india-s-low-state-capacity-pub-69971" target="_blank">clear deficiency</a>. The demand for public policy professionals is likely to increase as India ascends to the global stage. Greater interaction between the government and the private sector will involve a greater degree of regulatory work especially in new emergent fields such as space, and technology. As the relationship between the state and citizen evolves and we see significant developments in the domain of electronic governance there will be a need for individuals who can navigate the field of politics and administration with generic knowledge as well as with intuitive solutions for many of the emergent challenges in outreach to the wide population of the country. I think we can be rest assured that these professional policy experts will play a critical role in bringing to life our aspiration to be a&nbsp;<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-for-devising-a-common-vision-for-making-india-developed-nation-by-2047/articleshow/100552087.cms" target="_blank">developed nation</a>&nbsp;by 2047.

Poised for the future: Public Policy

In spite of the growing inflation, the worsening economy, and the public anger over the government&rsquo;s response to the&nbsp;<a href="https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disasters/2023-turkey-syria-earthquake/" target="_blank">earthquake</a>&nbsp;that hit Turkey in February, the results of the Turkish Elections saw a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/who-won-turkeys-2023-elections-final-results-high-stakes-issue-2023-05-29/" target="_blank">3rd-time major victory</a>&nbsp;for the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Justice-and-Development-Party-political-party-Turkey" target="_blank">AKP (Justice &amp; Development Party).</a>&nbsp;Winning the 52% of the vote, The President, Recep Tayyip Erdogan said in this victory speech that the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-65743197" target="_blank">entire nation of 85 million people won</a>&nbsp;and that they need to unite at the same time he attacked the opposition by accusing them of being in league with the terrorists, i.e., the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-between-turkey-and-armed-kurdish-groups" target="_blank">Kurdish Militia</a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/erdogan-turkey-elections-victory-lgbt-rant-b2347705.html" target="_blank">country&rsquo;s LGBTQ community.</a>

<a href="https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/receptayyiperdogan/biography/" target="_blank">Erdogan</a>, who first came to power as Prime Minister of Turkey in 2003 (a position he held for 11 years before becoming President in 2014), during his term as the Prime Minister of the country Turkey witnessed regression into authoritarianism. He has&nbsp;<a href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/turkey/freedom-world/2022" target="_blank">consolidated power</a>&nbsp;through constitutional revisions, weakened democratic institutions including the courts and the media, and imprisoned opponents and critics. According to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.v-dem.net/" target="_blank">Sweden&rsquo;s V-Dem Institute</a>, his efforts have earned Turkey the distinction of one of the world&rsquo;s top ten autocratic countries.&nbsp;<a href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/turkey/freedom-world/2018" target="_blank">Freedom House</a>&nbsp;reduced the country&rsquo;s status in 2018 from &ldquo;partly free&rdquo; to &ldquo;not free.&rdquo;

<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13746679" target="_blank">Recep Tayyip Erdogan</a>&nbsp;believes he is the builder of modern-day Turkey. Erdogan envisions a world with multiple superpowers, Turkey being one of them. One of the first world leaders to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-congratulates-turkeys-erdogan-2023-05-28/" target="_blank">congratulate</a>&nbsp;Erdogan on his victory was President Putin. Under Erdogan&rsquo;s leadership, the ties between Turkey and Russia have improved significantly. The purchase of the&nbsp;<a href="https://eurasiantimes.com/russias-most-feared-s-400-missile-that-wreaked-havoc/" target="_blank">S-400 missile system</a>&nbsp;by Sweden was sanctioned by the majority of Western countries, but Turkey blocked Sweden&rsquo;s application to join NATO. Although&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-erdogan-victory-a-triumph-for-ottoman-glory/article66908875.ece" target="_blank">independent analysts</a>&nbsp;believe the most recent figure still hides how terrible the country&rsquo;s cost-of-living issue is, Erdogan&rsquo;s triumph comes with bigger hurdles,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-erdogan-victory-a-triumph-for-ottoman-glory/article66908875.ece" target="_blank">with inflation reaching 44%, the currency depreciating by 80% since</a>&nbsp;2018, and the country holding&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-erdogan-victory-a-triumph-for-ottoman-glory/article66908875.ece" target="_blank">$151 million in negative foreign exchange</a>&nbsp;reserves as of the end of May. As a result, Turkish citizens are facing difficulty in paying increasing rent and purchasing necessities. As time goes on, the government will have to choose between maintaining the low rates that Erdogan has pledged, gradually raising them, or combining tiny increases with other policies.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/what-erdogans-reelection-means-for-turkey" target="_blank">According to Demiralp,</a>&nbsp;all of these factors will result in an &ldquo;unavoidable slowdown&rdquo; of the Turkish economy and rising unemployment rates; the question is whether this slowdown would be gradual or come to an abrupt halt.

Despite accusations that the government&rsquo;s response to the earthquake was sluggish and incompetent, Erdogan won by a wide margin in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/revised-toll-shows-over-50000-killed-in-turkey-syria-earthquake/#:~:text=BEIRUT%2C%20Lebanon%20%E2%80%94%20A%20devastating%20earthquake,parts%20of%20war%2Dtorn%20Syria." target="_blank">provinces that were severely hit</a>&nbsp;by the earthquake that occurred on February 6 and claimed about 50,000 lives.&nbsp;<a href="https://theprint.in/world/turkey-election-results-show-erdogan-dominating-in-quake-hit-region/1577719/" target="_blank">Voters supported</a>&nbsp;the president in 9 out of the 11 provinces impacted by the earthquake, including the particularly hard-hit Hatay. Erdogan declared in his&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-65743197" target="_blank">victory address</a>&nbsp;that his government would prioritize rebuilding efforts.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/02/27/earthquake-damage-in-turkiye-estimated-to-exceed-34-billion-world-bank-disaster-assessment-report" target="_blank">According to the World Bank,</a>&nbsp;the earthquake resulted in &ldquo;direct damages&rdquo; of $34.2 billion, which is equal to 4% of Turkey&rsquo;s GDP in 2021. According to it, the expenditures of recovery and restoration could reach twice that amount.

Erdogan is well aware of the deteriorating public opinion towards the&nbsp;<a href="https://apnews.com/article/turkey-election-erdogan-domestic-challenges-bc4dccdbe9ac8033d22cb6e0bfa74acb" target="_blank">3.4 million Syrians</a>&nbsp;who escaped the continuing civil war in Syria for Turkey, particularly in light of the nation&rsquo;s current economic crisis.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/erdogans-priorities-for-last-term-as-turkey-president/article66905806.ece" target="_blank">Erdogan&rsquo;s administration unveiled plans to erect tens of thousands of housing units</a>&nbsp;in northern Syria to allow the &ldquo;voluntary&rdquo; departure of at least a million citizens.&nbsp;<a href="https://apnews.com/article/turkey-election-erdogan-domestic-challenges-bc4dccdbe9ac8033d22cb6e0bfa74acb" target="_blank">Erdogan said in his victory speech that 600,000 refugees</a>&nbsp;had already voluntarily returned to Syria, where his government is establishing so-called&nbsp;<a href="https://apnews.com/article/turkey-election-erdogan-domestic-challenges-bc4dccdbe9ac8033d22cb6e0bfa74acb" target="_blank">&ldquo;safe zones&rdquo;</a>&nbsp;in the country&rsquo;s controlled northern regions.

During this year&rsquo;s election campaign,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/31/world/middleeast/turkey-erdogan-gay-rights-lgbt.html" target="_blank">the rights and liberties of L.G.B.T.Q.</a>&nbsp;people were a hot topic. To win over conservatives while facing the greatest electoral threat of his two decades in power, Erdogan&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/turkish-president-erdogan-accuses-countrys-opposition-of-being-prolgbt-101683487499377.html" target="_blank">frequently attacked</a>&nbsp;his rivals (the opposition) for allegedly backing gay rights. Out of concern for losing some of its supporters, the anti-Erdogan opposition largely skirted the subject. Many LGBTQ persons were left feeling that no one in the country had their backs and worrying that the prejudice they have long endured from the government and conservative segments of society could increase.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/31/world/middleeast/turkey-erdogan-gay-rights-lgbt.html" target="_blank">An LGBTQ advocacy group in Istanbul</a>, stated that &ldquo;people are afraid and thinking dystopian notions like, &ldquo;Are we going to be cut or physically attacked in the middle of the street?&rdquo; &ldquo;People will conceal their identities, and that is bad enough,&rdquo; said the speaker. Turkey, a country with a majority-Muslim population and a secular government, has&nbsp;<a href="https://iuslaboris.com/insights/lgbtq-employment-protection-in-turkey-what-is-the-law/" target="_blank">anti-discrimination laws</a>&nbsp;but does not criminalize homosexuality. In contrast, more than a dozen LGBTQ people claimed in&nbsp;<a href="https://apnews.com/article/turkey-election-erdogan-domestic-challenges-bc4dccdbe9ac8033d22cb6e0bfa74acb" target="_blank">recent interviews</a>&nbsp;that they frequently battled to find employment, stable housing, access to high-quality healthcare, and acceptance from their friends, family, neighbors, and coworkers.

Today&rsquo;s Turkey has the position to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-erdogan-victory-a-triumph-for-ottoman-glory/article66908875.ece" target="_blank">shape its foreign policy</a>, given its stance on the Ukraine-Russia war, as well as given how&nbsp;<a href="https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/turkey-china-ties-records-an-uptick-as-cooperation-over-trade-and-tourism-deepens-12484672.html" target="_blank">strongly it supports</a>&nbsp;the Belt and Road Initiative, Turkey will likewise not alter its stance with China either.&nbsp;<a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/06/08/erdogan-third-term-cabinet-foreign-policy-nato-sweden-ukraine-russia/" target="_blank">Erdogan now has two main objectives:</a>&nbsp;first, to establish a more assertive presence for Turkey in the world that is independent of its traditional Western nation, the United States, and second, to use Ankara&rsquo;s membership in NATO and the EU to further his objective for the national interest. One of Erdogan&rsquo;s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/program/inside-story/2023/5/29/what-does-re-election-of-erdogan-mean-for-turkey-and-the-world" target="_blank">primary challenges</a>&nbsp;includes bringing stability to the lives of the millions of people in southwestern Turkey who are still living in shelter homes after the 2 devastating earthquakes that hit the country early this year.

By pursuing a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/5/28/23735070/turkey-elections-erdogan-akp-nato-united-states" target="_blank">nonaligned and assertive</a>&nbsp;foreign policy, Erdogan has attempted to use Turkish influence in its immediate neighborhood and beyond. In order to demonstrate Turkey&rsquo;s worldwide independence,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/5/28/23735070/turkey-elections-erdogan-akp-nato-united-states" target="_blank">Erdogan wants to expand the domestic defense sector. According to Asli Aydintasbas,</a>&nbsp;a visiting fellow in the Centre on the United States and Europe at the Brookings Institution, &ldquo;Erdogan wants to see the birth of the Turkish Empire, the belief that Turkey is destined to be a hegemon, regionally but also a global power in the 21st century.&rdquo; Erdogan is well aware of the difficulties he would encounter during his new term and, and he looks poised to cement Turkey&rsquo;s position in world politics as a key player.

A Divided Victory: Erdogan’s Third Term and its Consequences

As we commemorate 75 years of independence in the &ldquo;Amrit Kaal &rdquo; era, one of the pertinent questions of our time before us is, &ldquo;Have we genuinely liberated ourselves from the clutches of colonial rule?&rsquo;. Despite our celebrations as an independent nation, the haunting remnants of colonialism persist, reminding us that we have not entirely severed ties with our colonial legacy. One glaring example of this is &rdquo; The Sedition Law,&rdquo; which is a law designed by the colonial government to suppress dissent and maintain control over colonized population;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/07/18/sedition-law-why-india-should-break-britains-abusive-legacy" target="_blank">In the year 1922 Mahatma Gandhi</a>&nbsp;remarked that the law was a &ldquo;prince among the political sections of the Indian Penal Code designed to suppress the liberty of the citizen&rdquo; but the irony is the law is still applied in modern independent India. As per the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/sedition-law-threat-indian-democracy/" target="_blank">data provided by the NCRB</a>, there is a 163 percent hike in the cases of Sedition Law in 2019 than in 2014. This shows us that the law is not merely applied but rampantly applied in India. According to the available data, it is also evident that the conversion rate to convictions under the sedition law in India stands at a mere&nbsp;<a href="https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/sedition-law-threat-indian-democracy/" target="_blank">3 percent</a>. This statistic highlights the arbitrary application of the Sedition Law, leading to significant debates surrounding the democratic ideals and civic liberties within the country. Moving forward, to understand why it is a matter of discussion in India, first, we should understand the definition of the Sedition Law. As per&nbsp;<a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1641007/#:~:text=%E2%80%94Whoever%2C%20by%20words%2C%20either,be%20punished%20with%20104%20%5Bimprisonment" target="_blank">section 124A of the Indian Penal code</a>, &ldquo;Whoever, by words either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards, the government established by law shall be punished with imprisonment for life, to which fine may be added.&rdquo; The primary dissension with the Sedition Law is the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/sedition-law-threat-indian-democracy/" target="_blank">inappropriateness in its definition</a>&nbsp;as the word &ldquo;bring into hatred or contempt&rdquo; or &ldquo;attempt to excite dissatisfaction&rdquo; can have multiple varying interpretations due to which this law can be a convenient tool for the government to curb civil liberties of citizens. There are some examples to prove our above claims, such as in the case of&nbsp;<a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/123425906/" target="_blank">Balwant Singh And Anr vs. the State of Punjab</a>, where the accused was booked for the sedition case only raising some slogans such as&nbsp;<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/supreme-court-in-1995-stray-slogans-do-not-attract-section-124a-pertaining-to-sedition/articleshow/51062254.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">&ldquo;Khalistan Zindabad&rdquo; and &ldquo;Raj Karega Khalsa&rdquo;;</a>&nbsp;However, the Court held that there is no evidence of violence in such a case, so raising such slogans did not contribute to an act of sedition. In the case of&nbsp;<a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/111867/" target="_blank">Kedar Nath Singh vs. State of Bihar</a>, where the accused criticized the government in a public rally, he was then booked under Sedition. Still, the Court held that no statement issued could be an offense under Sedition until there is any possibility to cause violence; the Court also held that a person in the case of&nbsp;<a href="https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/13866.pdf" target="_blank">Bilal Ahmed Kaloo vs. State of Andhra Pradesh</a>&nbsp;could not be convicted for Sedition merely for criticizing the government. Recent cases, such as&nbsp;<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/from-disha-ravi-to-arundhati-supreme-court-sedition-law-stay-to-impact-several-high-profile-cases/articleshow/91496334.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">State vs. Disha A Ravi</a>, where Disha Ravi, an environment activist, was arrested by police under the sedition Law for creating and disseminating a toolkit on protest on farm laws by the farmers but was granted bail by a Delhi court are examples of courts upholding that until there is an incitement to violence a person can not be convicted. However, some examples also show that other past British colonies such as Uganda, West Africa States, and Nigeria either&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/07/18/sedition-law-why-india-should-break-britains-abusive-legacy" target="_blank">amended the law or abolished</a>&nbsp;the colonial law of Sedition.

The interpretation and application of sedition law in India has raised significant concerns, particularly regarding its impact on democratic rights like freedom of speech and expression. The&nbsp;<a href="https://blog.ipleaders.in/sedition-law/" target="_blank">Kedarnath Singh case</a>&nbsp;established that sedition could be charged for incitement to violence or public disorder, aligning it with the reasonable restrictions outlined in&nbsp;<a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1218090/" target="_blank">Article 19</a>&nbsp;of the Indian Constitution to maintain public order and prevent incitement to offenses. Another concern with the sedition law is that the provisions of the law can also be used with other laws, such as with &ldquo;Unlawful Activities Prevention Act&rdquo; (UAPA), as of IPC which means that the provisions of UAPA that penalize unlawful activity also includes the provisions under acts of sedition which the government can use to curb democratic dissent. Such as in the case of the Hathras gang rape, and Citizenship Amendment Act Protest, cases were registered against&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-dispiriting-sedition-law-indian-penal-code-constitution-7946323/" target="_blank">several journalist</a>&nbsp;reporting the incident. Some critical legal luminaries of the country, like&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-dispiriting-sedition-law-indian-penal-code-constitution-7946323/" target="_blank">Fali S Nariman</a>, believe that &ldquo;The Sedition law must go.&rdquo;

Contrary to this, the recent&nbsp;<a href="https://www-barandbench-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.barandbench.com/amp/story/news/litigation/sedition-law-commission-of-india-says-section-124a-ipc-should-be-retained-also-suggests-enhancement-in-punishment" target="_blank">279th Report</a>&nbsp;of the Law Commission stated that Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, which is the law of Sedition, should be retained through certain amendments which may be introduced in it by incorporating ratio decidendi or rationale for a decision such as of the Kedarnath Singh judgment. The report also recommends that the punishment under the law should be increased from 3 years to 7 years. In a broad sense, the law commission&rsquo;s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.scobserver.in/journal/279th-law-commission-report-recommends-stricter-sedition-laws/%22%22" target="_blank">suggestions include</a>&nbsp;expansion of the scope of sedition, adding a higher degree of punishment, and incorporation of procedural safeguards to prevent its misuse.

However, the question here is why does the law commission suggest retaining the colonial law of sedition while adding a higher amount of punishment? The law commission in its report quoted&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/law-commission-sedition-law-explained-8645168/" target="_blank">certain reasons</a>&nbsp;to retain the law of sedition in India. Such as to safeguard the nation&rsquo;s unity and integrity, the law needs to be retained. It highlighted the concerns about India&rsquo;s internal security, such as separatist movements in other regions of the country, like Punjab, Maoist radicalization, militancy, and ethnic conflict in the northeast. To counter the argument that the law has been abolished in countries like Britain, the report cited that the courts of competing jurisdictions, such as the US, the UK, etc., had their histories, physiographic regions, populations, cultural variety, and legal systems that were incompatible with Indian conditions. Despite this, some of these nations, it claimed, have combined their sedition laws with anti-terrorism regulations. The Commission also rejected the claim that the sedition legislation needed to be repealed since it was a complicated law with a colonial past and was used by the British to suppress Indian freedom fighters.

In conclusion, as India commemorates 75 years of independence, it is evident that the remnants of colonialism continue to linger, raising questions about the country&rsquo;s true liberation from its colonial past. The sedition law, initially designed by the colonial government to suppress dissent, still applies in India, leading to a significant debate surrounding its arbitrary and misinterpreted usage. The problematic definition of sedition and its broad interpretation provides ample room for curbing civil liberties and stifling democracy. Despite calls for the repeal or amendment of the Sedition law by legal experts, the Law Commission recommends its retention with stricter punishments. To uphold democratic values and protect freedom of speech and expression, a comprehensive evaluation of existing laws, including the sedition law, is crucial under the basic structure principle of the Constitution. Only through such critical examination and reform can India move closer to truly breaking free from the chains of its colonial legacy and safeguarding democratic rights for its citizens.

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